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Elad Y, Nisan Z, Kleinman Z, Rav-David D, Yermiyahu U. Effects of Microelements on Downy Mildew ( Peronospora belbahrii) of Sweet Basil. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1793. [PMID: 34579327 PMCID: PMC8468259 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that spraying or irrigating with Ca, Mg and K reduces the severity of sweet basil downy mildew (SBDM). Here, the effects of Mn, Zn, Cu and Fe on SBDM were tested in potted plants. The effects of Mn and Zn were also tested under semi-commercial and commercial-like field conditions. Spray applications of a mixture of EDTA-chelated microelements (i.e., Fe-EDTA, Mn-EDTA, Zn-EDTA, Cu-EDTA and Mo) reduces SBDM severity. The application of EDTA chelates of individual microelements (i.e., Fe-EDTA, Mn-EDTA and Zn-EDTA) significantly reduces SBDM in potted plants. Foliar applications of Mn-EDTA and Zn-EDTA are found to be effective under semi-commercial conditions and were, thus, further tested under commercial-like conditions. Under commercial-like conditions, foliar-applied Mn-EDTA and Zn-EDTA decreased SBDM severity by 46-71%. When applied through the irrigation solution, those two microelements reduce SBDM by more than 50%. Combining Mg with Mn-EDTA and Zn-EDTA in the irrigation solution does not provide any additional disease reduction. In the commercial-like field experiment, the microelement-mixture treatment, applied as a spray or via the irrigation solution, was combined with fungicides spray treatments. This combination provides synergistic disease control. The mode of action in this plant-pathogen system may involve features of altered host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigal Elad
- Department Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, 68 Hamakabim Rd, Rishon LeZion 7534509, Israel; (Z.N.); (D.R.-D.)
| | - Ziv Nisan
- Department Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, 68 Hamakabim Rd, Rishon LeZion 7534509, Israel; (Z.N.); (D.R.-D.)
- Bikat HaYarden Research and Development, Tzevi Research Station, Bikat HaYarden 91906, Israel;
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ziv Kleinman
- Bikat HaYarden Research and Development, Tzevi Research Station, Bikat HaYarden 91906, Israel;
| | - Dalia Rav-David
- Department Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, 68 Hamakabim Rd, Rishon LeZion 7534509, Israel; (Z.N.); (D.R.-D.)
| | - Uri Yermiyahu
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, M.P. Negev, Gilat 8528000, Israel;
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Gupta R, Leibman-Markus M, Marash I, Kovetz N, Rav-David D, Elad Y, Bar M. Root zone warming represses foliar diseases in tomato by inducing systemic immunity. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2277-2289. [PMID: 33506959 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ systemic-induced resistance as part of their defence arsenal against pathogens. In recent years, the application of mild heating has been found to induce resistance against several pathogens. In the present study, we investigated the effect of root zone warming (RZW) in promoting tomato's resistance against the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea (Bc), the hemibiotrophic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) and the biotrophic fungus Oidium neolycopersici (On). We demonstrate that RZW enhances tomato's resistance to Bc, On and Xcv through a process that is dependent on salicylic acid and ethylene. RZW induced tomato immunity, resulting in increased defence gene expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ethylene output when plants were challenged, even in the absence of pathogens. Overall, the results provide novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of warming-induced immune responses against phytopathogens with different lifestyles in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Meirav Leibman-Markus
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Iftah Marash
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Neta Kovetz
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Dalia Rav-David
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Yigal Elad
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Omer C, Nisan Z, Rav-David D, Elad Y. Effects of Agronomic Practices on the Severity of Sweet Basil Downy Mildew ( Peronospora belbahrii). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050907. [PMID: 33946467 PMCID: PMC8147145 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Downy mildew (caused by Peronospora belbahrii) is a severe disease of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) crops around the world. We examined cultural methods for reducing the severity of sweet basil downy mildew (SBDM) under commercial conditions in greenhouses and walk-in tunnels. The effects of the orientation of walk-in tunnels, air circulation in greenhouses, plant density, and soil mulch were tested. SBDM was less severe in the tunnels that were oriented north-south than in those oriented east-west, but the yields in both types of tunnels were similar. Increased air circulation reduced SBDM severity, but did not affect yield. Gray or transparent polyethylene mulch reduced SBDM severity and, in most cases, increased yield relative to bare soil/growth medium. Yellow polyethylene mulch provided a smaller amount of control. The combination of increased air circulation and yellow polyethylene mulch provided synergistic SBDM control, whereas no synergism was observed when we combined increased air circulation with the other two types of mulch. Planting at half the usual density reduced disease severity. The reduced plant density was associated with reduced yield in the greenhouses, but not in the tunnels. All of the tested methods provided an intermediate level of SBDM control that varied among the different experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Omer
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (C.O.); (Z.N.); (D.R.-D.)
