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Bogdanski P, Szulinska M, Suliburska J, Pupek-Musialik D, Jablecka A, Witmanowski H. Supplementation with L-arginine favorably influences plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 concentration in obese patients. A randomized, double blind trial. J Endocrinol Invest 2013; 36:221-6. [PMID: 22732180 DOI: 10.3275/8467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI 1) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of excess blood coagulability in obese patients. L-arginine supplementation has shown to be associated with enhanced cardiovascular and metabolic health. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of L-arginine supplementation on PAI 1 concentration and to evaluate the relation to changes in nitric oxide (NO) plasma level, insulin sensitivity (M value), and total antioxidant status (TAS) in obese patients. MATERIAL/SUBJECTS AND METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted from March 2010 to June 2011. Eightyeight obese patients were randomly assigned to receive either 9 g of L-arginine or placebo daily for 6 months. At baseline and after 6 months, selected anthropometrical measurements and blood biochemical analyses were performed, and PAI 1, NO, TAS levels were assessed. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated using the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp technique. RESULTS We found that 6-month L-arginine supplementation resulted in significant decrease of PAI 1. Significant increase of NO, TAS, and insulin sensitivity level were noticed. In a group of patients treated with L-arginine, negative correlation between a change of insulin sensitivity value and a change of PAI 1 concentration was found. CONCLUSIONS The present findings demonstrate favorable influence of L-arginine supplementation on PAI 1 concentration in obese patients. Beneficial influence is related to insulin sensitivity improvement. The potential therapeutic role of L-arginine administration in patients with obesity needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bogdanski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolic Disorders and Hypertension, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 84 Str., 60-569 Poznan, Poland.
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Oishi K, Tomita T, Itoh N, Ohkura N. PPARγ activation induces acute PAI-1 gene expression in the liver but not in adipose tissues of diabetic model mice. Thromb Res 2011; 128:e81-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Ligands Alter Breast Cancer Cell Motility through Modulation of the Plasminogen Activator System. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2011; 2011:594258. [PMID: 22131991 PMCID: PMC3205730 DOI: 10.1155/2011/594258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) ligands effect on cell motility and the plasminogen activator system using normal MCF-10A and malignant MCF-10CA1 cell lines. Ciglitazone reduced both wound-induced migration and chemotaxis. However, the effect was not reversed with pretreatment of cells with the PPAR-γ-specific antagonist GW9662. Immunoblot analysis of conditioned media showed ciglitazone decreased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in both cell lines; this effect was also unaltered by PPAR-γ antagonism. Alternatively, treatment with the ω-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid (ArA), but not the ω-3 fatty acid docosahexanoic acid, increased both MCF-10A cell migration and cell surface uPA activity. Pretreatment with a PPAR-γ antagonist reversed these effects, suggesting that ArA mediates its effect on cell motility and uPA activity through PPAR-γ activation. Collectively, the data suggest PPAR-γ ligands have a differential effect on normal and malignant cell migration and the plasminogen activation system, resulting from PPAR-γ-dependent and PPAR-γ-independent effects.
