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Wang K, Gao B, Liu H, Chen H, Liu H. The Real-Time and Patient-Specific Prediction for Duration and Recovery Profile of Cisatracurium Based on Deep Learning Models. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:831149. [PMID: 35185552 PMCID: PMC8854501 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.831149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During general anesthesia, how to judge the patient’s muscle relaxation state has always been one of the most significant issues for anesthesiologists. Train-of-four ratio (TOFR) monitoring is a standard method, which can only obtain static data to judge the current situation of muscle relaxation. Cisatracurium is a nondepolarizing benzylisoquinoline muscle relaxant. Real-time prediction of TOFR could help anesthesiologists to evaluate the duration and recovery profile of cisatracurium. TOFR of cisatracurium could be regarded as temporal sequence data, which could be processed and predicted using RNN based deep learning methods. In this work, we performed RNN, GRU, and LSTM models for TOFR prediction. We used transfer learning based on patient similarity derived from BMI and age to achieve real-time and patient-specific prediction. The GRU model achieved the best performance. In transfer learning, the model chosen based on patient similarity has significantly outperformed the model chosen randomly. Our work verified the feasibility of real-time prediction for TOFR of cisatracurium, which had practical significance in general anesthesia. Meanwhile, using the patient demographic data in transfer learning, our work could also achieve the patient-specific prediction, having theoretical value for the clinical research of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Binyu Gao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Heqi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Chen, ; Honglei Liu,
| | - Honglei Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Chen, ; Honglei Liu,
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Alam M, Ranjan R, Avinash R. Cisatracurium versus atracurium for abdominal surgeries regarding condition of intubation and hemodynamic effect: A randomized double-blind study. BALI JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/bjoa.bjoa_246_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Wang X, Huang K, Yan H, Lan F, Yao D, Li Y, Xue J, Wang T. The median effective dose (ED50) of cis-Atracurium for laryngeal mask airway insertion during general Anaesthesia for patients undergoing urinary surgery. BMC Anesthesiol 2020; 20:68. [PMID: 32192431 PMCID: PMC7081559 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-020-00982-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In clinical practice, the laryngeal mask airway is an easy-to-use supraglottic airway device. However, the cis-atracurium dosage for laryngeal mask insertion has not been standardised. We aimed to determine the optimal dose of cis-atracurium using a sequential method for successful laryngeal mask insertion. Methods The cohort study protocol is registered at clinicaltrial.gov (NCT-03668262). Twenty-three patients undergoing elective urinary surgery were sequentially administered cis-atracurium doses as follows: 150, 100, 70, 50, 30, and 20 μg·kg− 1. The main outcome involved the determination of the response to laryngeal mask airway insertion: ≥16 points and < 16 points indicated “satisfactory” and “unsatisfactory” responses, respectively. The median effective dose was estimated using the mean of the seven crossovers from “satisfactory” and “unsatisfactory” responses. The primary outcome involved the determination of the median effective dose (ED50) of cis-atracurium for laryngeal mask airway insertion. Results The median effective dose of cis-atracurium was 26.5 μg·kg− 1 (95% CI 23.6–29.8) using the sequential method. Heart rate was decreased in the 50 μg·kg− 1 group compared to that in the 30 μg·kg− 1 group at timepoints T7, T8, and T10 (P = 0.0482, P = 0.0460, and P = 0.0236, respectively), but no difference was observed in the 20 μg·kg− 1 group. Systolic blood pressure was decreased in the 50 μg·kg− 1 group compared to that in the 20 μg·kg− 1 group at timepoints T2, T3, and T4 (P = 0.0159, P = 0.0233, and P = 0.0428, respectively). The train-of-four value was significantly lower in the 50 μg·kg− 1 group than in the 30 μg·kg− 1 group at timepoint T3 (P = 0.0326). Conclusions The ED50 of cis-atracurium was 26.5 μg·kg− 1 for laryngeal mask airway insertion. Trial registration Clinicaltrial.gov Registry, NCT03668262, Registered on 11 September 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing, 100053, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Ke Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.,Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing, 100053, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Department of Urinary surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Fei Lan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.,Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing, 100053, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Dongxu Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.,Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing, 100053, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.,Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing, 100053, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Jixiu Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.,Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing, 100053, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Tianlong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing, 100053, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China.
