1
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Atsumi G, Naramoto S, Nishihara M, Nakatsuka T, Tomita R, Matsushita Y, Hoshi N, Shirakawa A, Kobayashi K, Fukuda H, Sekine KT. Identification of a novel viral factor inducing tumorous symptoms by disturbing vascular development in planta. J Virol 2023; 97:e0046323. [PMID: 37668368 PMCID: PMC10537666 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00463-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses induce various disease symptoms that substantially impact agriculture, but the underlying mechanisms of viral disease in plants are poorly understood. Kobu-sho is a disease in gentian that shows gall formation with ectopic development of lignified cells and vascular tissues such as xylem. Here, we show that a gene fragment of gentian Kobu-sho-associated virus, which is designated as Kobu-sho-inducing factor (KOBU), induces gall formation accompanied by ectopic development of lignified cells and xylem-like tissue in Nicotiana benthamiana. Transgenic gentian expressing KOBU exhibited tumorous symptoms, confirming the gall-forming activity of KOBU. Surprisingly, KOBU expression can also induce differentiation of an additional leaf-like tissue on the abaxial side of veins in normal N. benthamiana and gentian leaves. Transcriptome analysis with Arabidopsis thaliana expressing KOBU revealed that KOBU activates signaling pathways that regulate xylem development. KOBU protein forms granules and plate-like structures and co-localizes with mRNA splicing factors within the nucleus. Our findings suggest that KOBU is a novel pleiotropic virulence factor that stimulates vascular and leaf development. IMPORTANCE While various mechanisms determine disease symptoms in plants depending on virus-host combinations, the details of how plant viruses induce symptoms remain largely unknown in most plant species. Kobu-sho is a disease in gentian that shows gall formation with ectopic development of lignified cells and vascular tissues such as xylem. Our findings demonstrate that a gene fragment of gentian Kobu-sho-associated virus (GKaV), which is designated as Kobu-sho-inducing factor, induces the gall formation accompanied by the ectopic development of lignified cells and xylem-like tissue in Nicotiana benthamiana. The molecular mechanism by which gentian Kobu-sho-associated virus induces the Kobu-sho symptoms will provide new insight into not only plant-virus interactions but also the regulatory mechanisms underlying vascular and leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Atsumi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoshi Naramoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Reiko Tomita
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsushita
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobue Hoshi
- Iwate Agricultural Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
| | | | - Kappei Kobayashi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiroo Fukuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Taro Sekine
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Conservation Biology, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, Japan
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2
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Yanagisawa H, Matsushita Y. Effect of potato spindle tuber viroid variants and infection stage on seed transmission through pollen. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:836-843. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Yanagisawa
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba Ibaraki 305‐8666 Japan
- Narita Branch, Yokohama Plant Protection Station, Aza‐Tennamino, Komaino, Narita Chiba 282‐0021 Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsushita
- Institute of Plant Protection National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba Ibaraki 305‐8519 Japan
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3
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Bradamante G, Mittelsten Scheid O, Incarbone M. Under siege: virus control in plant meristems and progeny. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2523-2537. [PMID: 34015140 PMCID: PMC8408453 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In the arms race between plants and viruses, two frontiers have been utilized for decades to combat viral infections in agriculture. First, many pathogenic viruses are excluded from plant meristems, which allows the regeneration of virus-free plant material by tissue culture. Second, vertical transmission of viruses to the host progeny is often inefficient, thereby reducing the danger of viral transmission through seeds. Numerous reports point to the existence of tightly linked meristematic and transgenerational antiviral barriers that remain poorly understood. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that exclude viruses from plant stem cells and progeny. We also discuss the evidence connecting viral invasion of meristematic cells and the ability of plants to recover from acute infections. Research spanning decades performed on a variety of virus/host combinations has made clear that, beside morphological barriers, RNA interference (RNAi) plays a crucial role in preventing-or allowing-meristem invasion and vertical transmission. How a virus interacts with plant RNAi pathways in the meristem has profound effects on its symptomatology, persistence, replication rates, and, ultimately, entry into the host progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Bradamante
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ortrun Mittelsten Scheid
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Incarbone
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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4
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Venkataraman S, Badar U, Shoeb E, Hashim G, AbouHaidar M, Hefferon K. An Inside Look into Biological Miniatures: Molecular Mechanisms of Viroids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2795. [PMID: 33801996 PMCID: PMC8001946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viroids are tiny single-stranded circular RNA pathogens that infect plants. Viroids do not encode any proteins, yet cause an assortment of symptoms. The following review describes viroid classification, molecular biology and spread. The review also discusses viroid pathogenesis, host interactions and detection. The review concludes with a description of future prospects in viroid research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kathleen Hefferon
- Cell and System Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada; (S.V.); (U.B.); (E.S.); (G.H.); (M.A.)
