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Marrafon-Silva M, Maia T, Calderan-Rodrigues MJ, Strabello M, Oliveira L, Creste S, Melotto M, Monteiro-Vitorello CB. Exploring Potential Surrogate Systems for Studying the Early Steps of the Sporisorium scitamineum Pathogenesis. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024:PHYTO05230156R. [PMID: 38148162 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-23-0156-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite its global importance as a primary source of table sugar and bioethanol, sugarcane faces a significant threat to its production due to diseases. One of these diseases, sugarcane smut, involves the emergence of a whip-like structure from the host apical shoot. The slow onset of this pathogenesis is the most substantial challenge for researchers to investigate the molecular events leading to resistance or susceptibility. In this study, we explored the early interaction between the smut fungus Sporisorium scitamineum and foliar tissues of the model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana. Upon inoculation with the fungus, A. thaliana showed a compatible reaction, producing lesions during fungus colonization, whereas N. benthamiana showed signs of nonhost resistance. In addition, we propose a sugarcane detached leaf assay using plants cultivated in vitro to reveal sugarcane smut response outcomes. We used two sugarcane genotypes with known contrasting reactions to smut in the field. Although there is no evidence of sugarcane smut fungus infecting host leaves naturally, the sugarcane detached leaf assay enabled a rapid assessment of disease outcomes. Different symptoms in the detached leaves after inoculation distinguished smut-susceptible and smut-resistant sugarcane genotypes. Microscopic observations and gene expression analysis of S. scitamineum candidate effectors confirmed the fungal growth and its restriction on the compatible and incompatible interactions, respectively. These findings offer new prospects into the disease phenotyping of S. scitamineum, which could greatly expedite the comprehension of the initial stages of the pathogenesis and predict smut resistance in sugarcane genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Marrafon-Silva
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Maia
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, USP, ESALQ, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Juliana Calderan-Rodrigues
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Strabello
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Lâina Oliveira
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Maeli Melotto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Claudia Barros Monteiro-Vitorello
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Burbank L, Gomez L, Shantharaj D, Abdelsamad N, Vasquez K, Burhans A, Ortega B, Rodriguez SH, Strickland J, Krugner R, De La Fuente L, Naegele R. Virulence Comparison of a Comprehensive Panel of Xylella fastidiosa Pierce's Disease Isolates from California. PLANT DISEASE 2024:PDIS09231923RE. [PMID: 38105458 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-23-1923-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa, the causal agent of Pierce's disease of grapevine, has been found in all major grape-growing regions in California, U.S.A. Large collections of X. fastidiosa isolates are available from these areas, which enable comparative studies of pathogen genetic traits and virulence. Owing to the significant resource requirements for experiments with X. fastidiosa in grapevine, however, most studies use only a single isolate to evaluate disease, and it is not clear how much variability between isolates impacts disease development in experimental or natural settings. In this study, a comprehensive panel of X. fastidiosa isolates from all California grape-growing regions was tested for virulence in susceptible grapevine and in the model host plant, tobacco. Seventy-one isolates were tested, 29 in both grapevine and tobacco. The results of this study highlight the inherent variability of inoculation experiments with X. fastidiosa, including variation in disease severity in plants inoculated with a single isolate, and variability between experimental replicates. There were limited differences in virulence between isolates that were consistent across experimental replicates, or across different host plants. This suggests that choice of isolate within the X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa Pierce's disease group may not make any practical difference when testing in susceptible grape varieties, and that pathogen evolution has not significantly changed virulence of Pierce's disease isolates within California. The location of isolation also did not dictate relative disease severity. This information will inform experimental design for future studies of X. fastidiosa in grapevine and provide important context for genomic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Burbank
- USDA Agricultural Research Service; Crop Diseases, Pests, and Genetics Research Unit, Parlier, CA
| | - Laura Gomez
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Deepak Shantharaj
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Noor Abdelsamad
- USDA Agricultural Research Service; Crop Diseases, Pests, and Genetics Research Unit, Parlier, CA
| | - Kern Vasquez