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Oishi K, Uchida D, Ohkura N, Horie S. PPARα deficiency augments a ketogenic diet-induced circadian PAI-1 expression possibly through PPARγ activation in the liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 401:313-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Oishi K, Ohkura N. Strain- and tissue-dependent induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene expression in fasted mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:530-1. [PMID: 20190422 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), the primary physiological inhibitor of plasminogen activators, is an important contributor to hypofibrinolysis in the presence of metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity. The C57BLKS/J (BKS) inbred mouse strain is a popular animal model of type 2 diabetes. We previously described that food deprivation (FD) induces adipose PAI-1 expression in both lean BKS mice and BKS-db/db mice carrying a mutation in the leptin receptor gene. To evaluate the effects of the background of mouse strains, we examined FD-induced PAI-1 expression in the liver, heart and epididymal adipose tissues of BKS, C57BL/6J (B6), C3H/HeN and ICR mice. We found that PAI-1 expression is significantly induced in the heart and liver of fasted mice, although levels of expression in adipose tissues are strain-dependent. The effect of FD on plasma PAI-1 levels is also strain-dependent. Genetic background seems to be an important factor that should be considered when investigating thrombosis and fibrinolysis relative to metabolic changes in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutaka Oishi
- Clock Cell Biology Research Group, Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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Oishi K, Uchida D, Ohkura N, Doi R, Ishida N, Kadota K, Horie S. Ketogenic Diet Disrupts the Circadian Clock and Increases Hypofibrinolytic Risk by Inducing Expression of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:1571-7. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.190140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsutaka Oishi
- From the Clock Cell Biology Research Group (K.O., D.U., R.D., N.I.), Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; the Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences (D.U., R.D., N.I.), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; the Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.O.), Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan; the Agricultural Bioinformatics Research
| | - Daisuke Uchida
- From the Clock Cell Biology Research Group (K.O., D.U., R.D., N.I.), Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; the Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences (D.U., R.D., N.I.), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; the Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.O.), Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan; the Agricultural Bioinformatics Research
| | - Naoki Ohkura
- From the Clock Cell Biology Research Group (K.O., D.U., R.D., N.I.), Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; the Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences (D.U., R.D., N.I.), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; the Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.O.), Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan; the Agricultural Bioinformatics Research
| | - Ryosuke Doi
- From the Clock Cell Biology Research Group (K.O., D.U., R.D., N.I.), Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; the Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences (D.U., R.D., N.I.), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; the Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.O.), Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan; the Agricultural Bioinformatics Research
| | - Norio Ishida
- From the Clock Cell Biology Research Group (K.O., D.U., R.D., N.I.), Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; the Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences (D.U., R.D., N.I.), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; the Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.O.), Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan; the Agricultural Bioinformatics Research
| | - Koji Kadota
- From the Clock Cell Biology Research Group (K.O., D.U., R.D., N.I.), Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; the Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences (D.U., R.D., N.I.), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; the Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.O.), Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan; the Agricultural Bioinformatics Research
| | - Shuichi Horie
- From the Clock Cell Biology Research Group (K.O., D.U., R.D., N.I.), Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; the Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences (D.U., R.D., N.I.), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; the Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.O.), Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan; the Agricultural Bioinformatics Research
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Rosselli MS, Burgueño AL, Carabelli J, Schuman M, Pirola CJ, Sookoian S. Losartan reduces liver expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in a high fat-induced rat nonalcoholic fatty liver disease model. Atherosclerosis 2009; 206:119-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Obesity and breast cancer: the roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. PPAR Res 2009; 2009:345320. [PMID: 19672469 PMCID: PMC2723729 DOI: 10.1155/2009/345320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prominent cancer among females in the United States. There are a number of risk factors associated with development of breast cancer, including consumption of a high-fat diet and obesity. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a cytokine upregulated in obesity whose expression is correlated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer. As a key mediator of adipogenesis and regulator of adipokine production, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) is involved in PAI-1 expression from adipose tissue. We summarize the current knowledge linking PPAR-γ and PAI-1 expression to high-fat diet and obesity in the risk of breast cancer.