- Agroecology and Plant Health, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ziv Nisan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (C.O.); (Z.N.); (D.R.-D.)
| | - Dalia Rav-David
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (C.O.); (Z.N.); (D.R.-D.)
| | - Yigal Elad
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (C.O.); (Z.N.); (D.R.-D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-3-9683539
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van Bruggen AHC, Finckh MR. Plant Diseases and Management Approaches in Organic Farming Systems. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 54:25-54. [PMID: 27215969 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic agriculture has expanded worldwide. Numerous papers were published in the past 20 years comparing plant diseases in organic and conventional crops. Root diseases are generally less severe owing to greater soil health, whereas some foliar diseases can be problematic in organic agriculture. The soil microbial community and nitrogen availability play an important role in disease development and yield. Recently, the focus has shifted to optimizing organic crop production by improving plant nutrition, weed control, and plant health. Crop-loss assessment relating productivity to all yield-forming and -reducing factors would benefit organic production and sustainability evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H C van Bruggen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611;
| | - M R Finckh
- Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Ecological Plant Protection, University of Kassel, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
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van Bruggen AHC, Gamliel A, Finckh MR. Plant disease management in organic farming systems. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:30-44. [PMID: 26331771 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic farming (OF) has significantly increased in importance in recent decades. Disease management in OF is largely based on the maintenance of biological diversity and soil health by balanced crop rotations, including nitrogen-fixing and cover crops, intercrops, additions of manure and compost and reductions in soil tillage. Most soil-borne diseases are naturally suppressed, while foliar diseases can sometimes be problematic. Only when a severe disease outbreak is expected are pesticides used that are approved for OF. A detailed overview is given of cultural and biological control measures. Attention is also given to regulated pesticides. We conclude that a systems approach to disease management is required, and that interdisciplinary research is needed to solve lingering disease problems, especially for OF in the tropics. Some of the organic regulations are in need of revision in close collaboration with various stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariena H C van Bruggen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Abraham Gamliel
- Agriculture Research Organization, ARO Volcani Center , Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Maria R Finckh
- Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Ecological Plant Protection, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany
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Yermiyahu U, Israeli L, David DR, Faingold I, Elad Y. Higher Potassium Concentration in Shoots Reduces Gray Mold in Sweet Basil. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:1059-1068. [PMID: 25760521 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-14-0256-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional elements can affect plant susceptibility to plant pathogens, including Botrytis cinerea. We tested the effect of potassium (K) fertilization on gray mold in sweet basil grown in pots, containers, and soil. Increased K in the irrigation water and in the sweet basil tissue resulted in an exponential decrease in gray mold severity. Potassium supplied to plants by foliar application resulted in a significant decrease in gray mold in plants grown with a low rate of K fertigation. Lower K fertigation resulted in a significant increase in B. cinerea infection under semi-commercial conditions. Gray mold severity in harvested shoots was significantly negatively correlated with K concentration in the irrigation solution, revealing resistance to B. cinerea infection as a result of high K concentration in sweet basil tissue. Gray mold was reduced following K foliar application of the plants. In general, there was no synergy between the fertigation and foliar spray treatments. Proper K fertilization can replace some of the required chemical fungicide treatments and it may be integrated into gray mold management for improved disease suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Yermiyahu
- First and fourth authors: Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Israel; and second, third, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Lior Israeli
- First and fourth authors: Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Israel; and second, third, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Dalia Rav David
- First and fourth authors: Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Israel; and second, third, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Inna Faingold
- First and fourth authors: Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Israel; and second, third, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Yigal Elad
- First and fourth authors: Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Israel; and second, third, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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