- USDA Agricultural Research Service; Crop Diseases, Pests, and Genetics Research Unit, Parlier, CA
| | - Alanna Burhans
- USDA Agricultural Research Service; Crop Diseases, Pests, and Genetics Research Unit, Parlier, CA
| | - Brandon Ortega
- USDA Agricultural Research Service; Crop Diseases, Pests, and Genetics Research Unit, Parlier, CA
| | - Sydney Helm Rodriguez
- USDA Agricultural Research Service; Crop Diseases, Pests, and Genetics Research Unit, Parlier, CA
| | - Jaime Strickland
- USDA Agricultural Research Service; Crop Diseases, Pests, and Genetics Research Unit, Parlier, CA
| | - Rodrigo Krugner
- USDA Agricultural Research Service; Crop Diseases, Pests, and Genetics Research Unit, Parlier, CA
| | | | - Rachel Naegele
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Sugar Beet and Bean Research Unit, East Lansing, MI
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Giri VP, Pandey S, Srivastava S, Shukla P, Kumar N, Kumari M, Katiyar R, Singh S, Mishra A. Chitosan fabricated biogenic silver nanoparticles (Ch@BSNP) protectively modulate the defense mechanism of tomato during bacterial leaf spot (BLS) disease. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 197:107637. [PMID: 36933507 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the impact of chitosan fabricated biogenic silver nanoparticles (Ch@BSNP) has been evaluated for the protective management of bacterial leaf spot (BLS) disease in tomatoes caused by Xanthomonas campestris (NCIM5028). The Ch@BSNP originated by the Trichoderma viride (MTCC5661) derived extracellular compounds and subsequent chitosan hybridization. Spherical-shaped Ch@BSNP (30-35 nm) treated diseased plants were able to combat the biotic stress, as evidenced by the decreased elevated response of stress markers viz; anthocyanin (34.02%), proline (45.00%), flavonoids (20.26%), lipid peroxidation (10.00%), guaiacol peroxidase (36.58%), ascorbate peroxidase (41.50%), polyphenol oxidase (25.34%) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (2.10 fold) as compared to untreated diseased plants. Increased biochemical content specifically sugar (15.43%), phenolics (49.10%), chlorophyll, and carotenoids were measured in Ch@BSNP-treated diseased plants compared to untreated X. campestris-infested plants. The Ch@BSNP considerably reduced stress by increasing net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency along with decreased transpiration rate and stomatal conductance in comparison to infected plants. Additionally, the expression of defense-regulatory genes viz; growth responsive (AUX, GH3, SAUR), early defense responsive (WRKYTF22, WRKY33, NOS1), defense responsive (PR1, NHO1, NPR1), hypersensitivity responsive (Pti, RbohD, OXI1) and stress hormones responsive (MYC2, JAR1, ERF1) were found to be upregulated in diseased plants while being significantly downregulated in Ch@BSNP-treated diseased plants. Furthermore, fruits obtained from pathogen-compromised plants treated with Ch@BSNP had higher levels of health-promoting compounds including lycopene and beta-carotene than infected plant fruits. This nano-enabled and environmentally safer crop protection strategy may encourage a sustainable agri-system towards the world's growing food demand and promote food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ved Prakash Giri
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Hasanganj, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Shipra Pandey
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sonal Srivastava
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pallavi Shukla
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Navinit Kumar
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Madhuree Kumari
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | - Ratna Katiyar
- Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Hasanganj, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Shiv Singh
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterial Division, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal, 462026, India
| | - Aradhana Mishra
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Baró A, Saldarelli P, Saponari M, Montesinos E, Montesinos L. Nicotiana benthamiana as a model plant host for Xylella fastidiosa: Control of infections by transient expression and endotherapy with a bifunctional peptide. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1061463. [PMID: 36531347 PMCID: PMC9752042 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1061463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Transient expression of genes encoding peptides BP134 and BP178 by means of a Potato virus X (PVX) based-vector system, and treatment with synthetic peptides by endotherapy, were evaluated in the control of Xylella fastidiosa infections, in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Transient production of BP178 significantly decreased disease severity compared to PVX and non-treated control (NTC) plants, without adverse effects. Plants treated with synthetic BP134 and BP178 showed consistently lower levels of disease than NTC plants. However, the coinfection with PVX-BP134 and X. fastidiosa caused detrimental effects resulting in plant death. The levels of X. fastidiosa in three zones sampled, upwards and downwards of the inoculation/treatment point, significantly decreased compared to the NTC plants, after the treatment with BP178, but not when BP178 was produced transiently. The effect of treatment and transient production