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Moore GBT, Pickavance LC, Briscoe CP, Clapham JC, Buckingham RE, Wilding JPH. Energy restriction enhances therapeutic efficacy of the PPARgamma agonist, rosiglitazone, through regulation of visceral fat gene expression. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008; 10:251-63. [PMID: 18269641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2007.00697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM Consumption of a palatable diet can induce hyperphagia, leading to weight gain (dietary obesity) and insulin resistance in rats. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) can also induce hyperphagia in rats but conversely have an insulin-sensitizing effect. The aim of this study was to investigate whether preventing TZD-induced hyperphagia (i.e. energy restriction) in dietary obese (DIO) rats would enhance the insulin-sensitizing effects of treatment at a therapeutic dose; and, within this paradigm, to produce an original survey of candidate TZD-gene targets in the clinically relevant visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) depot. METHODS DIO rats that were either freely fed or energy restricted (i.e. pair-fed to the level of untreated controls) were treated with rosiglitazone maleate (RSG; 3 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks, the restricted group controlling for treatment-induced hyperphagia and weight gain. The outcome measures were circulating concentrations of various biochemical markers of insulin resistance, and gene expression was measured in epididymal WAT. RESULTS In both freely fed and pair-fed groups, compared to untreated DIO controls, RSG reduced plasma levels of insulin (-29% and -43%; p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively), free fatty acids (FFAs; -45% and -48%; p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively) and triglycerides (TGs; -63% and -72%; both p < 0.001), reflected in improved insulin sensitivity, as measured by homeostasis model assessment (-29% and -43%; p < 0.01 and p < 0.0001). RSG also increased the expression of the fatty acid transport/synthesis genes, fatty acid transport protein (2.4-3.2-fold), epidermal fatty acid-binding protein (FABP; 1.7-2.0-fold), heart FABP (25-29-fold) and fatty acid synthase (2.3-2.9-fold; all p < 0.05) in both groups. Adipocyte FABP was also increased by RSG treatment, but only in combination with energy restriction (1.52-fold; p < 0.05) as was hexokinase II expression (p < 0.001). In contrast, the drug had no effect on expression of several genes associated with lipolysis. Although obesity-induced hyperleptinaemia was normalized only in the energy-restricted group, leptin messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was reduced in both treated groups (all p < 0.01). Resistin and tumour necrosis factor-alpha expression was also reduced, though in the latter case, only with energy restriction (p < 0.05). Other adipokines were unaffected by RSG treatment. CONCLUSION Our results clearly show that energy restriction enhances the therapeutic efficacy of TZDs and suggest that this occurs, at least in part, through a modulatory effect on gene expression in visceral WAT. These findings improve our understanding of the underlying mechanistic basis for the clinical usefulness of dietary restriction as an adjunct to TZD therapy in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B T Moore
- Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park North, Harlow, Essex, UK
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Scroyen I, Christiaens V, Lijnen HR. No functional role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in murine adipogenesis or adipocyte differentiation. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5:139-45. [PMID: 17067365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To substantiate a potential role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in adipogenesis, we have studied its effects on in vitro adipocyte differentiation and on in vivo adipose tissue formation. RESULTS Our in vitro data do not support a functional role of PAI-1, as substantiated by our findings that: (i) inhibition of PAI-1 with a neutralizing antibody did not affect differentiation of 3T3-F442A preadipocytes; (ii) overexpression of murine PAI-1 in 3T3-F442A cells had no effect on differentiation; and (iii) differentiation of PAI-1-deficient murine embryonic fibroblasts into mature adipocytes was comparable to wild-type (WT) cells. Furthermore, our in vivo studies did not reveal an important role for PAI-1, as suggested by our findings that: (i) de novo fat pad formation in NUDE mice following injection of 3T3-F442A cells was not affected by a PAI-1 neutralizing antibody; and (ii) adipose tissue formation following combined injection of Matrigel and basic fibroblast growth factor was comparable in WT and in PAI-1 deficient mice. CONCLUSION Taken together, these in vitro and in vivo studies in murine model systems do not support an important functional role of PAI-1 in adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Scroyen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Abstract
The link between plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 and the metabolic syndrome with obesity was established many years ago. Increased PAI-1 level can be now considered a true component of the syndrome. The metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, and PAI-1 overexpression may participate in this process. The mechanisms of PAI-1 overexpression during obesity are complex, and it is conceivable that several inducers are involved at the same time at several sites of synthesis. Interestingly, recent in vitro and in vivo studies showed that besides its role in atherothrombosis, PAI-1 is also implicated in adipose tissue development and in the control of insulin signaling in adipocytes. These findings suggest PAI-1 inhibitors serve in the control of atherothrombosis and insulin resistance.
