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Gentzel IN, Paul P, Wang GL, Ohlson EW. Effects of Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus and Potyvirus Resistance on Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:484-495. [PMID: 38408034 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-23-0171-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Maize lethal necrosis (MLN) is a viral disease caused by host co-infection by maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and a potyvirus, such as sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). The disease is most effectively managed by growing MLN-resistant varieties. However, the relative importance of MCMV and potyvirus resistance in managing this synergistic disease is poorly characterized. In this study, we evaluated the effects of SCMV and/or MCMV resistance on disease, virus titers, and synergism and explored expression patterns of known potyvirus resistance genes TrxH and ABP1. MLN disease was significantly lower in both the MCMV-resistant and SCMV-resistant inbred lines compared with the susceptible control Oh28. Prior to 14 days postinoculation (dpi), MCMV titers in resistant lines N211 and KS23-6 were more than 100,000-fold lower than found in the susceptible Oh28. However, despite no visible symptoms, titer differences between MCMV-resistant and -susceptible lines were negligible by 14 dpi. In contrast, systemic SCMV titers in the potyvirus-resistant line, Pa405, ranged from 130,000-fold to 2 million-fold lower than susceptible Oh28 as disease progressed. Initial TrxH expression was up to 49,000-fold lower in Oh28 compared with other genotypes, whereas expression of ABP1 was up to 4.5-fold lower. Measures of virus synergy indicate that whereas MCMV resistance is effective in early infection, strong potyvirus resistance is critical for reducing synergist effects of co-infection on MCMV titer. These results emphasize the importance of both potyvirus resistance and MCMV resistance in an effective breeding program for MLN management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene N Gentzel
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Pierce Paul
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Erik W Ohlson
- Corn, Soybean, and Wheat Quality Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Wooster, OH 44691
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Njeru F, Wambua A, Muge E, Haesaert G, Gettemans J, Misinzo G. Major biotic stresses affecting maize production in Kenya and their implications for food security. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15685. [PMID: 38050609 PMCID: PMC10693822 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a staple food for many households in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and also contributes to the gross domestic product (GDP). However, the maize yields reported in most SSA countries are very low and this is mainly attributed to biotic and abiotic stresses. These stresses have been exacerbated by climate change which has led to long periods of drought or heavy flooding and the emergence of new biotic stresses. Few reports exist which compile the biotic stresses affecting maize production in SSA. Here, five major biotic stresses of maize in Kenya are presented which are attributed to high yield losses. They include Maize lethal necrosis, fall armyworm, gray leaf spot, turcicum leaf blight and desert locusts. Maize lethal necrosis and fall armyworm are new biotic stresses to the Kenyan maize farmer while gray leaf spot, and turcicum leaf blight are endemic to the region. The invasion by the desert locusts is speculated to be caused by climate change. The biotic stresses cause a reduction in maize yield of 30-100% threatening food security. Therefore, this review focuses on the cause, control measures employed to control these diseases and future prospective. There should be deliberate efforts from the government and researchers to control biotic stresses affecting maize yields as the effect of these stresses is being exacerbated by the changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith Njeru
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicines and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Angeline Wambua
- Department of Physical Sciences, Chuka University, Chuka, Kenya
| | - Edward Muge
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Geert Haesaert
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Malavika M, Prakash V, Chakraborty S. Recovery from virus infection: plant's armory in action. PLANTA 2023; 257:103. [PMID: 37115475 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This review focuses on different factors involved in promoting symptom recovery in plants post-virus infection such as epigenetics, transcriptional reprogramming, phytohormones with an emphasis on RNA silencing as well as role of abiotic factors such as temperature on symptom recovery. Plants utilize several different strategies to defend themselves in the battle against invading viruses. Most of the viral proteins interact with plant proteins and interfere with molecular dynamics in a cell which eventually results in symptom development. This initial symptom development is countered by the plant utilizing various factors including the plant's adaptive immunity to develop a virus tolerant state. Infected plants can specifically target and impede the transcription of viral genes as well as degrade the viral transcripts to restrict their proliferation by the production of small-interfering RNA (siRNA) generated from the viral nucleic acid, known as virus-derived siRNA (vsiRNA). To further escalate the degradation of viral nucleic acid, secondary siRNAs are generated. The production of virus-activated siRNA (vasiRNA) from the host genome causes differential regulation of the host transcriptome which plays a major role in establishing a virus tolerant state within the infected plant. The systemic action of vsiRNAs, vasiRNA, and secondary siRNAs with the help of defense hormones like salicylic acid can curb viral proliferation, and thus the newly emerged leaves develop fewer symptoms, maintaining a state of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malavika
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ved Prakash