of BP178 in the induction of defense-related genes was also studied. Synthetic BP178 applied by endotherapy induced the expression of ERF1, PR1a, PAL, PALII and WRKY25, while the transient expression of BP178 overexpressed the Cath, Cyc, PR4a, 9-LOX and Endochitinase B genes. Both treatments upregulated the expression of PR1, PR3, PR4 and CycT9299 genes compared to the NTC or PVX plants. It was concluded that the effect of BP178, either by endotherapy or by transient expression, on the control of the X. fastidiosa infections in N. benthamiana, was due in part to the induction of the plant defense system in addition to its bactericidal activity reported in previous studies. However, the protection observed when BP178 was transiently produced seems mainly mediated by the induction of plant defense, because the levels of X. fastidiosa were not significantly affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Baró
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Pasquale Saldarelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Montesinos
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Laura Montesinos
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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Beccaccioli M, Pucci N, Salustri M, Scortichini M, Zaccaria M, Momeni B, Loreti S, Reverberi M, Scala V. Fungal and bacterial oxylipins are signals for intra- and inter-cellular communication within plant disease. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:823233. [PMID: 36186042 PMCID: PMC9524268 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.823233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are central at various stages of host-pathogen interactions in determining virulence and modulating plant defense. Free fatty acids may act as substrates for oxidizing enzymes [e.g., lipoxygenases (LOXs) and dioxygenases (DOXs)] that synthesize oxylipins. Fatty acids and oxylipins function as modulators of several pathways in cell-to-cell communication; their structural similarity among plant, fungal, and bacterial taxa suggests potential in cross-kingdom communication. We provide a prospect of the known role of fatty acids and oxylipins in fungi and bacteria during plant-pathogen interactions. In the pathogens, oxylipin-mediated signaling pathways are crucial both in development and host infection. Here, we report on case studies suggesting that oxylipins derived from oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids are crucial in modulating the pathogenic lifestyle in the host plant. Intriguingly, overlapping (fungi-plant/bacteria-plant) results suggest that different inter-kingdom pathosystems use similar lipid signals to reshape the lifestyle of the contenders and occasionally determine the outcome of the challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Beccaccioli
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Pucci
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and the Analysis of Agricultural Economics (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Salustri
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Scortichini
- Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and the Analysis of Agricultural Economics (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Zaccaria
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Newton, MA, United States
| | - Babak Momeni
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Newton, MA, United States
| | - Stefania Loreti
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and the Analysis of Agricultural Economics (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Scala
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and the Analysis of Agricultural Economics (CREA), Rome, Italy
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Comparative Genomics of Xylella fastidiosa Explores Candidate Host-Specificity Determinants and Expands the Known Repertoire of Mobile Genetic Elements and Immunity Systems. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050914. [PMID: 35630358 PMCID: PMC9148166 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa causes diseases in many plant species. Originally confined to the Americas, infecting mainly grapevine, citrus, and coffee, X. fastidiosa has spread to several plant species in Europe causing devastating diseases. Many pathogenicity and virulence factors have been identified, which enable the various X. fastidiosa strains to successfully colonize the xylem tissue and cause disease in specific plant hosts, but the mechanisms by which this happens have not been fully elucidated. Here we present thorough comparative analyses of 94 whole-genome sequences of X. fastidiosa strains from diverse plant hosts and geographic regions. Core-genome phylogeny revealed clades with members sharing mostly a geographic region rather than a host plant of origin. Phylogenetic trees for 1605 orthologous CDSs were explored for potential candidates related to host specificity using a score of mapping metrics. However, no candidate host-specificity determinants were strongly supported using this approach. We also show that X. fastidiosa accessory genome is represented by an abundant and heterogeneous mobilome, including a diversity of prophage regions. Our findings provide a better understanding of the diversity of phylogenetically close genomes and expand the knowledge of X. fastidiosa mobile genetic elements and immunity systems.