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Huang X, Chen L, Cai Y, Wei J, Lin L, Sun J, Peng X, Wang S. Abnormal cisatracurium pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics among patients with severe aortic regurgitation during anesthetic induction. BMC Anesthesiol 2020; 20:21. [PMID: 31969113 PMCID: PMC6974966 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-020-0935-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was designed to examine whether severe aortic regurgitation will affect the pharmacodynamics (PD) and pharmacokinetics (PK) of cisatracurium during anesthetic induction. Methods A total of 32 patients were divided into two groups: the AR group (n = 16) and the control group (n = 16). Arterial blood samples were drawn before and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 16 and 20 min after intravenous injection of 0.15 mg/kg cisatracurium. TOF tests were applied to determine the onset time of maximal muscle relaxation. The concentration of cisatracurium in plasma was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results The onset time to maximal neuromuscular block was prolonged from 2.07 ± 0.08 min to 4.03 ± 0.14 min, which indicated that the PD responses to cisatracurium were significantly delayed in the AR group (P < 0.05) compared to the control group. A conventional two-compartment PK model showed a higher plasma concentration of cisatracurium among the AR group with markedly reduced intercompartment transfer rate (K12 = 0.19 ± 0.02 and K21 = 0.11 ± 0.01 in the AR group vs. K12=0.26 ± 0.01 and K21 = 0.19 ± 0.01 in the control group, P < 0.01) compared to the control group. Conclusion Backward blood flow during diastole in severe AR impaired distribution of cisatracurium from the central compartment to the peripheral compartment, which accounted for the lagged PD responses. Findings in this study underlie the importance of muscular blockade monitoring among patients with severe aortic regurgitation during anesthetic induction. Registration Name of the registry: Abnormal Cisatracurium Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics among Patients with Severe Aortic Regurgitation during Anesthetic Induction. Trial registration number: ChiCTR1800019654. Date of registration: November 20th 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (previously called Guangdong General Hospital), Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yujing Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (previously called Guangdong General Hospital), Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jinfeng Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (previously called Guangdong General Hospital), Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Lina Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jie Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xuemei Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (previously called Guangdong General Hospital), Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510630, China. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Linzhi People's Hospital, Xizang, 860000, China.
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Ali MZ, Ebied RS, Atallah MA, El Sabea HH, Monaem AAE, Abo-Sedira MA, Kamel I. Cisatracurium dose–response relationship in patients with chronic liver disease. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egja.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Z. Ali
- Department of Anesthesia, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute , Giza, Egypt
| | - Reeham S. Ebied
- Department of Anesthesia, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute , Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha A. Atallah
- Department of Anesthesia, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute , Giza, Egypt
| | - Hossam H. El Sabea
- Department of Anesthesia, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute , Giza, Egypt
| | - Amr Abd El Monaem
- Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine , Cairo University , Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Inas Kamel
- Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine , Cairo University , Cairo, Egypt
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Liu J, Lu C, Zou Q, Wang S, Peng X. Altered pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of cisatracurium in patients with severe mitral valve regurgitation during anaesthetic induction period. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 83:363-369. [PMID: 27582302 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the current study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of cisatracurium in patients with severe mitral valve regurgitation (MR) during the anaesthetic induction period. METHODS Thirty patients in the clinical trial were divided into two groups: the MR group (n = 15) and the control group (n = 15). Arterial blood samples were obtained before (time 0) and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15 and 20 min after intravenous injection of 0.15 mg kg-1 cisatracurium. The degree of neuromuscular block was measured by train of four (TOF) testing. The concentration of cisatracurium in the plasma was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. A conventional two-compartment model and integrated PK/PD model were applied to PK and PD data analysis, respectively. RESULTS The results of PK model fitting demonstrated that severe MR reduced the distribution rate of cisatracurium from the central to peripheral compartment, resulting in a higher concentration of the drug in the plasma. The time to the maximal neuromuscular blocking effect of cisatracurium was delayed in the MR group (2.08 min in the control group vs. 4.12 min in the MR group). The PK/PD model indicated that the distribution rate of cisatracurium from the blood to the effect compartment was decreased in the MR group. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggested that the PK and PD of cisatracurium were significantly altered in patients with severe MR. The study has the potential to improve the safety of anaesthetic induction in patients with severe MR through accurate prediction of the PD responses of cisatracurium using the established PK/PD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunying Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong No.2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qirong Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Provincial Cardiovascular Institute)