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Alcalá Briseño RI, Batuman O, Brawner J, Cuellar WJ, Delaquis E, Etherton BA, French-Monar RD, Kreuze JF, Navarrete I, Ogero K, Plex Sulá AI, Yilmaz S, Garrett KA. Translating virome analyses to support biosecurity, on-farm management, and crop breeding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1056603. [PMID: 36998684 PMCID: PMC10043385 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1056603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Virome analysis via high-throughput sequencing (HTS) allows rapid and massive virus identification and diagnoses, expanding our focus from individual samples to the ecological distribution of viruses in agroecological landscapes. Decreases in sequencing costs combined with technological advances, such as automation and robotics, allow for efficient processing and analysis of numerous samples in plant disease clinics, tissue culture laboratories, and breeding programs. There are many opportunities for translating virome analysis to support plant health. For example, virome analysis can be employed in the development of biosecurity strategies and policies, including the implementation of virome risk assessments to support regulation and reduce the movement of infected plant material. A challenge is to identify which new viruses discovered through HTS require regulation and which can be allowed to move in germplasm and trade. On-farm management strategies can incorporate information from high-throughput surveillance, monitoring for new and known viruses across scales, to rapidly identify important agricultural viruses and understand their abundance and spread. Virome indexing programs can be used to generate clean germplasm and seed, crucial for the maintenance of seed system production and health, particularly in vegetatively propagated crops such as roots, tubers, and bananas. Virome analysis in breeding programs can provide insight into virus expression levels by generating relative abundance data, aiding in breeding cultivars resistant, or at least tolerant, to viruses. The integration of network analysis and machine learning techniques can facilitate designing and implementing management strategies, using novel forms of information to provide a scalable, replicable, and practical approach to developing management strategies for viromes. In the long run, these management strategies will be designed by generating sequence databases and building on the foundation of pre-existing knowledge about virus taxonomy, distribution, and host range. In conclusion, virome analysis will support the early adoption and implementation of integrated control strategies, impacting global markets, reducing the risk of introducing novel viruses, and limiting virus spread. The effective translation of virome analysis depends on capacity building to make benefits available globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo I. Alcalá Briseño
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Global Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Plant Pathology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Ozgur Batuman
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Southwest Florida Research and Education Center (SWFREC), Immokalee, FL, United States
| | - Jeremy Brawner
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Wilmer J. Cuellar
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | - Erik Delaquis
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Vientiane, Laos
| | - Berea A. Etherton
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Global Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | | | - Jan F. Kreuze
- Crop and System Sciences Division, International Potato Center (CIP), Lima, Peru
| | - Israel Navarrete
- Crop and System Sciences Division, International Potato Center (CIP), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Kwame Ogero
- Crop and System Sciences Division, International Potato Center (CIP), Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Aaron I. Plex Sulá
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Global Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Salih Yilmaz
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Southwest Florida Research and Education Center (SWFREC), Immokalee, FL, United States
| | - Karen A. Garrett
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Global Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Bernardo P, Barriball K, Frey TS, Meulia T, Wangai A, Suresh LM, Heuchelin S, Paul PA, Redinbaugh MG, Ohlson EW. Transmission, localization, and infectivity of seedborne maize chlorotic mottle virus. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281484. [PMID: 36745639 PMCID: PMC9901749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize lethal necrosis is a destructive virus disease of maize caused by maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) in combination with a virus in the family Potyviridae. Emergence of MLN is typically associated with the introduction of MCMV or its vectors and understanding its spread through seed is critical for disease management. Previous studies suggest that although MCMV is detected on seed, the seed transmission rate of this virus is low. However, mechanisms influencing its transmission are poorly understood. Elucidating these mechanisms is crucial for informing strategies to prevent spread on contaminated seed. In this study, we evaluated the rate of MCMV seed transmission using seed collected from plants that were artificially inoculated with MCMV isolates from Hawaii and Kenya. Grow-out tests indicated that MCMV transmission through seed was rare, with a rate of 0.004% among the more than 85,000 seed evaluated, despite detection of MCMV at high levels in the seed lots. To understand factors that limit transmission from seed, MCMV distribution in seed tissues was examined using serology and immunolocalization. The virus was present at high levels in maternal tissues, the pericarp and pedicel, but absent from filial endosperm and embryo seed tissues. The ability to transmit MCMV from seed to uninfected plants was tested to evaluate virus viability. Transmission was negatively associated with both seed maturity and moisture content. Transmission of MCMV from infested seed dried to less than 15% moisture was not detected, suggesting proper handling could be important for minimizing spread of MCMV through seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Bernardo
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America
| | - Kelly Barriball
- Corn, Soybean, and Wheat Quality Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Wooster, OH, United States of America
| | - Timothy S. Frey
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America
| | - Tea Meulia
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States of America
| | - Anne Wangai
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), NARL, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - L. M. Suresh
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF, Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Pierce A. Paul
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America
| | - Margaret G. Redinbaugh
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America
- Corn, Soybean, and Wheat Quality Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Wooster, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MGR); (EWO)
| | - Erik W. Ohlson
- Corn, Soybean, and Wheat Quality Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Wooster, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MGR); (EWO)
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6