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Chen JG, Li X, Huang HY, Liu HL, Liu DG, Song TJ, Ma CG, Ma D, Song HY, Tang QQ. Identification of a peroxisome proliferator responsive element (PPRE)-like cis-element in mouse plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene promoter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 347:821-6. [PMID: 16843437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PAI-1 is expressed and secreted by adipose tissue which may mediate the pathogenesis of obesity-associated cardiovascular complications. Evidence is presented in this report that PAI-1 is not expressed by preadipocyte, but significantly induced during 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation and the PAI-1 expression correlates with the induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). A peroxisome proliferator responsive element (PPRE)-like cis-element (-206TCCCCCATGCCCT-194) is identified in the mouse PAI-1 gene promoter by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) combined with transient transfection experiments; the PPRE-like cis-element forms a specific DNA-protein complex only with adipocyte nuclear extracts, not with preadipocyte nuclear extracts; the DNA-protein complex can be totally competed away by non-labeled consensus PPRE, and can be supershifted with PPARgamma antibody. Mutation of this PPRE-like cis-element can abolish the transactivation of mouse PAI-1 promoter mediated by PPARgamma. Specific PPARgamma ligand Pioglitazone can significantly induce the PAI-1 expression, and stimulate the secretion of PAI-1 into medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Gen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University Shanghai Medical School, Shanghai, PR China
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Blaschke F, Spanheimer R, Khan M, Law RE. Vascular effects of TZDs: New implications. Vascul Pharmacol 2006; 45:3-18. [PMID: 16740417 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes, now affecting more than 170 million individuals is growing rapidly. Type 2 diabetes, which accounts for 90% of all diabetes cases, is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), used for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes improve insulin sensitivity and endothelial dysfunction and exert beneficial effects on the lipid profile by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma). Moreover, a large body of evidence indicates that TZDs exhibit antiatherogenic effects independent of their antidiabetic and lipid-lowering properties by modulating inflammatory processes. This review will focus on the role of PPAR-gamma agonists in the vessel wall and summarize their effects on C-reactive protein (CRP), plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), adiponectin and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and their implications for treatment of advanced stages of atherosclerosis, particularly in a setting of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Blaschke
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Sawai H, Liu J, Reber HA, Hines OJ, Eibl G. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma decreases pancreatic cancer cell invasion through modulation of the plasminogen activator system. Mol Cancer Res 2006; 4:159-67. [PMID: 16547153 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-05-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cell invasion and metastasis require the concerted action of several proteases that degrade extracellular matrix proteins and basement membranes. Recent reports suggest the plasminogen activator system plays a critical role in pancreatic cancer biology. In the present study, we determined the contribution of the plasminogen activator system to pancreatic cancer cell invasion in vitro. Moreover, the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma ligands, which are currently in clinical use as antidiabetic drugs and interestingly seem to display antitumor activities, on pancreatic cancer cell invasion and the plasminogen activator system was assessed. Expression of components of the plasminogen activator system [i.e., urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and uPA receptor] was detected in six human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Inhibition of urokinase activity by specific synthetic compounds reduced baseline pancreatic cancer cell invasion. The PPAR-gamma ligands 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 and ciglitazone also attenuated pancreatic cancer cell invasion. This effect was abrogated by dominant-negative PPAR-gamma receptors and pharmacologic PPAR-gamma inhibitors. Moreover, activation of PPAR-gamma by ligands increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and decreased uPA levels in pancreatic cancer cells, and this was accompanied by a reduction in total urokinase activity. The present study shows that the plasminogen activator system plays an integral role in pancreatic cancer cell invasion in vitro. Activation of the nuclear receptor PPAR-gamma by ligands reduced pancreatic cancer cell invasion, which was largely mediated by modulation of the plasminogen activator system. These findings further underscore the potential role of PPAR-gamma ligands as therapeutic agents in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirozumi Sawai
- Hirshberg Laboratory for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 675 Charles E. Young Drive South, MRL 2535, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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15