| | - Xuemei Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Sharma J, Lv H, Gallo JM. Intratumoral modeling of gefitinib pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in an orthotopic mouse model of glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5242-52. [PMID: 23796561 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Like many solid tumors, glioblastomas are characterized by intratumoral biologic heterogeneity that may contribute to a variable distribution of drugs and their associated pharmacodynamic responses, such that the standard pharmacokinetic approaches based on analysis of whole-tumor homogenates may be inaccurate. To address this aspect of tumor pharmacology, we analyzed intratumoral pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic characteristics of the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib in mice with intracerebral tumors and developed corresponding mathematical models. Following a single oral dose of gefitinib (50 or 150 mg/kg), tumors were processed at selected times according to a novel brain tumor sectioning protocol that generated serial samples to measure gefitinib concentrations, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK), and immunohistochemistry in 4 different regions of tumors. Notably, we observed up to 3-fold variations in intratumoral concentrations of gefitinib, but only up to half this variability in pERK levels. As we observed a similar degree of variation in the immunohistochemical index termed the microvessel pericyte index (MPI), a measure of permeability in the blood-brain barrier, we used MPI in a hybrid physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to account for regional changes in drug distribution that were observed. Subsequently, the PBPK models were linked to a pharmacodynamic model that could account for the variability observed in pERK levels. Together, our tumor sectioning protocol enabled integration of the intratumoral pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic variability of gefitinib and immunohistochemical indices followed by the construction of a predictive PBPK/pharmacodynamic model. These types of models offer a mechanistic basis to understand tumor heterogeneity as it impacts the activity of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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CHEN C, YAMAGUCHI N, VARIN F. Studies on the pharmacokinetics of cisatracurium in anesthetized dogs:in vitro���in vivocorrelations. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:571-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chen C, Yamaguchi N, Varin F. Dose-dependency of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters after intravenous bolus doses of cisatracurium. Br J Anaesth 2008; 101:788-97. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aen308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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ShangGuan W, Lian Q, Li J, Gao F. Clinical pharmacology of cisatracurium during nitrous oxide-propofol anesthesia in children. J Clin Anesth 2008; 20:411-4. [PMID: 18929279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2007] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To describe, in pediatric patients, the effects of three doses of cisatracurium during nitrous oxide-propofol anesthesia and to determine if larger doses result in faster onset time. SETTING College hospital. SUBJECTS 75 ASA physical status I and II children, aged 15 to 60 months, undergoing surgery for hypospadias or undescendent testis. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups according to the dose of cisatracurium: Group A = 0.1 mg/kg (two x effective dose), Group B = 0.15 mg/kg (three x effective dose), and Group C = 0.2 mg/kg (4 x effective dose). MEASUREMENTS Neuromuscular block was assessed with TOF-Guard (Biometer International, Odense, Denmark) accelerometry. Onset time (from cisatracurium injection to maximal depression of time to first twitch), duration of peak effect (time from cisatracurium injection to 5% recovery of time to first twitch), duration of clinical action (time from cisatracurium injection to 25% recovery of time to first twitch), and recovery index (recovery of time to first twitch from 25% to 75%) were recorded. MAIN RESULTS Cisatracurium had no effect on heart rate or blood pressure at any dose. Compared with Group A, onset times in Groups B and C were shorter; and durations of peak effect and clinical action in Groups B and C were longer (P < 0.01) than those in Group A. There was no difference in recovery index among the three groups. There was no difference in onset times between Groups B and C. Compared with Group B, durations of peak effect and clinical action in Group C were longer (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Four times the effective dose of cisatracurium did not significantly shorten onset time beyond that produced with three times the effective dose in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- WangNing ShangGuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, SiChuan University, ChengDu, China.