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7
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Mitre LK, Teixeira‐Silva NS, Rybak K, Magalhães DM, de Souza‐Neto RR, Robatzek S, Zipfel C, de Souza AA. The Arabidopsis immune receptor EFR increases resistance to the bacterial pathogens Xanthomonas and Xylella in transgenic sweet orange. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1294-1296. [PMID: 33991397 PMCID: PMC8313127 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Kuster Mitre
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira – IACCordeirópolisSPBrazil
- University of CampinasCampinasSPBrazil
| | | | - Katarzyna Rybak
- LMU BiocenterLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMartinsriedGermany
| | - Diogo Maciel Magalhães
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira – IACCordeirópolisSPBrazil
- University of CampinasCampinasSPBrazil
| | | | - Silke Robatzek
- LMU BiocenterLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMartinsriedGermany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research Park, NorwichUK
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Gómez LM, Teixeira-Silva NS, Caserta R, Takita MA, Marques MOM, de Souza AA. Overexpression of Citrus reticulata SAMT in Nicotiana tabacum increases MeSA volatilization and decreases Xylella fastidiosa symptoms. PLANTA 2020; 252:103. [PMID: 33185761 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03511-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Nicotiana tabacum overexpressing CrSAMT from Citrus reticulata increased production of MeSA, which works as an airborne signal in neighboring wild-type plants, inducing PR1 and increasing resistance to the pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. Xylella fastidiosa is one of the major threats to plant health worldwide, affecting yield in many crops. Despite many efforts, the development of highly productive resistant varieties has been challenging. In studying host plant resistance, the S-adenosyl-L-methionine: salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase gene (SAMT) from Citrus reticulata, a X. fastidiosa resistant species, was upregulated in response to pathogen infection. SAMT is involved with the catalysis and production of methyl salicylate (MeSA), an airborne signal responsible for triggering systemic acquired resistance. Here we used tobacco as a model system and generated transgenic plants overexpressing C. reticulata SAMT (CrSAMT). We performed an in silico structural characterization of CrSAMT and investigated its biotechnological potential in modulating the immune system in transgenic plants. The increase of MeSA production in transgenic lines was confirmed by gas chromatography (GC-MS). The transgenic lines showed upregulation of PR1, and their incubation with neighboring wild-type plants activated PR1 expression, indicating that MeSA worked as an airborne signal. In addition, transgenic plants showed significantly fewer symptoms when challenged with X. fastidiosa. Altogether, these data suggest that CrSAMT plays a role in host defense response and can be used in biotechnology approaches to confer resistance against X. fastidiosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Gómez
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Rodovia Anhanguera, km 158, PO Box 04, Cordeirópolis, SP, 13490-970, Brazil
- Entomology and Plant Pathology Department, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Natália S Teixeira-Silva
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Rodovia Anhanguera, km 158, PO Box 04, Cordeirópolis, SP, 13490-970, Brazil
| | - Raquel Caserta
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Rodovia Anhanguera, km 158, PO Box 04, Cordeirópolis, SP, 13490-970, Brazil
| | - Marco A Takita
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Rodovia Anhanguera, km 158, PO Box 04, Cordeirópolis, SP, 13490-970, Brazil
| | - Márcia O M Marques
- Departamento de Fitoquímica/IAC, Avenida Doutor Theodureto Almeida Camargo 1500, Campinas, SP, 13012970, Brazil
| | - Alessandra A de Souza
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Rodovia Anhanguera, km 158, PO Box 04, Cordeirópolis, SP, 13490-970, Brazil.