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Miller GJ. Dietary fatty acids and the haemostatic system. Atherosclerosis 2005; 179:213-27. [PMID: 15777535 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Revised: 08/26/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the effects of dietary fatty acids on the haemostatic system, and their potential relevance for the thrombotic component of coronary heart disease (CHD), have a pedigree as long as those linking dietary fat, plasma lipoprotein metabolism and atheroma. Achievements have not been as impressive, however, partly owing to the relatively slow evolution of our understanding of the complicated physiology, biochemistry and pathology of haemostasis and fibrinolysis, which remains incomplete. Progress was also retarded up to 1980 by a general reluctance to acknowledge the pathogenic importance of thrombosis for myocardial infarction. Interest in dietary fat and the haemostatic mechanism re-emerged with reports of associations of haemostatic variables with plasma triacylglycerol levels and risk of CHD. This review summarises the history, focuses on evidence for dietary C18-unsaturated fatty acids as important determinants of factor VII (FVII) activation and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) levels, and discusses possible underlying mechanisms involving ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. The potential relevance of these effects for CHD is discussed. In the presence of unstable atheromatous plaques, increased levels of activated FVII and PAI-1 induced by diets rich in mixtures of saturated and unsaturated fats may raise the risk of occlusive thrombosis in the event of plaque rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Miller
- Medical Research Council Cardiovascular Group, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London Queen Mary's School of Medicine, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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Horrevoets AJG. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1):in vitroactivities and clinical relevance. Br J Haematol 2004; 125:12-23. [PMID: 15015963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.04844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton J G Horrevoets
- Department of Biochemistry K1-161, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Lyon CJ, Hsueh WA. Effect of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Am J Med 2003; 115 Suppl 8A:62S-68S. [PMID: 14678868 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) are elevated beginning at the stage of impaired glucose tolerance and continuing through the development of diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome. Evolving evidence of the central role of PAI-1 in mediating fibrosis and thrombosis increasingly supports the theory that it is a significant risk factor for macrovascular complications and cardiovascular disease, particularly in patients with diabetes. Several clinical studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between circulating PAI-1 levels and cardiovascular events and mortality. With the potentially severe effects of elevated PAI-1 levels becoming evident, there is increased interest in developing therapies targeted at reducing PAI-1 expression or circulating concentrations. Thus far, weight loss, inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, and insulin sensitization through use of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) appear to be the most promising strategies for managing elevated PAI-1 levels. Of these, TZD therapy is the only one that provides the benefits of both long-term glycemic control and improved cardiovascular risk profile. This article reviews the regulation of PAI-1, its activity in various disease states, and available treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Lyon
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Waring JF, Ciurlionis R, Clampit JE, Morgan S, Gum RJ, Jolly RA, Kroeger P, Frost L, Trevillyan J, Zinker BA, Jirousek M, Ulrich RG, Rondinone CM. PTP1B antisense-treated mice show regulation of genes involved in lipogenesis in liver and fat. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2003; 203:155-68. [PMID: 12782412 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(03)00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases are important regulators of insulin signal transduction. Our studies have shown that in insulin resistant and diabetic ob/ob and db/db mice, reducing the levels of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) protein by treatment with a PTP1B antisense oligonucleotide resulted in improved insulin sensitivity and normalized plasma glucose levels. The mechanism by which PTP1B inhibition improves insulin sensitivity is not fully understood. We have used microarray analysis to compare gene expression changes in adipose tissue, liver and muscle of PTP1B antisense-treated ob/ob mice. Our results show that treatment with PTP1B antisense resulted in the downregulation of genes involved in lipogenesis in both fat and liver, and a downregulation of genes involved in adipocyte differentiation in fat, suggesting that PTP1B antisense acts through a different mechanism than thiazolidinedione (TZD) treatment. In summary, microarray results suggest that reduction of PTP1B may alleviate hyperglycemia and enhance insulin sensitivity by a different mechanism than TZD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey F Waring
- Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6123, USA.
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Yki-Järvinen H, Sutinen J, Silveira A, Korsheninnikova E, Fisher RM, Kannisto K, Ehrenborg E, Eriksson P, Hamsten A. Regulation of plasma PAI-1 concentrations in HAART-associated lipodystrophy during rosiglitazone therapy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23:688-94. [PMID: 12615670 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000062885.61917.a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with highly active antiretroviral therapy-associated lipodystrophy (HAART+LD+) have high plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) concentrations for unknown reasons. We determined whether (1). plasma PAI-1 antigen concentrations are related to liver fat content (LFAT) independently of the size of other fat depots and (2) rosiglitazone decreases PAI-1 and LFAT in these patients. METHODS AND RESULTS In the cross-sectional study, 3 groups were investigated: 30 HIV-positive patients with HAART+LD+, 13 