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11
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Fernández-Candil J, Gambús PL, Trocóniz IF, Valero R, Carrero E, Bueno L, Fábregas N. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the influence of chronic phenytoin therapy on the rocuronium bromide response in patients undergoing brain surgery. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2008; 64:795-806. [PMID: 18521585 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-008-0485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiepileptic drugs decrease the intensity of the effect of neuromuscular blocking agents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of chronic phenytoin therapy (CPT) on the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of rocuronium. METHODS A total of 21 patients undergoing intracranial surgery were enrolled in the study. Ten of these were under CPT. Rocuronium was administered intravenously. Arterial blood samples were drawn, and the T1% (percentage change from the response to the supramaximal stimulus) derived from electromyogram was continuously recorded. NONMEM: software was used to construct, evaluate and validate the PKPD models. RESULTS The PKPD of rocuronium was described using a three-compartment PK model and effect compartment model. The CPT therapy was found to increase the total plasma clearance from 0.26 to 0.75 L min(-1). The PD model parameter estimates were k(e0)= 0.073 min(-1), IC(50) (the steady-state plasma concentration eliciting half of the maximum response) = 836 ng mL(-1) and gamma = 3.13. CONCLUSIONS Chronic phenytoin therapy increases the clearance of rocuronium from 0.26 to 0.75 L min(-1) but has no effect on the k(e0), IC(50) or gamma parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fernández-Candil
- Anesthesiology Department, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Is time to peak effect of neuromuscular blocking agents dependent on dose? Testing the concept of buffered diffusion. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2008; 25:572-80. [PMID: 18400136 DOI: 10.1017/s0265021508004079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES For neuromuscular blocking agents, an inverse relationship between potency and time to peak effect has been observed. To test the hypothesis that this relationship is due to buffered diffusion, we investigated the influence of dose on time to peak effect. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic simulations were performed to support the expected relationships between potency, dose, peak effect and time to peak effect. METHODS Pigs (20-28 kg body weight) were anaesthetized with ketamine and midazolam, followed by pentobarbital and fentanyl intravenously. Neuromuscular block was measured by stimulating the peroneal nerve supramaximally at 0.1 Hz and measuring the response of the tibialis anterior muscle mechanomyographically. After an initial dose to establish the individual ED90 of a neuromuscular blocking agent (rocuronium, vecuronium, pipecuronium or d-tubocurarine), five different doses of the same compound were administered to each animal, aiming at 20%, 40%, 60%, 75% or 90% block, in a random order. Doses were given 45 min after complete recovery of the twitch response. RESULTS For rocuronium and pipecuronium, time to peak effect increased with dose, whereas dose did not affect time to peak effect of vecuronium and d-tubocurarine. Simulations predict that time to peak effect decreases with dose if buffered diffusion is taken into account. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that buffered diffusion does not play a dominant role in the time to peak effect of neuromuscular blocking agents. Therefore it is unlikely that the observed inverse relationship between potency and time to peak effect of neuromuscular blocking agents in the clinical range is due to buffered diffusion.