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Johnmark O, Indieka S, Liu G, Gowda M, Suresh LM, Zhang W, Gao X. Fighting Death for Living: Recent Advances in Molecular and Genetic Mechanisms Underlying Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease Resistance. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122765. [PMID: 36560769 PMCID: PMC9784999 DOI: 10.3390/v14122765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) disease, caused by a synergistic co-infection of maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and any member of the Potyviridae family, was first reported in EasternAfrica (EA) a decade ago. It is one of the most devastating threats to maize production in these regions since it can lead up to 100% crop loss. Conventional counter-measures have yielded some success; however, they are becoming less effective in controlling MLN. In EA, the focus has been on the screening and identification of resistant germplasm, dissecting genetic and the molecular basis of the disease resistance, as well as employing modern breeding technologies to develop novel varieties with improved resistance. CIMMYT and scientists from NARS partner organizations have made tremendous progresses in the screening and identification of the MLN-resistant germplasm. Quantitative trait loci mapping and genome-wide association studies using diverse, yet large, populations and lines were conducted. These remarkable efforts have yielded notable outcomes, such as the successful identification of elite resistant donor lines KS23-5 and KS23-6 and their use in breeding, as well as the identification of multiple MLN-tolerance promising loci clustering on Chr 3 and Chr 6. Furthermore, with marker-assisted selection and genomic selection, the above-identified germplasms and loci have been incorporated into elite maize lines in a maize breeding program, thus generating novel varieties with improved MLN resistance levels. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms for MLN resistance require further elucidation. Due to third generation sequencing technologies as well functional genomics tools such as genome-editing and DH technology, it is expected that the breeding time for MLN resistance in farmer-preferred maize varieties in EA will be efficient and shortened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onyino Johnmark
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- China and Kenya Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Crop Molecular Biology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Co-Sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Egerton University, Njoro P.O. Box 536-20115, Kenya
| | - Stephen Indieka
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Egerton University, Njoro P.O. Box 536-20115, Kenya
| | - Gaoqiong Liu
- Crops Soils and Horticulture Department, Egerton University, Njoro P.O. Box 536-20115, Kenya
| | - Manje Gowda
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF Campus, UN Avenue, Gigiri, Nairobi P.O. Box 1041-00621, Kenya
| | - L. M. Suresh
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF Campus, UN Avenue, Gigiri, Nairobi P.O. Box 1041-00621, Kenya
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- China and Kenya Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Crop Molecular Biology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Co-Sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiquan Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- China and Kenya Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Crop Molecular Biology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Co-Sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence:
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7
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Frontline Warrior microRNA167: A Battle of Survival. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/ijpb13040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens such as viruses are detrimental to the survivorship of plant species. Coinfection of maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and the sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) causes a deadly disease in maize. An investigation by Liu et al. (2022) showed the role of Zma-miR167 in positively imparting resistance against the MCMV and SCMV. The authors identified ZmARF3 and ZmARF30 as the targets of Zma-miR167. ZmARF3 and ZmARF30 were identified as transcription factors that bind the cis-element in ZmPAO1 promoters to activate its expression. The authors showed how the Zma-miR167-ZmARF3/30-ZmPAO1 module functions differently in resistant and susceptible lines with high expression of Zma-miR167 in resistant lines correlated with the resistant phenotype. Finally, the authors concluded that MCMV-encoded p31 protein enhances ZmPAO1 enzyme activity for its survival in the host.
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8
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Biswal AK, Alakonya AE, Mottaleb KA, Hearne SJ, Sonder K, Molnar TL, Jones AM, Pixley KV, Prasanna BM. Maize Lethal Necrosis disease: review of molecular and genetic resistance mechanisms, socio-economic impacts, and mitigation strategies in sub-Saharan Africa. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:542. [PMID: 36418954 PMCID: PMC9686106 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maize lethal necrosis (MLN) disease is a significant constraint for maize producers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The disease decimates the maize crop, in some cases, causing total crop failure with far-reaching impacts on regional food security. RESULTS In this review, we analyze the impacts of MLN in Africa, finding that resource-poor farmers and consumers are the most vulnerable populations. We examine the molecular mechanism of MLN virus transmission, role of vectors and host plant resistance identifying a range of potential opportunities for genetic and phytosanitary interventions to control MLN. We discuss the likely exacerbating effects of climate change on the MLN menace and describe a sobering example of negative genetic association between tolerance to heat/drought and susceptibility to viral infection. We also review role of microRNAs in host plant response to MLN causing viruses as well as heat/drought stress that can be carefully engineered to develop resistant varieties using novel molecular techniques. CONCLUSIONS With the dual drivers of increased crop loss due to MLN and increased demand of maize for food, the development and deployment of simple and safe technologies, like resistant cultivars developed through accelerated breeding or emerging gene editing technologies, will have substantial positive impact on livelihoods in the region. We have summarized the available genetic resources and identified a few large-effect QTLs that can be further exploited to accelerate conversion of existing farmer-preferred varieties into resistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Kumar Biswal
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Km. 45, Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, El Batan, Texcoco, C.P. 56237, Mexico.