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9
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Pereira W, Takita M, Melotto M, de Souza A. Citrus reticulata CrRAP2.2 Transcriptional Factor Shares Similar Functions to the Arabidopsis Homolog and Increases Resistance to Xylella fastidiosa. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:519-527. [PMID: 31973654 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-19-0298-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a worldwide multihost pathogen that causes diseases in different crops. It is considered a new global threat and substantial efforts have been made in order to identify sources of resistance. Indeed, many genes have been associated with resistance to X. fastidiosa, but without functional validation. Here, we describe a C. reticulata gene homologous to the transcriptional factor RAP2.2 from Arabidopsis thaliana that increases resistance to citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC). This gene was previously detected in C. reticulata challenged with X. fastidiosa. Bioinformatics analysis together with subcellular localization and auto-activation assays indicated that RAP2.2 from C. reticulata (CrRAP2.2) is a transcriptional factor orthologous to AtRAP2.2. Thus, we used A. thaliana as a model host to evaluate the functional role of CrRAP2.2 in X. fastidiosa resistance. The inoculation of X. fastidiosa in the A. thaliana rap2.2 mutant resulted in a larger bacterial population, which was complemented by CrRAP2.2. In addition, symptoms of anthocyanin accumulation were higher in the mutant, whose phenotype was restored by CrRAP2.2, indicating that they have conserved functions in plant defense response. We therefore transformed C. sinensis with CrRAP2.2 and verified a positive correlation between CVC resistance and gene expression in transgenic lines. This is the first study using A. thaliana as model host that characterizes the function of a gene related to X. fastidiosa defense response and its application in genetic engineering to obtain citrus resistance to CVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian Pereira
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira (CCSM/IAC), Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 13490-970, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Marco Takita
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira (CCSM/IAC), Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 13490-970, Brazil
| | - Maeli Melotto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Alessandra de Souza
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira (CCSM/IAC), Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 13490-970, Brazil
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10
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Almeida RPP, De La Fuente L, Koebnik R, Lopes JRS, Parnell S, Scherm H. Addressing the New Global Threat of Xylella fastidiosa. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:172-174. [PMID: 30721121 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-18-0488-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is one of the most important threats to plant health worldwide. This bacterial pathogen has a long history, causing disease in the Americas on a range of agricultural crops and trees, with severe economic repercussions particularly on grapevine and citrus. In Europe, X. fastidiosa was detected for the first time in 2013 in association with a severe disease affecting olive trees in southern Italy. Subsequent mandatory surveys throughout Europe led to discoveries in France and Spain in various host species and environments. Detection of additional introductions of X. fastidiosa continue to be reported from Europe, for example from northern Italy in late 2018. These events are leading to a sea change in research, monitoring and management efforts as exemplified by the articles in this Focus Issue . X. fastidiosa is part of complex pathosystems together with hosts and vectors. Although certain X. fastidiosa subspecies and environments have been well studied, particularly those that pertain to established disease in North and South America, this represents only a fraction of the existing genetic, epidemiological, and ecological diversity. This Focus Issue highlights some of the key challenges that must be overcome to address this new global threat, recent advances in understanding the pathosystem, and steps toward improved disease control. It brings together the broad research themes needed to address the global threat of X. fastidiosa, encompassing topics from host susceptibility and resistance, genome sequencing, detection methods, transmission by vectors, epidemiological drivers, chemical and biological control, to public databases and social sciences. Open communication and collaboration among scientists, stakeholders, and the general public from different parts of the world will pave the path to novel ideas to understand and combat this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P P Almeida
- 1 Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management, University of California, Berkeley
| | - L De La Fuente
- 2 Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - R Koebnik
- 3 IRD, Cirad, Universite de Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France
| | - J R S Lopes
- 4 Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (Esalq), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - S Parnell
- 5 School of Environment & Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, UK; and
| | - H Scherm
- 6 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30605
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