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Kowalewski MP, Pereira MT, Papa P, Gram A. Progesterone receptor blockers: historical perspective, mode of function and insights into clinical and scientific applications. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2020; 48:433-440. [PMID: 33276393 DOI: 10.1055/a-1274-9290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antigestagens (antiprogestins) are functional competitors of progesterone (P4) that prevent P4 from mediating its biological functions either by suppressing its production or blocking its function. Among the latter are progesterone antagonists, competitors of P4 binding to its nuclear receptor PGR, which have found application in both human and veterinary medicine, in particular in small animal practice for the prevention of nidation and the interruption of pregnancy. Depending on their mode of action, progesterone receptor antagonists can be divided into 2 classes. Class I antagonists bind to the PGR but fail to induce its binding to promoters of target genes (competitive inhibitors). Class II antigestagens, including aglepristone used in veterinary medicine, bind to the PGR, activate its association with a promoter, but interfere with the downstream signalling cascades, e. g., by recruiting transcriptional repressors. They act thereby as transdominant repressors exerting negative effects on target gene expression. Importantly for experimental sciences, as active antagonists, class II antagonists do not require the presence of the natural ligand for their action. Besides their clinical application, antigestagens are used in research for investigating P4-dependent physiological and pathological processes. Here an overview of the history and the current usage of progesterone receptor antagonists in veterinary medicine and research is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paula Papa
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich
| | - Aykut Gram
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University
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Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic medical condition that affects around 6% to 10% of reproductive age women. Pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and infertility are the most common presenting symptoms. The disease is characterized by estrogen-dependent growth of the endometrial glands and stroma outside the endometrial cavity. The diagnosis requires a high degree of suspicion and can be only confirmed on histopathology. Treatment includes medical and surgical options. Both hormonal and nonhormonal medical options are available and are tried at first with a goal to control pain and stop the growth of the endometriotic lesions. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, oral contraceptive pills, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, aromatase inhibitors are some of the commonly used medications. With more research on the molecular and biochemical aspects of endometriosis, newer targets of therapy are being developed like selective progesterone receptor modulators, antiangiogenic factors and immunomodulators. In women who do not respond to medical therapy or have severe symptoms, surgical excision of the endometrial lesions and adhesions is often helpful and offers confirmatory diagnosis by histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Rafique
- Howard University Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington, DC, 20060
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - Alan H DeCherney
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
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Attar R, Attar E. Experimental Treatments of Endometriosis. WOMENS HEALTH 2016; 11:653-64. [DOI: 10.2217/whe.15.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rukset Attar
- Yeditepe University Medical School, İnönü Man., Kayişdaği Cad., 26 Ağustos Yerleşimi, 34755 Ataşehir/İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Erkut Attar
- Istanbul University Istanbul Medical School, Topkapi Mh., Millet Caddesi, Çapa, 34093 Fatih/İstanbul, Turkey
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Chaudhari UK, Metkari SM, Manjaramkar DD, Sachdeva G, Katkam R, Bandivdekar AH, Mahajan A, Thakur MH, Kholkute SD. Echography of the cervix and uterus during the proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle in bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2014; 53:18-23. [PMID: 24411775 PMCID: PMC3894643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We undertook the present study to investigate the echographic characteristics of the uterus and cervix of female bonnet monkeys ( Macaca radiata ) during the proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle. The cervix was tortuous in shape and measured 2.74 ± 0.30 cm (mean ± SD) in width by 3.10 ± 0.32 cm in length. The cervical lumen contained 2 or 3 colliculi, which projected from the cervical canal. The echogenicity of cervix varied during proliferative and secretory phases. The uterus was pyriform in shape (2.46 ± 0.28 cm × 1.45 ± 0.19 cm) and consisted of serosa, myometrium, and endometrium. The endometrium generated a triple-line pattern; the outer and central lines were hyperechogenic, whereas the inner line was hypoechogenic. The endometrium was significantly thicker during the secretory phase (0.69 ± 0.12 cm) than during the proliferative phase (0.43 ± 0.15 cm). Knowledge of the echogenic changes in the female reproductive organs of bonnet monkeys during a regular menstrual cycle may facilitate understanding of other physiologic and pathophysiologic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddhav K Chaudhari
- Department of Primate Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India.