| | - Amos Emitati Alakonya
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Km. 45, Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, El Batan, Texcoco, C.P. 56237, Mexico
| | - Khondokar Abdul Mottaleb
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Km. 45, Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, El Batan, Texcoco, C.P. 56237, Mexico
| | - Sarah J Hearne
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Km. 45, Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, El Batan, Texcoco, C.P. 56237, Mexico
| | - Kai Sonder
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Km. 45, Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, El Batan, Texcoco, C.P. 56237, Mexico
| | | | - Alan M Jones
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Kevin Vail Pixley
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Km. 45, Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, El Batan, Texcoco, C.P. 56237, Mexico
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9
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Liu X, Liu S, Chen X, Prasanna BM, Ni Z, Li X, He Y, Fan Z, Zhou T. Maize miR167-ARF3/30-polyamine oxidase 1 module-regulated H2O2 production confers resistance to maize chlorotic mottle virus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1065-1082. [PMID: 35298645 PMCID: PMC9157100 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) is the key pathogen causing maize lethal necrosis (MLN). Due to the sharply increased incidence of MLN in many countries, there is an urgent need to identify resistant lines and uncover the underlying resistance mechanism. Here, we showed that the abundance of maize (Zea mays) microR167 (Zma-miR167) positively modulates the degree of resistance to MCMV. Zma-miR167 directly targets Auxin Response Factor3 (ZmARF3) and ZmARF30, both of which negatively regulate resistance to MCMV. RNA-sequencing coupled with gene expression assays revealed that both ZmARF3 and ZmARF30 directly bind the promoter of Polyamine Oxidase 1 (ZmPAO1) and activate its expression. Knockdown or inhibition of enzymatic activity of ZmPAO1 suppressed MCMV infection. Nevertheless, MCMV-encoded p31 protein directly targets ZmPAO1 and enhances the enzyme activity to counteract Zma-miR167-mediated defense to some degree. We uncovered a role of the Zma-miR167-ZmARF3/30 module for restricting MCMV infection by regulating ZmPAO1 expression, while MCMV employs p31 to counteract this defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sijia Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Boddupalli M Prasanna
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF Campus, Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yueqiu He
- College of Agronomy, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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10
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Murithi A, Olsen MS, Kwemoi DB, Veronica O, Ertiro BT, L M S, Beyene Y, Das B, Prasanna BM, Gowda M. Discovery and Validation of a Recessively Inherited Major-Effect QTL Conferring Resistance to Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) Disease. Front Genet 2021; 12:767883. [PMID: 34868253 PMCID: PMC8640137 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.767883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize lethal necrosis (MLN) is a viral disease with a devastating effect on maize production. Developing and deploying improved varieties with resistance to the disease is important to effectively control MLN; however, little is known about the causal genes and molecular mechanism(s) underlying MLN resistance. Screening thousands of maize inbred lines revealed KS23-5 and KS23-6 as two of the most promising donors of MLN resistance alleles. KS23-5 and KS23-6 lines were earlier developed at the University of Hawaii, United States, on the basis of a source population constituted using germplasm from Kasetsart University, Thailand. Both linkage mapping and association mapping approaches were used to discover and validate genomic regions associated with MLN resistance. Selective genotyping of resistant and susceptible individuals within large F2 populations coupled with genome-wide association study identified a major-effect QTL (qMLN06_157) on chromosome 6 for MLN disease severity score and area under the disease progress curve values in all three F2 populations involving one of the KS23 lines as a parent. The major-effect QTL (qMLN06_157) is recessively inherited and explained 55%-70% of the phenotypic variation with an approximately 6 Mb confidence interval. Linkage mapping in three F3 populations and three F2 populations involving KS23-5 or KS23-6 as one of the parents confirmed the presence of this major-effect QTL on chromosome 6, demonstrating the efficacy of the KS23 allele at qMLN06.157 in varying populations. This QTL could not be identified in population that was not derived using KS23 lines. Validation of this QTL in six F2 populations with 20 SNPs closely linked with qMLN06.157 was further confirmed its consistent expression across populations and its recessive nature of inheritance. On the basis of the consistent and effective resistance afforded by the KS23 allele at qMLN06.157, the QTL can be used in both marker-assisted forward breeding and marker-assisted backcrossing schemes to improve MLN resistance of breeding populations and key lines for eastern Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Murithi
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Michael S Olsen
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel B Kwemoi
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Namulonge, Uganda
| | - Ogugo Veronica
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Suresh L M
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yoseph Beyene
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Biswanath Das
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Manje Gowda
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
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11
