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Wan L, Huang RJ, Luo ZH, Gong JE, Pan A, Manavis J, Yan XX, Xiao B. Reproduction-Associated Hormones and Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:3651735. [PMID: 34539776 PMCID: PMC8448607 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3651735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of reproduction-associated hormones in females, such as estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and oxytocin, change dramatically during pregnancy and postpartum. Reproduction-associated hormones can affect adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN), thereby regulating mothers' behavior after delivery. In this review, we first briefly introduce the overall functional significance of AHN and the methods commonly used to explore this front. Then, we attempt to reconcile the changes of reproduction-associated hormones during pregnancy. We further update the findings on how reproduction-related hormones influence adult hippocampal neurogenesis. This review is aimed at emphasizing a potential role of AHN in reproduction-related brain plasticity and its neurobiological relevance to motherhood behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Rou-Jie Huang
- Medical Doctor Program, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Luo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jiao-e Gong
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha 410007, China
| | - Aihua Pan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jim Manavis
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia 5000
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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Kwok WH, Choi TLS, Leung GNW, Wong ASY, Yue SK, Wan TSM, Ho ENM. Administration study of recombinant human relaxin-2 in horse for doping control purpose. Drug Test Anal 2019; 12:361-370. [PMID: 31726484 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like peptide relaxin (RLX), an endogenous peptide hormone produced in human for pregnancy and reproduction, is also known to exert a range of physiological and pathological effects. Its use is banned in human sports, horseracing, and equestrian competitions due to its potential performance enhancing effect through vasodilation resulting in the increase of blood and oxygen supplies to muscles. Little is known about the biotransformation and elimination of RLX in horses. This paper describes an administration study of rhRLX-2 and its elimination in horses, and the development of sensitive methods for the detection and confirmation of rhRLX-2 in both horse plasma and urine by nano-liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (nano-LC/HRMS) after immunoaffinity extraction with the objective of controlling the abuse of rhRLX-2 in horses. The limits of detection in plasma and urine are 2 pg/mL and 5 pg/mL, respectively. Two thoroughbred geldings were each administered one dose of 10 mg rhRLX-2 subcutaneously daily for 3 consecutive days. The rhRLX-2 could be detected and confirmed in the plasma and urine samples collected 105 h and 80 h, respectively, after the last dose of administration. For doping control purposes, rhRLX-2 ELISA could be used as a screening test to identify potential positive samples for further investigation using the nano-LC/HRMS methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Him Kwok
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Timmy L S Choi
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Gary N W Leung
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - April S Y Wong
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Terence S M Wan
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Emmie N M Ho
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
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Napso T, Yong HEJ, Lopez-Tello J, Sferruzzi-Perri AN. The Role of Placental Hormones in Mediating Maternal Adaptations to Support Pregnancy and Lactation. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1091. [PMID: 30174608 PMCID: PMC6108594 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, the mother must adapt her body systems to support nutrient and oxygen supply for growth of the baby in utero and during the subsequent lactation. These include changes in the cardiovascular, pulmonary, immune and metabolic systems of the mother. Failure to appropriately adjust maternal physiology to the pregnant state may result in pregnancy complications, including gestational diabetes and abnormal birth weight, which can further lead to a range of medically significant complications for the mother and baby. The placenta, which forms the functional interface separating the maternal and fetal circulations, is important for mediating adaptations in maternal physiology. It secretes a plethora of hormones into the maternal circulation which modulate her physiology and transfers the oxygen and nutrients available to the fetus for growth. Among these placental hormones, the prolactin-growth hormone family, steroids and neuropeptides play critical roles in driving maternal physiological adaptations during pregnancy. This review examines the changes that occur in maternal physiology in response to pregnancy and the significance of placental hormone production in mediating such changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Napso
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah E J Yong
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Lopez-Tello
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Wong ASY, Ho ENM, Kwok WH, Leung GNW, Shen Y, Qi RZ, Yue SK, Wan TSM. Identification of porcine relaxin in plasma by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1412-1420. [PMID: 27928890 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- April S. Y. Wong
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse Sha Tin N.T. Hong Kong, China
| | - Emmie N. M. Ho
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse Sha Tin N.T. Hong Kong, China
| | - W. H. Kwok
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse Sha Tin N.T. Hong Kong, China
| | - Gary N. W. Leung
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse Sha Tin N.T. Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuehong Shen
- Division of Life Science; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Hong Kong, China
| | - Robert Z. Qi