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5
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Matoušek J, Steinbachová L, Drábková LZ, Kocábek T, Potěšil D, Mishra AK, Honys D, Steger G. Elimination of Viroids from Tobacco Pollen Involves a Decrease in Propagation Rate and an Increase of the Degradation Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3029. [PMID: 32344786 PMCID: PMC7216239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21083029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some viroids-single-stranded, non-coding, circular RNA parasites of plants-are not transmissible through pollen to seeds and to next generation. We analyzed the cause for the elimination of apple fruit crinkle viroid (AFCVd) and citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) from male gametophyte cells of Nicotiana tabacum by RNA deep sequencing and molecular methods using infected and transformed tobacco pollen tissues at different developmental stages. AFCVd was not transferable from pollen to seeds in reciprocal pollinations, due to a complete viroid eradication during the last steps of pollen development and fertilization. In pollen, the viroid replication pathway proceeds with detectable replication intermediates, but is dramatically depressed in comparison to leaves. Specific and unspecific viroid degradation with some preference for (-) chains occurred in pollen, as detected by analysis of viroid-derived small RNAs, by quantification of viroid levels and by detection of viroid degradation products forming "comets" on Northern blots. The decrease of viroid levels during pollen development correlated with mRNA accumulation of several RNA-degrading factors, such as AGO5 nuclease, DICER-like and TUDOR S-like nuclease. In addition, the functional status of pollen, as a tissue with high ribosome content, could play a role during suppression of AFCVd replication involving transcription factors IIIA and ribosomal protein L5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Matoušek
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.M.); (T.K.); (A.K.M.)
| | - Lenka Steinbachová
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (L.Z.D.); (D.H.)
| | - Lenka Záveská Drábková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (L.Z.D.); (D.H.)
| | - Tomáš Kocábek
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.M.); (T.K.); (A.K.M.)
| | - David Potěšil
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Ajay Kumar Mishra
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.M.); (T.K.); (A.K.M.)
| | - David Honys
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (L.Z.D.); (D.H.)
| | - Gerhard Steger
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Batuman O, Çiftçi ÖC, Osei MK, Miller SA, Rojas MR, Gilbertson RL. Rasta Disease of Tomato in Ghana is Caused by the Pospiviroids Potato spindle tuber viroid and Tomato apical stunt viroid. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:1525-1535. [PMID: 31012822 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-18-1751-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rasta is a virus-like disease of unknown etiology affecting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants in Ghana. Symptoms include stunting; epinasty, crumpling, and chlorosis of leaves; and necrosis of leaf veins, petioles, and stems. Leaf samples with rasta symptoms were collected from commercial tomato fields in Ghana in October 2012 and applied to FTA cards, and RNA extracts were prepared. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests with primers for Columnea latent viroid, which causes rasta-like symptoms in tomato plants in Mali, were negative, whereas tests with degenerate viroid primer pairs were inconclusive. However, tomato seedlings (Early Pak 7) mechanically inoculated with RNA extracts of 10 of 13 samples developed rasta-like symptoms. In RT-PCR tests with RNA from leaves of the 10 symptomatic seedlings and primers for Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) or Tomato apical stunt viroid (TASVd), the expected size (approximately 360 bp) of DNA fragment was amplified from eight and two seedlings, respectively. Sequence analyses confirmed that these fragments were from PSTVd and TASVd isolates, and revealed a single PSTVd haplotype and two TASVd haplotypes. The PSTVd and TASVd isolates from Ghana had high nucleotide identities (>94%) with isolates from other geographic regions. In a host range study, PSTVd and TASVd isolates from Ghana induced rasta symptoms in the highly susceptible tomato cultivar Early Pak 7 and mild or no symptoms in Glamour, and symptomless infections in a number of other solanaceous species. PSTVd and TASVd isolates were seed associated and possibly seed transmitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Batuman
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida-IFAS, Immokalee, FL 34142, U.S.A
| | - Ö Cem Çiftçi
- 2 Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering, Sabancı University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Michael K Osei
- 3 CSIR-Crops Research Institute, P.O. BOX 3785, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Sally A Miller
- 4 Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, U.S.A.; and
| | - Maria R Rojas
- 5 Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Robert L Gilbertson
- 5 Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
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7
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Vertical and Horizontal Transmission of Pospiviroids. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120706. [PMID: 30545048 PMCID: PMC6315636 DOI: 10.3390/v10120706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viroids are highly structured, single-stranded, non-protein-coding circular RNA pathogens. Some viroids are vertically transmitted through both viroid-infected ovule and pollen. For example, potato spindle tuber viroid, a species that belongs to Pospiviroidae family, is delivered to the embryo through the ovule or pollen during the development of reproductive tissues before embryogenesis. In addition, some of Pospiviroidae are also horizontally transmitted by pollen. Tomato planta macho viroid in pollen infects to the ovary from pollen tube during pollen tube elongation and eventually causes systemic infection, resulting in the establishment of horizontal transmission. Furthermore, fertilization is not required to accomplish the horizontal transmission. In this review, we will overview the recent research progress in vertical and horizontal transmission of viroids, mainly by focusing on histopathological studies, and also discuss the impact of seed transmission on viroid dissemination and seed health.