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Imbeault K, Withington DE, Varin F. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of a 0.1 mg/kg Dose of Cisatracurium Besylate in Children During N2O/O2/Propofol Anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2006; 102:738-43. [PMID: 16492821 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000195342.29133.ce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We studied the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cisatracurium in 9 children (mean weight, 17.1 kg) aged 1-6 yr (mean, 3.75 yr) during propofol-nitrous oxide anesthesia. Neuromuscular monitoring was performed. Venous samples were taken before injection of a 0.1 mg/kg dose of cisatracurium and then at 2, 5, 10, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. Cisatracurium plasma concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Onset time was 2.5 +/- 0.8 min, recovery to 25% of baseline twitch height was 37.6 +/- 10.2 min, and the 25%-75% recovery index was 10.9 +/- 3.7 min. Distribution and elimination half-lives were 3.5 +/- 0.9 min and 22.9 +/- 4.5 min, respectively. Steady-state volume of distribution (0.207 +/- 0.031 L/kg) and total body clearance (6.8 +/- 0.7 mL/min/kg) were significantly larger than those published for adults. Pharmacodynamic results were comparable to those obtained in pediatric studies during halothane or opioid anesthesia with the exception of a longer recovery to 25% baseline. Although the plasma-effect compartment equilibration rate constant was twofold faster (0.115 +/- 0.025 min(-1)) than that published for cisatracurium in adults, the effect compartment concentration corresponding to 50% block was similar (129 +/- 27 ng/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karynn Imbeault
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Department of Anesthesia, Montreal Children's Hospital/McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Richard A, Girard F, Girard DC, Boudreault D, Chouinard P, Moumdjian R, Bouthilier A, Ruel M, Couture J, Varin F. Cisatracurium-Induced Neuromuscular Blockade Is Affected by Chronic Phenytoin or Carbamazepine Treatment in Neurosurgical Patients. Anesth Analg 2005; 100:538-544. [PMID: 15673889 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000143333.84988.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The effect of chronic anticonvulsant therapy (CAT) on the maintenance and recovery profiles of cisatracurium-induced neuromuscular blockade has not been adequately studied. In this study, we compared the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cisatracurium after a prolonged infusion in patients with or without CAT. Thirty patients undergoing intracranial surgery were enrolled in the study: 15 patients under CAT (carbamazepine and phenytoin, Group A) and 15 controls receiving no anticonvulsant therapy (Group C). Anesthesia was standardized and both groups received a bolus of cisatracurium followed by an infusion to maintain a 95% twitch depression. A steady-state was obtained and the infusion was kept constant for 2 additional hours. Neuromuscular blockade was then allowed to spontaneously recover. Blood samples were taken for measurement of cisatracurium plasma concentration during the steady-state period (Cp(ss)95) and at various times during recovery. Demographic and intraoperative data were similar. CAT resulted in faster 25% and 75% recovery of the first twitch. The rate of infusion of cisatracurium needed to maintain a 95% twitch depression at steady-state was 44% faster in Group A (P < 0.001). The clearance of cisatracurium was significantly faster in Group A when compared with Group C (7.12 +/- 1.87 versus 5.72 +/- 0.70 L . kg(-1) . min(-1), P = 0.01). The Cp(ss)95 was also significantly larger in Group A (191 +/- 45 versus 159 +/- 36 ng/mL, P = 0.04). In addition, patients receiving CAT had a 20% increase in the clearance of cisatracurium that, in turn, resulted in a faster recovery of neuromuscular blockade after an infusion of the drug. Also, patients under CAT had a 20% increase in their Cp(ss)95, indicating an increased resistance to the effect of cisatracurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Richard
- *Department of Anesthesiology and †Neurosurgery Division, CHUM, Hôpital Notre-Dame; and ‡Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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Roy JJ, Varin F. Physicochemical properties of neuromuscular blocking agents and their impact on the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship. Br J Anaesth 2004; 93:241-8. [PMID: 15169739 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeh181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the factors influencing the onset of action of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA), the potency (EC50) and the rate of equilibration between blood and the effect compartment (k(e0)) have been highlighted. Although these descriptors are intrinsically influenced by the physicochemical characteristics of the drug, the impact of lipid solubility, molecular weight and protein binding on pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) descriptors has not been established for most NMBA. METHODS The octanol/phosphate buffer distribution coefficients (logD) of various NMBA (vecuronium, rocuronium, mivacurium isomers (cis-cis, cis-trans and trans-trans), doxacurium, cisatracurium, atracurium, succinylcholine) were determined. The free fraction for each drug was measured using an ultrafiltration technique. PK-PD descriptors were obtained from selected clinical studies. Correlations between physicochemical parameters (including molecular weight) and PK-PD descriptors were assessed by linear or multiple linear regression. RESULTS A wide range of log D (-4.15 for succinylcholine to 0.75 for vecuronium) and free fraction (from 31% for vecuronium to 80% for succinylcholine) is observed for NMBA. Molecular weight combined with either lipid solubility (r2=0.70; P=0.001) or free fraction (r2=0.84; P<0.001) were highly correlated with potency, while for k(e0) a greater degree of correlation was obtained when both lipid solubility and free fraction (r2=0.74; P=0.002) were included. CONCLUSIONS The basic characteristics of NMBAs, namely, molecular weight, lipid solubility and protein binding, are strongly associated with the kinetics of the drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Roy
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Montréal, 2900 boul. Edouard Montpetit, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3J7, Canada
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Abstract
This review covers beta-phenylethylamines and isoquinoline alkaloids and compounds derived from them, including further products of oxidation, condensation with formaldehyde and rearrangement, some of which do not contain an isoquinoline system, together with naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids, which have a different biogenetic origin. The occurrence of the alkaloids, with the structures of new bases, together with their reactions, syntheses and biological activities are reported. The literature from July 2001 to June 2002 is reviewed, with 581 references cited.
