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de Lima Cardoso D, de Araújo Guimarães DA, Mayor P, Ferreira MAP, Tavares Dias HL, de Faria Espinheiro R, Barros Monteiro FO. Reproductive biology of owl (Aotus spp.) and capuchin (Sapajus spp.) monkeys. Anim Reprod Sci 2021; 227:106732. [PMID: 33690051 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies related to morpho-physiology improve the understanding of biological mechanisms in non-human primates (NHP), contributing to research in several areas, especially those of assisted reproduction and biomedicine. The genera Aotus and Sapajus are important considerations in conducting studies related to reproductive biology and biomedical research, where animals of these genera can serve as models for species with vulnerable conservation status. The reproductive functions of animals of these genera can be used in conducting studies with other NHP species, for which biological material is difficult to access. The aim in conducting the current review was to compile the scientific literature on the biology and reproductive aspects of these two genera, to provide a for a greater understanding of these topics. In addition, a systematic review of literature allows for efficient access relevant information from an extended timeframe collated in a single document. There was, therefore, a systematic search for keywords based on reproductive studies with animals in these genera conducted, and 58 articles, 12 books, and three academic theses were subsequently selected. Even though there have been advances in knowledge of the reproductive biology of animals from these genera that have occurred in recent decades, especially research conducted when these NHP were in captivity, a wide variety of areas remain to be studied so that the understanding of reproduction in these NHP can be enhanced and the knowledge gained from these studies utilized for greater understanding of reproduction of NHP in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deise de Lima Cardoso
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia, Animal Health and Production Institute, Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Av. Tancredo Neves, nº 251, Terra Firme, CEP: 66077-830, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | | | - Pedro Mayor
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia, Animal Health and Production Institute, Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Av. Tancredo Neves, nº 251, Terra Firme, CEP: 66077-830, Belém, PA, Brazil; Museum of Indigenous Amazonian Cultures, Fundamazonia, 332 Malecón Tarapacá, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru; Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Edific Blanc, 1ª planta, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Cataluna, Spain.
| | | | - Hilma Lúcia Tavares Dias
- Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Av. Perimetral, 2-224, Guamá, CEP: 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Roberto de Faria Espinheiro
- Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Av. Perimetral, 2-224, Guamá, CEP: 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Frederico Ozanan Barros Monteiro
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia, Animal Health and Production Institute, Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Av. Tancredo Neves, nº 251, Terra Firme, CEP: 66077-830, Belém, PA, Brazil.
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Lima MCM, Scalercio SRRA, Lopes CTA, Martins ND, Oliveira KG, Caldas-Bussiere MC, Santos RR, Domingues SFS. Monitoring sexual steroids and cortisol at different stages of the ovarian cycle from two capuchin monkey species: use of non- or less invasive methods than blood sampling. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02166. [PMID: 31388589 PMCID: PMC6667699 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine monitoring of non-human primates (NHP) via faecal metabolites of steroid hormones appears as a useful non-invasive alternative to evaluate the reproductive status of free living NHP, as well as of those kept in captivity but of difficult handling. However, validation is needed with plasma values before its application in the field. The aim of the present study was to monitor the different phases of the menstrual cycle from the new world NHP Sapajus apella and S. libidinosus. For this, hormonal and faecal plasma levels of E2, P4 and cortisol were assessed during different days of the menstrual cycle, together with colpocitology. The mean duration of the menstrual cycle according colpocitology was of 21.7 and 21.0 days for S. apella and S. libidinosus, respectively. These values were similar to those observed via plasma analysis, i.e. 22.7 and 20.3 days for S. apella and S. libidinosus, respectively. The day of plasmatic E2 peak was set as Day -1 and the estimated day of ovulation was set as Day 0 and occurred two days earlier in S. libidinosus than in S. apella females. In both species, it was observed a delay in faecal E2 peak of six days for S. apella and of 11 days for S. libidinosus when compared with the plasma peak. A maximum P4 plasma concentration was observed in the middle of luteal phase in S. apella and in S. libidinosus, both at around day 5. However, faecal P4 peaks were detected at days 9 and 8 in S. apella and S. libidinosus, respectively. Mean plasma and faecal cortisol levels were variable during all ovulatory cycle of S. apella and S. libidinosus females. Although no exact correlation was observed between plasmatic and faecal profile of steroid hormone, faecal samples were able to indicate ovarian cycle phase, being important to assess the reproductive status of the females applying a non-invasive method.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C M Lima