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8
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Yanagisawa H, Sano T, Hase S, Matsushita Y. Influence of the terminal left domain on horizontal and vertical transmissions of tomato planta macho viroid and potato spindle tuber viroid through pollen. Virology 2018; 526:22-31. [PMID: 30317103 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Viroids can be transmitted vertically and/or horizontally by pollen. Tomato planta macho viroid (TPMVd) has a high rate of horizontal transmission by pollen, whereas potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) does not. To specify the domain(s) involved in horizontal transmission, four viroid chimeras were created by exchanging the terminal left (TL) and/or pathogenicity (P) domains between PSTVd and TPMVd. PSTVd-based chimeras containing TPMVd-TL and P, or TPMVd-TL alone, displayed a high rate of horizontal transmission. TPMVd-based chimeras containing PSTVd-TL and P lost infectivity, and those containing PSTVd-TL alone displayed a low rate of horizontal transmission. In addition, the vertical transmission rate was also higher in the mutants containing TPMVd-TL than in the others. These findings indicate that the sequences or structures in the TL and P (although the role is limited) domains are important not only for horizontal but also for vertical transmission by pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Yanagisawa
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
| | - Teruo Sano
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8560, Japan.
| | - Shu Hase
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0037, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Matsushita
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8519, Japan.
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9
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Yanagisawa H, Matsushita Y. Differences in dynamics of horizontal transmission of Tomato planta macho viroid and Potato spindle tuber viroid after pollination with viroid-infected pollen. Virology 2018; 516:258-264. [PMID: 29425768 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
For viroids, pollen transmission is an important transmission pathway to progeny seeds and new hosts. In the current study, we found that Tomato planta macho viroid (TPMVd)-but not Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)-was horizontally transmitted by pollen from petunia plants. Using tissue-printing hybridization to track the changes in viroid distribution after pollination, we noted that TPMVd was present in petunia stigma, styles, and eventually ovaries, whereas PSTVd was detected in the stigma and upper style but not the ovary. These findings suggest that horizontal transmission of viroids depends on the infection of the lower style and ovary during the elongation of pollen tubes after pollination. Additionally, TPMVd was transmitted horizontally, leading to systematic infection, when we used TPMVd-infected petunia pollen to pollinate the flowers of healthy tomato plants. Fertilization typically does not occur after heterologous pollination and thus likely is not required to accomplish horizontal transmission of viroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Yanagisawa
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Matsushita
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8519, Japan.
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10
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Distribution of Tomato planta macho viroid in germinating pollen and transmitting tract. Virus Genes 2017; 54:124-129. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Castellano M, Martinez G, Marques MC, Moreno-Romero J, Köhler C, Pallas V, Gomez G. Changes in the DNA methylation pattern of the host male gametophyte of viroid-infected cucumber plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5857-5868. [PMID: 27697787 PMCID: PMC5066502 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic organisms exposed to adverse conditions are required to show a certain degree of transcriptional plasticity in order to cope successfully with stress. Epigenetic regulation of the genome is a key regulatory mechanism allowing dynamic changes of the transcriptional status of the plant in response to stress. The Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) induces the demethylation of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) leaves, leading to increasing transcription rates of rRNA. In addition to the clear alterations observed in vegetative tissues, HSVd infection is also associated with drastic changes in gametophyte development. To examine the basis of viroid-induced alterations in reproductive tissues, we analysed the cellular and molecular consequences of HSVd infection in the male gametophyte of cucumber plants. Our results indicate that in the pollen grain, accumulation of HSVd RNA induces a decondensation of the generative nucleus that correlates with a dynamic demethylation of repetitive regions in the cucumber genome that include rRNA genes and transposable elements (TEs). We therefore propose that HSVd infection impairs the epigenetic control of rRNA genes and TEs in gametic cells of cucumber, a phenomenon thus far unknown to occur in this reproductive tissue as a consequence of pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayte Castellano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia (UPV), CPI, Edificio 8 E, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - German Martinez
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Carmen Marques
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia (UPV), CPI, Edificio 8 E, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jordi Moreno-Romero
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claudia Köhler