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Laurin J, Donati F, Varin F. Stereoselective in vitro degradation pattern of mivacurium in human plasma. Br J Anaesth 2002; 89:832-8. [PMID: 12453925 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aef270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mivacurium is a mixture of three isomers, two of which are rapidly broken down in vivo by plasma cholinesterases. This study investigates the stereospecificity of mivacurium in vitro degradation to determine if it accounts for its in vivo behaviour. METHODS The in vitro rate of degradation of each isomer of mivacurium and the in vitro rate of formation of their primary (monoesters and alcohols) and secondary (alcohols) metabolites were examined using human plasma from six healthy volunteers. The in vitro rate of degradation of the monoester metabolites was also assessed. All these determinations were made using a stereospecific high-performance liquid chromatography assay. RESULTS The in vitro rate of disappearance of the two active isomers of mivacurium was very rapid, with mean values for the trans trans and cis trans isomers of 0.803 and 0.921 min(-1) respectively. These values are twofold faster than published in vivo data. The in vitro rate of disappearance was much slower for the cis cis isomer, with a mean value of 0.0106 min(-1). The cis trans isomer was converted exclusively to cis monoester and trans alcohol, while only metabolites in the trans and cis configuration were found for the trans trans and cis cis isomers respectively. Mean in vitro rates of disappearance for the trans and cis monoester were 0.00750 and 0.000633 min(-1) respectively. CONCLUSIONS The in vitro rates of hydrolysis of the active isomers of mivacurium confirm that plasma cholinesterases play a major role in their in vivo degradation, but that in vivo elimination is slowed by extravascular distribution. Mivacurium hydrolysis is stereoselective, the ester group in the trans configuration being more accessible to enzymatic attack. This stereoselective pattern, along with the relatively slow breakdown of the cis cis isomer, sheds light on the in vivo disposition of the cis alcohol metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Laurin
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal (QC), Canada H3C 3J7
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The timing and magnitude of drug onset can be influenced by factors in the chain of drug delivery from the site of administration to the site of effect. This review examines recent evidence regarding the contribution and significance of these factors. RECENT FINDINGS It is apparent that drug formulations and mixtures can play a significant role in drug onset. An extension of this is the effect of coadministration of drugs, which can influence drug effect both by altering the physiology underlying drug delivery and by an effect at the target organ. Of the physiological variables, cardiac output and its distribution are clearly important. Cardiac output is a significant source of variability in drug response, and indeed has been successfully incorporated into pharmacokinetic models. The pattern of cardiac output distribution is also relevant. In particular, the blood flow to target organs will influence both the timing and magnitude of the effect of some anaesthetic drugs. In addition, the role of the lung in affecting drug distribution may be important for some drugs. At the site or organ of effect itself, variability in drug distribution, drug-receptor interactions, and the influence of other drugs, can all impact on the profile of drug onset. SUMMARY Factors in the chain of drug delivery have been demonstrated to affect the nature of drug onset, and can account for some of the observed variability in response. The significance to dosing guidelines and strategies, and to predictions of variability in response, remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy L Ludbrook
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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