- Laboratory of Wild Animal Biology and Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Brazil
| | - S R R A Scalercio
- National Primate Centre, Secretary of Health Policy, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - C T A Lopes
- Laboratory of Wild Animal Biology and Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Brazil
| | - N D Martins
- National Primate Centre, Secretary of Health Policy, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - K G Oliveira
- National Primate Centre, Secretary of Health Policy, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - M C Caldas-Bussiere
- State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R R Santos
- Laboratory of Wild Animal Biology and Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Brazil
| | - S F S Domingues
- Laboratory of Wild Animal Biology and Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Brazil
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Domingues SF, Caldas-Bussiere MC, Petretski MD, Ohashi OM, Lima JS, Santos RR, Cordeiro MS, Gomes de Castro PH. Effects of follicular phase and oocyte–cumulus complexes quality on the protein profile and in vitro oocyte meiosis competence in Cebus apella. Fertil Steril 2010; 93:1662-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 05/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Nagle CA, Lahoz MM, Porta MM, Torres M, Manzur T, Farinati Z. Suppression of ovulation by a synthetic progestin in the capuchin monkey. J Med Primatol 2009; 38:340-6. [PMID: 19470082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2009.00357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND From the limited research in New World monkeys it is not clear whether they are as sensitive to the antiovulatory effects of synthetic progestins as noted in human beings. We examined whether levonorgestrel prevented ovulation in the capuchin monkey. METHODS Cebus apella monkeys were treated orally with two doses of 2 mg of levonorgestrel, 8-9 hours apart, in four periovulatory stages assessed by laparoscopy. RESULTS Levonorgestrel-induced luteinization of the follicle prevented oocyte release up to 8 hours before ovulation. Unhealthy oocytes were recovered from 46% of unruptured follicles. Luteal progesterone was reduced by 55%, 35%, and 25% according to when levonorgestrel was given -2, -1, and 0 day from estradiol peak respectively. CONCLUSION The capuchin monkey, a neotropical primate in which progesterone circulates at levels much higher than in Old World primates and human beings, is sensitive to the antiovulatory effects of synthetic progestins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Nagle
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Humana y Experimental, Instituto Universitario CEMIC, Buenos, Aires, Argentina.
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Domingues SFS, Caldas-Bussiere MC, Martins ND, Carvalho RA. Ultrasonographic imaging of the reproductive tract and surgical recovery of oocytes in Cebus apella (capuchin monkeys). Theriogenology 2007; 68:1251-9. [PMID: 17915305 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Revised: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional real-time and Doppler ultrasonography are valuable non-invasive methods to assess reproductive anatomy and physiology. In adult, postpubertal female Cebus apella (capuchin monkeys), the objectives were to determine (1) uterine and ovarian dimensions, ovarian follicular dynamics, day of ovulation, and arterial blood flow of uterus and utero-ovarian ligament during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and (2) the number of oocytes aspirated from antral follicles at laparotomy. Based on two-dimensional, transabdominal B-mode ultrasonography, mean (+/- S.E.M.) length, height, width, and volume of the uterus were 17.9+/-0.4, 12.4+/-0.3, 13.6+/-0.3 mm, and 1.55+/-0.08 mL, respectively, and of the ovary were 13.4+/-0.2, 8.2+/-0.1, 7.7+/-0.1 mm, and 4.5+/-0.2 mL. Ovarian follicles were monitored for 6 days before ovulation, which occurred on day 9.3+/-0.5 (range, days 7-11; day 1=start of menses), with 10 of 12 ovulations in the right ovary. Diameter and volume of the preovulatory follicle were 10.1+/-0.2 mm and 0.55+/-0.03 mL (on the estimated day of ovulation) and of the CL were 8.1+/-0.4 mm and 0.3+/-0.05 mL. Resistivity and pulsatility indices were 0.86+/-0.02 and 2.15+/-0.11 for uterine arteries, and were 0.69+/-0.04 and 1.63+/-0.15 for the utero-ovarian ligament (UOL) artery; just prior to ovulation, both indices peaked (P<0.05) in the uterine artery ipsilateral to the side of ovulation, but both reached a nadir (P<0.05) in the UOL artery. In the absence of ovarian stimulation, 31 oocytes (diameter, 137+/-10 microm) were aspirated (average of 2 oocytes/(female attempt)) on days 5, 7, and 9. In conclusion, transabdominal ultrasonography facilitated assessment of reproductive anatomy and physiology in C. apella adult females. Resistance and pulsatility indices of uterine and UOL arteries changed near the time of ovulation. Dominant follicles were easiest to aspirate at 8-9 mm in diameter ( approximately day 9), with intact cumulus-oocyte complexes recovered from ovarian follicles 2-9 mm in diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F S Domingues
- Laboratório de Biologia e Medicina de Animais Silvestres da Amazônia, Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Castanhal, PA, Brazil.