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Carino EJ, Scheets K, Miller WA. The RNA of Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus, an Obligatory Component of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease, Is Translated via a Variant Panicum Mosaic Virus-Like Cap-Independent Translation Element. J Virol 2020; 94:e01005-20. [PMID: 32847851 PMCID: PMC7592216 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01005-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) combines with a potyvirus in maize lethal necrosis disease (MLND), a serious emerging disease worldwide. To inform resistance strategies, we characterized the translation initiation mechanism of MCMV. We report that MCMV RNA contains a cap-independent translation element (CITE) in its 3' untranslated region (UTR). The MCMV 3' CITE (MTE) was mapped to nucleotides 4164 to 4333 in the genomic RNA. 2'-Hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) probing revealed that the MTE is a distinct variant of the panicum mosaic virus-like 3' CITE (PTE). Like the PTE, electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) indicated that eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binds the MTE despite the absence of an m7GpppN cap structure, which is normally required for eIF4E to bind RNA. Using a luciferase reporter system, mutagenesis to disrupt and restore base pairing revealed that the MTE interacts with the 5' UTRs of both genomic RNA and subgenomic RNA1 via long-distance kissing stem-loop interaction to facilitate translation. The MTE stimulates a relatively low level of translation and has a weak, if any, pseudoknot, which is present in the most active PTEs, mainly because the MTE lacks the pyrimidine-rich tract that base pairs to a G-rich bulge to form the pseudoknot. However, most mutations designed to form a pseudoknot decreased translation activity. Mutations in the viral genome that reduced or restored translation prevented and restored virus replication, respectively, in maize protoplasts and in plants. In summary, the MTE differs from the canonical PTE but falls into a structurally related class of 3' CITEs.IMPORTANCE In the past decade, maize lethal necrosis disease has caused massive crop losses in East Africa. It has also emerged in China and parts of South America. Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) infection is required for this disease. While some tolerant maize lines have been identified, there are no known resistance genes that confer immunity to MCMV. In order to improve resistance strategies against MCMV, we focused on how the MCMV genome is translated, the first step of gene expression by all positive-strand RNA viruses. We identified a structure (cap-independent translation element) in the 3' untranslated region of the viral RNA genome that allows the virus to usurp a host translation initiation factor, eIF4E, in a way that differs from host mRNA interactions with the translational machinery. This difference indicates eIF4E may be a soft target for engineering of-or breeding for-resistance to MCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Carino
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Interdepartmental Genetics and Genomics Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kay Scheets
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - W Allen Miller
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Interdepartmental Genetics and Genomics Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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12
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Boddupalli P, Suresh LM, Mwatuni F, Beyene Y, Makumbi D, Gowda M, Olsen M, Hodson D, Worku M, Mezzalama M, Molnar T, Dhugga KS, Wangai A, Gichuru L, Angwenyi S, Alemayehu Y, Grønbech Hansen J, Lassen P. Maize lethal necrosis (MLN): Efforts toward containing the spread and impact of a devastating transboundary disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Virus Res 2020; 282:197943. [PMID: 32205142 PMCID: PMC7221342 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Maize lethal necrosis (MLN), a complex viral disease, emerged as a serious threat to maize production and the livelihoods of smallholders in eastern Africa since 2011, primarily due to the introduction of maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV). The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), in close partnership with national and international partners, implemented a multi-disciplinary and multi-institutional strategy to curb the spread of MLN in sub-Saharan Africa, and mitigate the impact of the disease. The strategy revolved around a) intensive germplasm screening and fast-tracked development and deployment of MLN-tolerant/resistant maize hybrids in Africa-adapted genetic backgrounds; b) optimizing the diagnostic protocols for MLN-causing viruses, especially MCMV, and capacity building of relevant public and private sector institutions on MLN diagnostics and management; c) MLN monitoring and surveillance across sub-Saharan Africa in collaboration with national plant protection organizations (NPPOs); d) partnership with the private seed sector for production and exchange of MLN pathogen-free commercial maize seed; and e) awareness creation among relevant stakeholders about MLN management, including engagement with policy makers. The review concludes by highlighting the need to keep continuous vigil against MLN-causing viruses, and preventing any further spread of the disease to the major maize-growing countries that have not yet reported MLN in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Boddupalli
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF Campus, UN Avenue, Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - L M Suresh
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF Campus, UN Avenue, Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Francis Mwatuni
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF Campus, UN Avenue, Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yoseph Beyene
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF Campus, UN Avenue, Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dan Makumbi
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF Campus, UN Avenue, Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Manje Gowda
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF Campus, UN Avenue, Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mike Olsen
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF Campus, UN Avenue, Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David Hodson
- CIMMYT, Km 45 México-Veracruz, El Batán, 56237, Texcoco, Mexico CDMX, Mexico
| | - Mosisa Worku
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF Campus, UN Avenue, Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Monica Mezzalama
- CIMMYT, Km 45 México-Veracruz, El Batán, 56237, Texcoco, Mexico CDMX, Mexico