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vicente Pallas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia (UPV), CPI, Edificio 8 E, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Gustavo Gomez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia (UPV), CPI, Edificio 8 E, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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12
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Zhang Z, Lee Y, Sivertsen A, Skjeseth G, Haugslien S, Clarke JL, Wang QC, Blystad DR. Low Temperature Treatment Affects Concentration and Distribution of Chrysanthemum Stunt Viroid in Argyranthemum. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:224. [PMID: 26973607 PMCID: PMC4777735 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) can infect Argyranthemum and cause serious economic loss. Low temperature treatment combined with meristem culture has been applied to eradicate viroids from their hosts, but without success in eliminating CSVd from diseased Argyranthemum. The objectives of this work were to investigate (1) the effect of low temperature treatment combined with meristem culture on elimination of CSVd, (2) the effect of low temperature treatment on CSVd distribution pattern in shoot apical meristem (SAM), and (3) CSVd distribution in flowers and stems of two infected Argyranthemum cultivars. After treatment with low temperature combined with meristem tip culture, two CSVd-free plants were found in 'Border Dark Red', but none in 'Yellow Empire'. With the help of in situ hybridization, we found that CSVd distribution patterns in the SAM showed no changes in diseased 'Yellow Empire' following 5°C treatment, compared with non-treated plants. However, the CSVd-free area in SAM was enlarged in diseased 'Border Dark Red' following prolonged 5°C treatment. Localization of CSVd in the flowers and stems of infected 'Border Dark Red' and 'Yellow Empire' indicated that seeds could not transmit CSVd in these two cultivars, and CSVd existed in phloem. Results obtained in the study contributed to better understanding of the distribution of CSVd in systemically infected plants and the combination of low temperature treatment and meristem tip culture for production of viroid-free plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Zhang
- The Plant Health and Biotechnology Division, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅs, Norway
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Northwest China, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - YeonKyeong Lee
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life ScienceÅs, Norway
| | - Astrid Sivertsen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life ScienceÅs, Norway
| | - Gry Skjeseth
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life ScienceÅs, Norway
| | - Sissel Haugslien
- The Plant Health and Biotechnology Division, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅs, Norway
| | - Jihong Liu Clarke
- The Plant Health and Biotechnology Division, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅs, Norway
| | - Qiao-Chun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Northwest China, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Dag-Ragnar Blystad
- The Plant Health and Biotechnology Division, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅs, Norway
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13
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A mutual titer-enhancing relationship and similar localization patterns between Citrus exocortis viroid and Hop stunt viroid co-infecting two citrus cultivars. Virol J 2015; 12:142. [PMID: 26377407 PMCID: PMC4574207 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) and Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) are commonly found simultaneously infecting different citrus cultivars in Taiwan. A crucial question to be addressed is how accumulations of these two viroids affect each other in an infected plant. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the two viroids at macroscopic and microscopic levels. METHODS CEVd and HSVd titers were examined by real-time RT-PCR in 17 plants of two citrus cultivars (blood orange and Murcott mandarin) every 3 months (spring, summer, fall and winter) from 2011 to 2013. Three nonparametric tests (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, Kendall's tau rank correlation coefficient and Hoeffding's inequality) were performed to test the correlation between CEVd and HSVd. Cellular and subcellular localizations of the two viroids were detected by digoxigenin- and colloidal gold-labeled in situ hybridization using light and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS The two viroids were unevenly distributed in four different types of citrus tissues (rootstock bark, roots, twig bark and leaves). Compared with blood orange, Murcott mandarin was generally more susceptible to CEVd and HSVd infection. Both viroids replicated and preferentially accumulated in the underground tissues of the two citrus cultivars. Except for blood orange at high temperatures, significant positive correlations were observed between the two viroids in specific tissues of both cultivars. Relative to concentrations under single-infection conditions, the CEVd population significantly increased under double infection during half of the 12 monitored seasons; in contrast, the population of HSVd significantly increased under double infection during only one season. At cellular/subcellular levels, the two viroids showed similar localization patterns in four tissues and the cells of these tissues in the two citrus cultivars. CONCLUSIONS Our findings of titer enhancement, localization similarity, and lack of symptom aggravation under CEVd and HSVd double infection suggest that the two viroids have a positive relationship in citrus. The combination of molecular and cellular techniques used in this study provided evidence of titer correlation and localization of co-infecting viroids in the host. These methods may thus be useful tools for exploring viroid-viroid and viroid-host interactions.
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