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Tavares MC, Topic B, Abreu C, Waga I, Gomes U, Tomaz C, Mattern C. Effects of intra-nasally administered testosterone on sexual proceptive behavior in female capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Behav Brain Res 2007; 179:33-42. [PMID: 17280726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sexual dysfunction in the female has been associated with a decrease in androgen levels, which can be reversed by testosterone treatment, however, bearing the risk of adverse side effects. Nasally administered testosterone could be an effective method for androgenic treatment avoiding the first-pass intestinal and hepatic metabolism and side effects. Here we examined the effects of chronic intranasal administration of testosterone on sexual behavior in female capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) that lived with male cohorts. During 8 days of baseline 10 females were observed for their sexual and non-sexual behavior without drug. They then received daily intranasal testosterone (0.24 mg per nostril, n=5 per group) or placebo gel for 5 days, followed by 5 days of wash out, followed by 5 days of daily intranasal application, whereby the animals that had received testosterone before, now received placebo and vice versa. Diverse sexual and non-sexual behaviors were scored. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for testosterone, estradiol, dihydrotestosterone and progesterone using EIAs. The results revealed an increase in sexual behavior (eyebrow raising, chest rubbing, courtship behavior, masturbation) in the females during testosterone treatment, which seemed to be prolonged even when testosterone treatment was discontinued. These behavioral results were accompanied by an increase in plasma testosterone levels. This study demonstrates the efficacy of testosterone in enhancing sexual behavior in female capuchin monkeys by means of intranasal application, which may be a useful alternative compared to other forms of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clotilde Tavares
- Primate Center and Laboratory of Neurosciences & Behavior, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Topic B, Tavares MC, Tomaz C, Mattern C. Prolonged effects of intra-nasally administered testosterone on proceptive behavior in female capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Behav Brain Res 2007; 179:60-8. [PMID: 17306379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sexual dysfunction in the female has been associated with a decrease in androgen levels, which can be reversed by testosterone treatment, however, bearing the risk of adverse side effects. Previously we found that intranasal application of testosterone led to an increase in proceptive behavior in female capuchin monkeys, which was still enhanced beyond treatment pointing to prolonged effects. Here, we sought to replicate our previous findings and to further examine possible prolonged effects of such treatment. During 5 days of baseline females were observed for their sexual and non-sexual behavior without drug. They then received daily intranasal testosterone (0.24 mg per nostril) for 7 days, followed by 15 days of intranasal testosterone application every third day or were left undisturbed (n=5 per group). Diverse sexual and non-sexual behaviors were scored. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone using immunoenzymatic chemiluminescent immunoassay. In accord with our previous results an increase in sexual proceptive behavior was revealed during testosterone treatment, which persisted about 2 weeks beyond treatment in the group receiving testosterone every third day as well as in the group that no longer received any treatment. These behavioral results were accompanied by an increase in plasma testosterone levels. This study demonstrates the efficacy of testosterone in enhancing sexual behavior in female capuchin monkeys by means of intranasal application, and provided evidence that daily substance application is not necessary to maintain beneficial effects on sexual behavior. These findings render the intranasal application procedure to be a useful alternative compared to other forms of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Topic
- Institute of Physiological Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Ibáñez E, Sanfins A, Combelles CMH, Overström EW, Albertini DF. Genetic strain variations in the metaphase-II phenotype of mouse oocytes matured in vivo or in vitro. Reproduction 2005; 130:845-55. [PMID: 16322544 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between genetic and epigenetic factors plays a central role in mammalian embryo production strategies that superimposeex vivoorin vivomanipulations upon strain background characteristics. In this study, we examined the relationship between genetic background and the phenotypic properties of mouse metaphase-II (M-II) oocytes that were matured underin vivo(IVO) orin vitroconditions, either in a basal (IVM) or a supplemented (IVM + ) medium. Differences existed amongst inbred (C57BL/6), outbred (CF-1, Black Swiss, NU/NU) and hybrid lines (B6D2F1) induced to superovulate with regard to cytoplasmic microtubule organizing center (MTOC) number but not spindle size or shape, except for larger and asymmetrical spindles in Black Swiss oocytes. When oocytes were matured in culture, meiotic spindle and cytoplasmic phenotypic properties of M-II oocytes were affected relative toin vivoconditions and between strains. Specifically, measures of meiotic spindle size, shape, polar pericentrin distribution and cytoplasmic MTOC number all revealed characteristic variations. Interestingly, the overall reduction in cytoplasmic MTOC number noted upon IVM was concomitant with an overall increase in spindle and polar body size. Maturation under IVM + conditions resulted in a further decrease in cytoplasmic MTOC number, but spindle and polar body characteristics were intermediate between IVO and IVM. How these oocyte phenotypic properties of maternal origin may be linked to predictive assessments of fecundity remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ibáñez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA
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Ortiz RE, Ortiz AC, Gajardo G, Zepeda AJ, Parraguez VH, Ortiz ME, Croxatto HB. Cytologic, hormonal, and ultrasonographic correlates of the menstrual cycle of the New World monkeyCebus apella. Am J Primatol 2005; 66:233-44. [PMID: 16015660 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Few reports on the reproductive physiology of Cebus apella have been published. In this study we characterized menstrual cycle events by means of vaginal cytology, ultrasonography (US), and hormonal measurements in serum during three consecutive cycles in 10 females, and assessed the probability that ovulation would occur in the same ovary in consecutive cycles in 18 females. The lengths and phases of the cycles were determined according to vaginal cytology. Taking the first day of endometrial bleeding as the first day of the cycle, the mean cycle length +/- SEM was 19.5+/-0.4 days, with follicular and luteal phases lasting 8.2+/-0.2 and 11.3+/-0.4 days, respectively. The follicular phase included menstruation and the periovulatory period, which was characterized by the presence of a large number of superficial eosinophilic cells in the vaginal smear. The myometrium, endometrium, and ovaries were clearly distinguished on US examination. During each menstrual cycle a single follicle was recruited at random from either ovary. The follicle grew from 3 mm to a maximum diameter of 8-9 mm over the course of 8 days, in association with increasing estradiol (E(2)) serum levels (from 489+/-41 to 1600+/-92 pmol/L). At ovulation, the mean diameter of the dominant follicle usually decreased by >20%, 1 day after the maximum E(2) level was reached. Ovulation was associated with an abrupt fall in E(2), a decreased number of eosinophilic cells, the presence of leukocytes and intermediate cells in the vaginal smear, and a progressive increase in progesterone (P) levels that reached a maximum of 892+/-65 nmol/L on days 3-6 of the luteal phase. The menstrual cycle of Cebus apella differs in several temporal and quantitative aspects from that in humans and Old World primates, but it exhibits the same correlations between ovarian endocrine and morphologic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Ortiz
- Unit of Reproductive Biology and Development, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Catholic University of Chile, Casilla 14-D, Santiago, Chile
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D'Hooghe TM, Bambra CS, Raeymaekers BM, Koninckx PR. Disappearance of the ovulation stigma in baboons (Papio anubis, Papio cynocephalus) as determined by serial laparoscopies during the luteal phase. Fertil Steril 1996; 65:1219-23. [PMID: 8641501 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)58342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate how long an ovulation stigma remains visible as determined by serial laparoscopies performed during the luteal phase in baboons. SUBJECTS AND SETTING Sixteen female baboons with a normal pelvis (n = 6) and with endometriosis (n = 10) housed at the Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya. INTERVENTIONS Fifty-six laparoscopies were carried out before ovulation (n = 7) and serially during the luteal phase (n = 49; 3 +/- 1 per baboon): 1 to 2 days (n = 2), 4 to 5 days (n = 15), 8 to 9 days (n = 11), 12 to 13 days (n = 12), and 16 to 17 days (n = 9) after ovulation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE During each laparoscopy the ovaries were screened systematically for the presence and size of an ovulation stigma and/or corpus luteum (CL). RESULTS When the laparoscopy was done within 5 days after ovulation, a fresh ovulation stigma was observed in all nine baboons with a normal pelvis or minimal endometriosis, but only in four of seven animals with mild to severe disease. If a fresh ovulation stigma had been observed within 5 days after ovulation (n = 13), it gradually became smaller but remained visible 8 to 9 days after ovulation in 91%, at 12 to 13 days after ovulation in 75%, and at 16 to 17 days after ovulation in 50% of the primates. CONCLUSION If a fresh ovulation stigma was observed in baboons within 5 days after ovulation, it diminished in size but remained visible up to 8, 12, and 16 days after ovulation in 91%, 75%, and 50% of animals, respectively. Therefore, diagnostic laparoscopies for the detection of an ovulation stigma in baboons should be performed in the early luteal phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M D'Hooghe
- Department of Reproduction, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
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Coe CL, Savage A, Bromley LJ. Phylogenetic influences on hormone levels across the primate order. Am J Primatol 1992; 28:81-100. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1350280202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/1990] [Revised: 01/11/1992] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Nigi H, Torii R. Periovulatory time courses of plasma estradiol and progesterone in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata). Primates 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02381985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ghosh M, Hutz R, Dukelow WR. Serum Estradiol 17
β
, Progesterone, and Relative Luteinizing Hormone Levels in
Saimiri sciureus
: Cyclic Variations and the Effect of Laparoscopy and Follicular Aspiration. J Med Primatol 1982. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1982.tb00026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Ghosh
- Endocrine Research UnitMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - R.J. Hutz
- Endocrine Research UnitMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
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