HIV-positive patients without lipodystrophy (HAART+LD-), and 15 HIV-negative subjects (HIV-). In the treatment study, the HAART+LD+ group received either rosiglitazone (8 mg, n=15) or placebo (n=15) for 24 weeks. Plasma PAI-1 was increased in HAART+LD+ (28+/-2 ng/mL) compared with the HAART+LD- (18+/-3, P<0.02) and HIV- (10+/-3, P<0.001) groups. LFAT was higher in HAART+LD+ (7.6+/-1.7%) than in the HAART+LD- (2.1+/-1.1%, P<0.001) and HIV- (3.6+/-1.2%, P<0.05) groups. Within the HAART+LD+ group, plasma PAI-1 was correlated with LFAT (r=0.49, P<0.01) but not with subcutaneous or intra-abdominal fat or serum insulin or triglycerides. In subcutaneous adipose tissue, PAI-1 mRNA was 2- to 3-fold higher in the HAART+LD+ group than in either the HAART+LD- or HIV- group. Rosiglitazone decreased LFAT, serum insulin, and plasma PAI-1 and increased serum triglycerides but had no effect on intra-abdominal or subcutaneous fat mass or PAI-1 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS Plasma PAI-1 concentrations are increased in direct proportion to LFAT in HAART+LD+ patients. Rosiglitazone decreases LFAT, serum insulin, and plasma PAI-1 without changing the size of other fat depots or PAI-1 mRNA in subcutaneous fat. These data suggest that liver fat contributes to plasma PAI-1 concentrations in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannele Yki-Järvinen
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, PO Box 348, FIN-00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
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Plutzky J, Viberti G, Haffner S. Atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance: mechanistic links and therapeutic targets. J Diabetes Complications 2002; 16:401-15. [PMID: 12477625 DOI: 10.1016/s1056-8727(02)00202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing heavy burden of cardiovascular disease associated with diabetes mellitus highlights the failure of current treatment strategies to address effectively the cardiovascular risk profile in such patients. Insulin resistance is not only an underlying feature in most cases of type 2 diabetes, but is also associated, through the Insulin Resistance Syndrome, with cardiovascular risk factors that promote atherothrombosis through diverse mechanisms. Growing evidence suggests that treatment with anti-diabetic agents that improve insulin sensitivity, such as the thiazolidinediones, improve multiple components of the Insulin Resistance Syndrome, have beneficial effects on various atherothrombotic mechanisms, and reduce atherosclerosis in animal models and perhaps humans as well. Given data implicating chronic inflammation as a central feature of atherosclerosis, the anti-inflammatory activity of the thiazolidinediones may contribute to their potential anti-atherosclerotic effects. An improved understanding of the mechanisms linking diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease is needed in order to understand how these and other current and emerging therapies might reduce diabetes-associated cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Plutzky
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Moses AV, Jarvis MA, Raggo C, Bell YC, Ruhl R, Luukkonen BGM, Griffith DJ, Wait CL, Druker BJ, Heinrich MC, Nelson JA, Früh K. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-induced upregulation of the c-kit proto-oncogene, as identified by gene expression profiling, is essential for the transformation of endothelial cells. J Virol 2002; 76:8383-99. [PMID: 12134042 PMCID: PMC155158 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.16.8383-8399.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), the most frequent malignancy afflicting AIDS patients, is characterized by spindle cell formation and vascularization. Infection with KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is consistently observed in all forms of KS. Spindle cell formation can be replicated in vitro by infection of dermal microvascular endothelial cells (DMVEC) with KSHV. To study the molecular mechanism of this transformation, we compared RNA expression profiles of KSHV-infected and mock-infected DMVEC. Induction of several proto-oncogenes was observed, particularly the receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit. Consistent with increased c-Kit expression, KHSV-infected DMVEC displayed enhanced proliferation in response to the c-Kit ligand, stem cell factor (SCF). Inhibition of c-Kit activity with either a pharmacological inhibitor of c-Kit (STI 571) or a dominant-negative c-Kit protein reversed SCF-dependent proliferation. Importantly, inhibition of c-Kit signal transduction reversed the KSHV-induced morphological transformation of DMVEC. Furthermore, overexpression studies showed that c-Kit was sufficient to induce spindle cell formation. Together, these data demonstrate an essential role for c-Kit in KS tumorigenesis and reveal a target for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee V Moses
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA.
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Abstract
New insights into the endothelium as a dynamic, interactive organ have generated increased interest in endothelial cell transcriptional regulation. Peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), as ligand-activated nuclear receptors expressed in endothelial cells, represent one important pathway that likely influences vascular responses both directly and indirectly by altering gene expression. PPAR ligands such as fibrates (PPAR-alpha) and insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones (PPAR-gamma) are in clinical use and may alter the process of atherosclerosis. The present review highlights the emerging evidence for PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma expression in the vasculature, as well as their potential roles in endothelial cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Plutzky
- The Vascular Disease Prevention Program, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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