| | - Siddnath M Metkari
- Animal House Facility, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Dhyananjay D Manjaramkar
- Animal House Facility, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Geetanjali Sachdeva
- Department of Primate Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Rajendra Katkam
- Department of Primate Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Atmaram H Bandivdekar
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Abhishek Mahajan
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH), Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Meenakshi H Thakur
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH), Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Sanjiv D Kholkute
- Department of Primate Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India
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Streuli I, de Ziegler D, Santulli P, Marcellin L, Borghese B, Batteux F, Chapron C. An update on the pharmacological management of endometriosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 14:291-305. [PMID: 23356536 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2013.767334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endometriosis is a common disease that causes pain symptoms and/or infertility in women in their reproductive years. The disease is characterised by the presence of endometrium-like tissue - glands and stroma - outside the uterine cavity. Different treatment options exist for endometriosis including medical and surgical treatments or a combination of the two approaches. The most commonly used medications are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, GnRH agonists, androgen derivatives such as danazol, combined oral contraceptive pills, progestogens and more recently the levonorgestrel intrauterine system. AREAS COVERED The authors review current medical treatments used for symptomatic endometriosis and also discuss new treatment approaches. The authors conducted a literature search for randomised controlled trials related to medical treatments of endometriosis in humans, searched the Cochrane library for reviews and also searched for registered trials that have not yet been published on ClinicalTrials.gov. EXPERT OPINION The medical treatment of endometriosis is effective at treating pain and preventing recurrence of disease after surgery. Remarkably, the oral contraceptive pill taken continuously is as effective as GnRH-a, while causing far less side-effects. Conversely, no treatment currently exists for enhancing fecundity in women whose infertility is associated with endometriosis. As all existing therapies of endometriosis are contraceptive, great efforts should be targeted at researching novel products that reduce the disease expression without shuttering ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Streuli
- Service de gynécologie, obstétrique et médecine de la reproduction, Groupe hospitalier du centre Cochin -- Broca -- Hôtel-Dieu, CHU Cochin, Paris, France
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Streuli I, de Ziegler D, Borghese B, Santulli P, Batteux F, Chapron C. New treatment strategies and emerging drugs in endometriosis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2012; 17:83-104. [PMID: 22439891 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2012.668885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Endometriosis, histologically defined as the presence of endometrium-like tissue - glands and stroma - that develops outside of the uterine cavity, is still an enigmatic disease responsible for pelvic pain and infertility. The current treatments of endometriosis are surgery and hormonal therapies that act by suppressing ovulation and/or directly on steroid receptors located in endometriotic lesions. Areas covered: New hormonal and non-hormonal therapies are being developed for the treatment of endometriosis-related pain. The authors review the state of advancement and the results of novel treatments studied in registered trials ( www.ClinicalTrials.gov ). Cellular signaling pathways activated in endometriotic cells, which constitute potential targets for future treatments, are also described. Expert opinion: Therapeutic research efforts should focus on identifying and testing substances capable of acting locally on the lesions themselves, without interfering with ovulation, in order to be efficacious on both pain symptoms and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Streuli
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine - Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, CHU Cochin, Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine , Paris , France
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Bouchard P, Chabbert-Buffet N, Fauser BCJM. Selective progesterone receptor modulators in reproductive medicine: pharmacology, clinical efficacy and safety. Fertil Steril 2011; 96:1175-89. [PMID: 21944187 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Benagiano G, Bastianelli C, Farris M. Selective progesterone receptor modulators 2: use in reproductive medicine. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2008; 9:2473-85. [PMID: 18778185 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.9.14.2473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Rosario GX, D'Souza SJ, Manjramkar DD, Parmar V, Puri CP, Sachdeva G. Endometrial modifications during early pregnancy in bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata). Reprod Fertil Dev 2008; 20:281-94. [PMID: 18255018 DOI: 10.1071/rd07152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate endometrial modifications that occur before embryo invasion in bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata). These changes were analysed in luminal epithelium, glandular epithelium and stroma of endometrial functionalis on Day 6 post ovulation from pregnant and non-pregnant animals (n = 4 each) by transmission electron microscopy. Distinct features (i.e. loss of columnar shape by epithelial cells, changes in mitochondrial size and diffused apicolateral gap junctions) were observed in the luminal and glandular epithelium in pregnant animals. Stromal compaction was also observed in pregnant animals. Further, immunogold localisation studies demonstrated significantly higher expression (P < 0.05) of oestrogen receptor alpha, an oestrogen-regulated gene, in the glandular epithelium and stroma of the endometrium in pregnant animals compared with non-pregnant animals. Expression of two other genes known to be regulated by oestradiol, namely beta-actin and cyclo-oxygenase-1, were also significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the endometria of pregnant animals. These studies demonstrate marked changes in the endometrium before embryo invasion in bonnet monkeys. These studies also indicate altered oestrogenic activity in the uterine milieu before embryo invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracy X Rosario
- Primate Biology Division, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400012, Maharashtra, India
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Jain JK, Li A, Yang W, Minoo P, Felix JC. Mifepristone alters expression of endometrial steroid receptors and their cofactors in new users of medroxyprogesterone acetate. Fertil Steril 2007; 87:8-23. [PMID: 17094978 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of mifepristone on the expression of endometrial steroid receptors and their co-factors in depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) users. DESIGN A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING Reproductive research center. PATIENT(S) Fifty healthy women with regular menstrual cycle. INTERVENTION(S) One hundred fifty milligrams of DMPA were given every 3 months. Two pills (25 mg each) of placebo or mifepristone were administered every 14 days during the DMPA therapy. Four endometrial biopsy specimens were obtained from each patient. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The expression of estrogen receptor subtypes alpha and beta (ERalpha and ERbeta), progesterone receptors A and B (PRAB and PRB), and androgen receptor messenger RNA and protein was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1), silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid-hormone receptors, and cell proliferation were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULT(S) The expression of endometrial ERalpha, PRAB, PRB, and SRC-1 was increased significantly after 1 week of mifepristone, but the increase was no longer seen after 10 weeks. A positive correlation between endometrial ERalpha, PRAB, PRB, and SRC-1 production and proliferation was demonstrated. CONCLUSION(S) Short-term exposure of mifepristone in new starters of DMPA increases the expression of endometrial ERalpha, PRAB, PRB, and SRC-1 and promotes cell proliferation. Prolonged exposure to mifepristone does not alter the suppression of these receptors that are caused by DMPA and continues to result in endometrial atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Jain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
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Sereda MW, Meyer zu Hörste G, Suter U, Uzma N, Nave KA. Therapeutic administration of progesterone antagonist in a model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT-1A). Nat Med 2003; 9:1533-7. [PMID: 14608378 DOI: 10.1038/nm957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2003] [Accepted: 10/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common inherited neuropathy. The predominant subtype, CMT-1A, accounts for more than 50% of all cases and is associated with an interstitial chromosomal duplication of 17p12 (refs. 2,3). We have generated a model of CMT-1A by introducing extra copies of the responsible disease gene, Pmp22 (encoding the peripheral myelin protein of 22 kDa), into transgenic rats. Here, we used this model to test whether progesterone, a regulator of the myelin genes Pmp22 and myelin protein zero (Mpz) in cultured Schwann cells, can modulate the progressive neuropathy caused by moderate overexpression of Pmp22. Male transgenic rats (n = 84) were randomly assigned into three treatment groups: progesterone, progesterone antagonist (onapristone) and placebo control. Daily administration of progesterone elevated the steady-state levels of Pmp22 and Mpz mRNA in the sciatic nerve, resulting in enhanced Schwann cell pathology and a more progressive clinical neuropathy. In contrast, administration of the selective progesterone receptor antagonist reduced overexpression of Pmp22 and improved the CMT phenotype, without obvious side effects, in wild-type or transgenic rats. Taken together, these data provide proof of principle that the progesterone receptor of myelin-forming Schwann cells is a promising pharmacological target for therapy of CMT-1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Sereda
- Max-Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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