| | - Terence Molnar
- CIMMYT, Km 45 México-Veracruz, El Batán, 56237, Texcoco, Mexico CDMX, Mexico
| | - Kanwarpal S Dhugga
- CIMMYT, Km 45 México-Veracruz, El Batán, 56237, Texcoco, Mexico CDMX, Mexico
| | - Anne Wangai
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), NARL, Waiyaki Way, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lilian Gichuru
- Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), West End Towers, 4th Floor Kanjata Road, off Muthangari Drive, Off Waiyaki Way, P.O. Box 66773, Westlands, 00800, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Angwenyi
- African Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF), ILRI Campus, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Jens Grønbech Hansen
- Dept. of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, Postboks 50, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Poul Lassen
- Dept. of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, Postboks 50, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark
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13
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Hybrid Breeding for MLN Resistance: Heterosis, Combining Ability, and Hybrid Prediction. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040468. [PMID: 32276322 PMCID: PMC7238107 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prior knowledge on heterosis and quantitative genetic parameters on maize lethal necrosis (MLN) can help the breeders to develop numerous resistant or tolerant hybrids with optimum resources. Our objectives were to (1) estimate the quantitative genetic parameters for MLN disease severity, (2) investigate the efficiency of the prediction of hybrid performance based on parental per se and general combining ability (GCA) effects, and (3) examine the potential of hybrid prediction for MLN resistance or tolerance based on markers. Fifty elite maize inbred lines were selected based on their response to MLN under artificial inoculation. Crosses were made in a half diallel mating design to produce 307 F1 hybrids. All hybrids were evaluated in MLN quarantine facility in Naivasha, Kenya for two seasons under artificial inoculation. All 50 inbreds were genotyped with genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) SNPs. The phenotypic variation was significant for all traits and the heritability was moderate to high. We observed that hybrids were superior to the mean performance of the parents for disease severity (−14.57%) and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) (14.9%). Correlations were significant and moderate between line per se and GCA; and mean of parental value with hybrid performance for both disease severity and AUDPC value. Very low and negative correlation was observed between parental lines marker based genetic distance and heterosis. Nevertheless, the correlation of GCA effects was very high with hybrid performance which can suggests as a good predictor of MLN resistance. Genomic prediction of hybrid performance for MLN is high for both traits. We therefore conclude that there is potential for prediction of hybrid performance for MLN. Overall, the estimated quantitative genetic parameters suggest that through targeted approach, it is possible to develop outstanding lines and hybrids for MLN resistance.
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Genetic Analysis of QTL for Resistance to Maize Lethal Necrosis in Multiple Mapping Populations. Genes (Basel) 2019; 11:genes11010032. [PMID: 31888105 PMCID: PMC7017159 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize lethal necrosis (MLN) occurs when maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) co-infect maize plant. Yield loss of up to 100% can be experienced under severe infections. Identification and validation of genomic regions and their flanking markers can facilitate marker assisted breeding for resistance to MLN. To understand the status of previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTL)in diverse genetic background, F3 progenies derived from seven bi-parental populations were genotyped using 500 selected kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) SNPs. The F3 progenies were evaluated under artificial MLN inoculation for three seasons. Phenotypic analyses revealed significant variability (P ≤ 0.01) among genotypes for responses to MLN infections, with high heritability estimates (0.62 to 0.82) for MLN disease severity and AUDPC values. Linkage mapping and joint linkage association mapping revealed at least seven major QTL (qMLN3_130 and qMLN3_142, qMLN5_190 and qMLN5_202, qMLN6_85 and qMLN6_157 qMLN8_10 and qMLN9_142) spread across the 7-biparetal populations, for resistance to MLN infections and were consistent with those reported previously. The seven QTL appeared to be stable across genetic backgrounds and across environments. Therefore, these QTL could be useful for marker assisted breeding for resistance to MLN.
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15
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Proteomic Changes during MCMV Infection Revealed by iTRAQ Quantitative Proteomic Analysis in Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010035. [PMID: 31861651 PMCID: PMC6981863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) has been occurring frequently worldwide and causes severe yield losses in maize (Zea mays). To better investigate the destructive effects of MCMV infection on maize plants, isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based comparative proteomic analysis was performed on MCMV infected maize cv. B73. A total of 972 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs), including 661 proteins with increased abundance and 311 proteins with reduced abundance, were identified in response to MCMV infection. Functional annotations of DAPs and measurement of photosynthetic activity revealed that photosynthesis was decreased, while the abundance of ribosomal proteins, proteins related to stress responses, oxidation-reduction and redox homeostasis was altered significantly during MCMV infection. Two DAPs, disulfide isomerases like protein ZmPDIL-1 and peroxiredoxin family protein ZmPrx5, were further analyzed for their roles during MCMV infection through cucumber mosaic virus-based virus-induced gene silencing (CMV-VIGS). The accumulation of MCMV was suppressed in ZmPDIL-1-silenced or ZmPrx5-silenced B73 maize, suggesting ZmPDIL-1 and ZmPrx5 might enhance host susceptibility to MCMV infection.