- Division of Life Science; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Hong Kong, China
| | - Samuel K. Yue
- Minnesota Pain Center; Suite 122, 225 University Ave West St Paul MN 55103 USA
| | - Terence S. M. Wan
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse Sha Tin N.T. Hong Kong, China
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Kwok WH, Ho ENM, Leung GNW, Wong ASY, Yue SK, Wan TSM. Identification of recombinant human relaxin-2 in equine plasma by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2012; 5:627-33. [PMID: 23081913 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Him Kwok
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
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de Haas van Dorsser FJ, Swanson WF, Lasano S, Steinetz BG. Development, Validation, and Application of a Urinary Relaxin Radioimmunoassay for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Pregnancy in Felids1. Biol Reprod 2006; 74:1090-5. [PMID: 16481588 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.105.050146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Many nondomestic felids are highly endangered, and captive breeding programs have become essential components of holistic conservation efforts for these species. The ability to diagnose pregnancy early in gestation is fundamental to developing effective breeding programs. The purpose of this study was to develop a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the detection of urinary relaxin in felids and assess its applicability for early, noninvasive pregnancy diagnosis in domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) and leopards (Panthera pardus). Urine was collected from pregnant and nonpregnant domestic cats and leopards at mating, and then weekly thereafter for the duration of gestation. Paired serum samples were also collected from the domestic cats. A RIA for relaxin that uses an antiserum against synthetic canine relaxin was validated for felid urine and shown to detect relaxin immunoreactivity in pregnant cat urine subjected to acid-acetone extraction. In the cat, urinary relaxin was first detected between Days 21 and 28 of gestation; levels peaked at 42-49 days, and the concentrations then declined over 2 wk prior to parturition. The urinary relaxin profiles of the cat mirrored those in serum. In the leopard, urinary relaxin was first detected at Day 25-28 of gestation; levels peaked at Day 60-64 and declined in the last 3-4 wk of pregnancy. These results indicate that measurement of urinary relaxin in the cat and leopard provides a reliable method for pregnancy determination from as early as 3-4 wk of gestation. This method of pregnancy diagnosis and monitoring may prove useful in the breeding management of domestic cats and other felid and canid species, and provides a foundation for future studies on pregnancy in captive exotic carnivores.
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Nguyen BT, Dessauer CW. Relaxin stimulates protein kinase C zeta translocation: requirement for cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate production. Mol Endocrinol 2004; 19:1012-23. [PMID: 15604116 DOI: 10.1210/me.2004-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Relaxin is a polypeptide hormone that activates the leucine-rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptors, LGR7 and LGR8. In an earlier study, we reported that relaxin produces a biphasic time course and the second wave of cAMP is highly sensitive to phosphoinositide-3 kinase inhibitors (LY294002 and wortmannin). LY294002 inhibits relaxin-mediated increases in cAMP production by 40-50% across a large range of relaxin concentrations. Here we show that protein kinase C zeta (PKCzeta) is a component of relaxin signaling in THP-1 cells. Sphingomyelinase increases cAMP production due to the release of ceramide, a direct activator of PKCzeta. Chelerythrine chloride (a general PKC inhibitor) inhibits relaxin induced cAMP production to the same degree (approximately 40%) as LY294002. Relaxin stimulates PKCzeta translocation to the plasma membrane in THP-1, MCF-7, pregnant human myometrial 1-31, and mouse mesangial cells, as shown by immunocytochemistry. PKCzeta translocation is phosphoinositide-3 kinase dependent and independent of cAMP production. Antisense PKCzeta oligodeoxynucleotides (PKCzeta-ODNs) deplete both PKCzeta transcript and protein levels in THP-1 cells. PKCzeta-ODNs abolish relaxin-mediated PKCzeta translocation and inhibit relaxin stimulation of cAMP by 40%, as compared with mock and random ODN controls. Treatment with LY294002 in the presence of PKCzeta-ODNs results in little further inhibition. In summary, we present a novel role for PKCzeta in relaxin-mediated stimulation of cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao T Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Abstract
Relaxin has vital physiological roles in pregnant rats, mice, and pigs. Relaxin promotes growth and softening of the cervix, thus facilitating rapid delivery of live young. Relaxin also promotes development of the mammary apparatus, thus enabling normal lactational performance. The actions of relaxin on the mammary apparatus vary among species. Whereas relaxin is required for development of the mammary nipples in rats and mice, it is essential for prepartum development of glandular parenchyma in pregnant pigs. During pregnancy relaxin also inhibits uterine contractility and promotes the osmoregulatory changes of pregnancy in rats. Recent studies with male and nonpregnant female rodents revealed diverse therapeutic actions of relaxin on nonreproductive tissues that have clinical implications. Relaxin has been reported to reduce fibrosis in the kidney, heart, lung, and liver and to promote wound healing. Also, probably through its vasodilatory actions, relaxin protects the heart from ischemia-induced injury. Finally, relaxin counteracts allergic reactions. Knowledge of the diverse physiological and therapeutic actions of relaxin, coupled with the recent identification of relaxin receptors, opens numerous avenues of investigation that will likely sustain a high level of research interest in relaxin for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- O David Sherwood
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 524 Burrill Hall, 407 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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