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16
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Sitonik C, Suresh LM, Beyene Y, Olsen MS, Makumbi D, Oliver K, Das B, Bright JM, Mugo S, Crossa J, Tarekegne A, Prasanna BM, Gowda M. Genetic architecture of maize chlorotic mottle virus and maize lethal necrosis through GWAS, linkage analysis and genomic prediction in tropical maize germplasm. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:2381-2399. [PMID: 31098757 PMCID: PMC6647133 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Analysis of the genetic architecture of MCMV and MLN resistance in maize doubled-haploid populations revealed QTLs with major effects on chromosomes 3 and 6 that were consistent across genetic backgrounds and environments. Two major-effect QTLs, qMCMV3-108/qMLN3-108 and qMCMV6-17/qMLN6-17, were identified as conferring resistance to both MCMV and MLN. Maize lethal necrosis (MLN) is a serious threat to the food security of maize-growing smallholders in sub-Saharan Africa. The ability of the maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) to interact with other members of the Potyviridae causes severe yield losses in the form of MLN. The objective of the present study was to gain insights and validate the genetic architecture of resistance to MCMV and MLN in maize. We applied linkage mapping to three doubled-haploid populations and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 380 diverse maize lines. For all the populations, phenotypic variation for MCMV and MLN was significant, and heritability was moderate to high. Linkage mapping revealed 13 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for MCMV resistance and 12 QTLs conferring MLN resistance. One major-effect QTL, qMCMV3-108/qMLN3-108, was consistent across populations for both MCMV and MLN resistance. Joint linkage association mapping (JLAM) revealed 18 and 21 main-effect QTLs for MCMV and MLN resistance, respectively. Another major-effect QTL, qMCMV6-17/qMLN6-17, was detected for both MCMV and MLN resistance. The GWAS revealed a total of 54 SNPs (MCMV-13 and MLN-41) significantly associated (P ≤ 5.60 × 10-05) with MCMV and MLN resistance. Most of the GWAS-identified SNPs were within or adjacent to the QTLs detected through linkage mapping. The prediction accuracy for within populations as well as the combined populations is promising; however, the accuracy was low across populations. Overall, MCMV resistance is controlled by a few major and many minor-effect loci and seems more complex than the genetic architecture for MLN resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelang'at Sitonik
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 1041-00621, Village Market, Nairobi, 00621, Kenya
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, University of Eldoret (UoE), P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, 30100, Kenya
| | - L M Suresh
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 1041-00621, Village Market, Nairobi, 00621, Kenya
| | - Yoseph Beyene
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 1041-00621, Village Market, Nairobi, 00621, Kenya
| | - Michael S Olsen
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 1041-00621, Village Market, Nairobi, 00621, Kenya
| | - Dan Makumbi
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 1041-00621, Village Market, Nairobi, 00621, Kenya
| | - Kiplagat Oliver
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, University of Eldoret (UoE), P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, 30100, Kenya
| | - Biswanath Das
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 1041-00621, Village Market, Nairobi, 00621, Kenya
| | - Jumbo M Bright
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 1041-00621, Village Market, Nairobi, 00621, Kenya
| | - Stephen Mugo
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 1041-00621, Village Market, Nairobi, 00621, Kenya
| | - Jose Crossa
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El Batan, Texcoco, DF, Mexico
| | - Amsal Tarekegne
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), 12.5 km Peg Mazowe Road, Mount Pleasant, P.O. Box MP163, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Boddupalli M Prasanna
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 1041-00621, Village Market, Nairobi, 00621, Kenya.
| | - Manje Gowda
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 1041-00621, Village Market, Nairobi, 00621, Kenya.
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Paudel DB, Sanfaçon H. Exploring the Diversity of Mechanisms Associated With Plant Tolerance to Virus Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1575. [PMID: 30450108 PMCID: PMC6224807 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance is defined as an interaction in which viruses accumulate to some degree without causing significant loss of vigor or fitness to their hosts. Tolerance can be described as a stable equilibrium between the virus and its host, an interaction in which each partner not only accommodate trade-offs for survival but also receive some benefits (e.g., protection of the plant against super-infection by virulent viruses; virus invasion of meristem tissues allowing vertical transmission). This equilibrium, which would be associated with little selective pressure for the emergence of severe viral strains, is common in wild ecosystems and has important implications for the management of viral diseases in the field. Plant viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites that divert the host cellular machinery to complete their infection cycle. Highjacking/modification of plant factors can affect plant vigor and fitness. In addition, the toxic effects of viral proteins and the deployment of plant defense responses contribute to the induction of symptoms ranging in severity from tissue discoloration to malformation or tissue necrosis. The impact of viral infection is also influenced by the virulence of the specific virus strain (or strains for mixed infections), the host genotype and environmental conditions. Although plant resistance mechanisms that restrict virus accumulation or movement have received much attention, molecular mechanisms associated with tolerance are less well-understood. We review the experimental evidence that supports the concept that tolerance can be achieved by reaching the proper balance between plant defense responses and virus counter-defenses. We also discuss plant translation repression mechanisms, plant protein degradation or modification pathways and viral self-attenuation strategies that regulate the accumulation or activity of viral proteins to mitigate their impact on the host. Finally, we discuss current progress and future opportunities toward the application of various tolerance mechanisms in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Babu Paudel
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hélène Sanfaçon
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, Canada
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Abstract
Maize lethal necrosis (MLN) is a disease of maize caused by coinfection of maize with maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and one of several viruses from the Potyviridae, such as sugarcane mosaic virus, maize dwarf mosaic virus, Johnsongrass mosaic virus or wheat streak mosaic virus. The coinfecting viruses act synergistically to result in frequent plant death or severely reduce or negligible yield. Over the past eight years, MLN has emerged in sub-Saharan East Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America, with large impacts on smallholder farmers. Factors associated with MLN emergence include multiple maize crops per year, the presence of maize thrips ( Frankliniella williamsi), and highly susceptible maize crops. Soil and seed transmission of MCMV may also play significant roles in development and perpetuation of MLN epidemics. Containment and control of MLN will likely require a multipronged approach, and more research is needed to identify and develop the best measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret G Redinbaugh
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA; .,United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA;
| | - Lucy R Stewart
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA; .,United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA;
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Wamaitha MJ, Nigam D, Maina S, Stomeo F, Wangai A, Njuguna JN, Holton TA, Wanjala BW, Wamalwa M, Lucas T, Djikeng A, Garcia-Ruiz H. Metagenomic analysis of viruses associated with maize lethal necrosis in Kenya. Virol J 2018; 15:90. [PMID: 29792207 PMCID: PMC5966901 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0999-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maize lethal necrosis is caused by a synergistic co-infection of Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and a specific member of the Potyviridae, such as Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) or Johnson grass mosaic virus (JGMV). Typical maize lethal necrosis symptoms include severe yellowing and leaf drying from the edges. In Kenya, we detected plants showing typical and atypical symptoms. Both groups of plants often tested negative for SCMV by ELISA. METHODS We used next-generation sequencing to identify viruses associated to maize lethal necrosis in Kenya through a metagenomics analysis. Symptomatic and asymptomatic leaf samples were collected from maize and sorghum representing sixteen counties. RESULTS Complete and partial genomes were assembled for MCMV, SCMV, Maize streak virus (MSV) and Maize yellow dwarf virus-RMV (MYDV-RMV). These four viruses (MCMV, SCMV, MSV and MYDV-RMV) were found together in 30 of 68 samples. A geographic analysis showed that these viruses are widely distributed in Kenya. Phylogenetic analyses of nucleotide sequences showed that MCMV, MYDV-RMV and MSV are similar to isolates from East Africa and other parts of the world. Single nucleotide polymorphism, nucleotide and polyprotein sequence alignments identified three genetically distinct groups of SCMV in Kenya. Variation mapped to sequences at the border of NIb and the coat protein. Partial genome sequences were obtained for other four potyviruses and one polerovirus. CONCLUSION Our results uncover the complexity of the maize lethal necrosis epidemic in Kenya. MCMV, SCMV, MSV and MYDV-RMV are widely distributed and infect both maize and sorghum. SCMV population in Kenya is diverse and consists of numerous strains that are genetically different to isolates from other parts of the world. Several potyviruses, and possibly poleroviruses, are also involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwathi Jane Wamaitha
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), P. O. Box 14733-00800, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Deepti Nigam
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
| | - Solomon Maina
- School of Agriculture and Environment and UWA Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Plant Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT 2617 Australia
| | - Francesca Stomeo
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI), Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anne Wangai
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), P. O. Box 14733-00800, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joyce Njoki Njuguna
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI), Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Timothy A. Holton
- Plant Innovation Centre, Post-Entry Quarantine, Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, 135 Donnybrook Road, Mickleham, VIC 3064 Australia
| | - Bramwel W. Wanjala
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI), Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mark Wamalwa
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI), Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tanui Lucas
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), P. O. Box 14733-00800, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Appolinaire Djikeng
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI), Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG UK
| | - Hernan Garcia-Ruiz
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
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