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Wang X, Yang J, Huang P, Wang D, Zhang Z, Zhou Z, Liang L, Yao R, Yang L. Cytisine: State of the art in pharmacological activities and pharmacokinetics. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116210. [PMID: 38271893 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytisine is a naturally occurring bioactive compound, an alkaloid mainly isolated from legume plants. In recent years, various biological activities of cytisine have been explored, showing certain effects in smoking cessation, reducing drinking behavior, anti-tumor, cardiovascular protection, blood sugar regulation, neuroprotection, osteoporosis prevention and treatment, etc. At the same time, cytisine has the advantages of high efficiency, safety, and low cost, has broad development prospects, and is a drug of great application value. However, a summary of cytisine's biological activities is currently lacking. Therefore, this paper summarizes the pharmacological action, mechanism, and pharmacokinetics of cytisine by referring to numerous databases, and analyzes the new and core targets of cytisine with the help of computer simulation technology, to provide reference for doctors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhen Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jiaming Yang
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Peifeng Huang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Dong Wang
- The First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zehua Zhou
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Leiqin Liang
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Rongmei Yao
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Long Yang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; School of Public Health, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Tsypysheva I, Petrova P, Koval'skaya A, Lobov A, Sapozhnikova T, Makara N, Gabdrakhmanova S, Zarudii F. Variation of spacer type and topology of phenyl moiety in 2-pyridone core of 4-oxo-3- N-methylcytisine; effect of synthesized compounds on rat's behavior in conditioned passive avoidance reflex (CPAR) test. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:207-215. [PMID: 31140310 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1622106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Novel derivatives of 4-oxo-3-methylcytisine with phenyl moiety bonded to starting molecule through various spacers were obtained from the 9-amino, -halo, -formyl and 11-halo precursors by reductive alkylation of amines, generation of amide, as well as thio- and carboxamide functions, cross-coupling reactions, aldehyde condensation and reduction of unsaturated 'C-C' bonds. Ability of synthesized compounds to influence the learning and memory was preliminary assessed in conditioned passive avoidance reflex (CPAR) test in rats. It was shown, that derivatives with phenyl group at 11 carbon atom influence the learning and memory in CPAR test more effectively than other compounds. The hit-compound (3-methyl-11-(2-phenylvinyl)-3,5,6-trihydro-2H-1,5-methanopyrido[1,2-a][1,5]diazocine-4,8(1H)-dione) with the best values of 'latency' and 'time spent in the dark compartment' has been identified as a perspective scaffold for synthesis of novel derivatives of (-)-cytisine with potential neuropharmacological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Tsypysheva
- Laboratory of bioorganic chemistry and catalysis, Ufa Institute of Chemistry UFRC RAS, Ufa, Russian Federation.,Laboratory of physicochemical methods of analysis, Ufa Institute of Chemistry UFRC RAS, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Polina Petrova
- Laboratory of bioorganic chemistry and catalysis, Ufa Institute of Chemistry UFRC RAS, Ufa, Russian Federation.,Laboratory of physicochemical methods of analysis, Ufa Institute of Chemistry UFRC RAS, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Alena Koval'skaya
- Laboratory of bioorganic chemistry and catalysis, Ufa Institute of Chemistry UFRC RAS, Ufa, Russian Federation.,Laboratory of physicochemical methods of analysis, Ufa Institute of Chemistry UFRC RAS, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Lobov
- Laboratory of bioorganic chemistry and catalysis, Ufa Institute of Chemistry UFRC RAS, Ufa, Russian Federation.,Laboratory of physicochemical methods of analysis, Ufa Institute of Chemistry UFRC RAS, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana Sapozhnikova
- Laboratory of bioorganic chemistry and catalysis, Ufa Institute of Chemistry UFRC RAS, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Nina Makara
- Laboratory of bioorganic chemistry and catalysis, Ufa Institute of Chemistry UFRC RAS, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana Gabdrakhmanova
- Laboratory of bioorganic chemistry and catalysis, Ufa Institute of Chemistry UFRC RAS, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Felix Zarudii
- Laboratory of bioorganic chemistry and catalysis, Ufa Institute of Chemistry UFRC RAS, Ufa, Russian Federation
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Przybył AK, Kubicki M, Jastrzab R. Complexing ability of (−)-cytisine — Synthesis, spectroscopy and crystal structures of the new copper and zinc complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 138:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Przybył AK, Kubicki M, Hoffmann M. The amide protonation of (-)-N-benzoylcytisine in its perchlorate salts. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 129:1-6. [PMID: 24717715 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The (13)C NMR spectrum of (-)-N-benzoylcytisine perchlorate does not show a double set of signals typical of amide compounds, although this effect has been observed for the other diamine derivatives of cytisine. This observation means that in solution there must be the state of equilibrium between two forms of the cation with the protonated amide groups. DFT calculations have indeed indicated two preferred tautomeric forms with protonated oxygen atoms of amide groups. In the solid state however, according to X-ray analysis of perchlorate and perchlorate hydrate of N-benzoylcytisine the oxygen atom of the amide group in the six-membered ring A is preferred protonation site as compared with the oxygen in benzoic moiety. (-)-N-benzoylcytisine salt is the first compound from among the known derivatives of quinolizidine alkaloids that are not N-oxides, in which in solid state only the oxygen atom at cyclic amide is protonated instead of nitrogen atom or oxygen in benzoic moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Przybył
- Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Maciej Kubicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Hoffmann
- Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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Pérez EG, Méndez-Gálvez C, Cassels BK. Cytisine: a natural product lead for the development of drugs acting at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:555-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np00100d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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A comparative study of dynamic NMR spectroscopy in analysis of selected N-alkyl-, N-acyl-, and halogenated cytisine derivatives. J Mol Struct 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tasso B, Canu Boido C, Terranova E, Gotti C, Riganti L, Clementi F, Artali R, Bombieri G, Meneghetti F, Sparatore F. Synthesis, Binding, and Modeling Studies of New Cytisine Derivatives, as Ligands for Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subtypes. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4345-57. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900225j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Tasso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16139 Genova, Italy
| | - Caterina Canu Boido
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16139 Genova, Italy
| | - Emanuela Terranova
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16139 Genova, Italy
| | - Cecilia Gotti
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia “E. Trabucchi”, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Istituto di Neuroscienze del CNR, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Loredana Riganti
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia “E. Trabucchi”, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Istituto di Neuroscienze del CNR, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Clementi
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia “E. Trabucchi”, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy, Istituto di Neuroscienze del CNR, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Artali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche “P. Pratesi”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Bombieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche “P. Pratesi”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fiorella Meneghetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche “P. Pratesi”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Sparatore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16139 Genova, Italy
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Damaj MI, Fonck C, Marks MJ, Deshpande P, Labarca C, Lester HA, Collins AC, Martin BR. Genetic Approaches Identify Differential Roles for α4β2*Nicotinic Receptors in Acute Models of Antinociception in Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 321:1161-9. [PMID: 17371806 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.112649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of nicotine on the tail-flick and hot-plate tests were determined to identify nicotinic receptor subtypes responsible for spinally and supraspinally mediated nicotine analgesia in knockin mice expressing hypersensitive alpha(4) nicotinic receptors (L9'S), in seven inbred mouse strains (C57BL/6, DBA/2, A/2, CBA/2, BALB/cByJ, C3H/HeJ, and 129/SvEv), and in two F1 hybrids (B6CBAF1 and B6D2F1). L9'S heterozygotes were approximately 6-fold more sensitive to the antinociceptive effects of nicotine than the wild-type controls in the hot-plate test but not in the tail-flick assay. Large differences in the effects of nicotine were also observed with both tests for the seven mouse strains. A/J and 129 mice were 6- to 8-fold more sensitive than CBA and BALB mice. In addition, B6CBAF1 hybrid mice were even less sensitive than CBA mice. Nicotinic binding sites were measured in three spinal cord regions and the hindbrain of the inbred strains. Significant differences in cytisine-sensitive, high affinity [(125)I]epibatidine binding site levels (alpha(4)beta(2)(*) subtypes), but not in (125)I-alpha-bungarotoxin binding (alpha(7)(*) subtypes), were observed. Significant negative correlations between cytisine-sensitive [(125)I]epibatidine binding and nicotine ED(50) for both tests were noted. Our results indicate that alpha(4)beta(2)(*) acetylcholine nicotinic receptors (nAChR) are important in mediating nicotine analgesia in supraspinal responses, while also showing that alpha(4)beta(2)(*)-nAChR and at least one other nAChR subtype appear to modulate spinal actions.
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MESH Headings
- Alkaloids/metabolism
- Analgesics/metabolism
- Analgesics/pharmacology
- Animals
- Azocines/metabolism
- Binding, Competitive/drug effects
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/metabolism
- Bungarotoxins/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Male
- Mecamylamine/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Morphine/pharmacology
- Nicotine/pharmacology
- Nicotinic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Pain/metabolism
- Pain/physiopathology
- Pain/prevention & control
- Pyridines/metabolism
- Quinolizines/metabolism
- Reaction Time/drug effects
- Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics
- Receptors, Nicotinic/physiology
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA.
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Przybył AK, Prukała W, Kikut-Liga D. Electron ionization mass spectral study of selected N-amide and N-alkyl derivatives of cytisine. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:1409-13. [PMID: 17370243 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
(-)-Cytisine and its derivatives are promising alkaloids in the development of new drugs for the treatment of disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Electron ionization (EI) mass spectral fragmentations of cytisine (1), N-methylcytisine (2), N-ethylcytisine (3), N-acetylcytisine (4), N-propionylcytisine (5) and N-benzoylcytisine (6) have been investigated. Detailed fragmentation pathways have been identified for all significant ions, including a few characteristic fragment ions. The principal fragmentation routes of compounds 1-6 have been determined on the basis of EI low-resolution, high-resolution and B2/E linked scans as well as linked scans at constant B/E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Przybył
- Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland.
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Carbonnelle E, Sparatore F, Canu-Boido C, Salvagno C, Baldani-Guerra B, Terstappen G, Zwart R, Vijverberg H, Clementi F, Gotti C. Nitrogen substitution modifies the activity of cytisine on neuronal nicotinic receptor subtypes. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 471:85-96. [PMID: 12818695 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01817-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytisine very potently binds and activates the alpha 3 beta 4 and alpha 7 nicotinic subtypes, but only partially agonises the alpha 4 beta 2 subtype. Although with a lower affinity than cytisine, new cytisine derivatives with different substituents on the basic nitrogen (CC1-CC8) bind to both the heteromeric and homomeric subtypes, with higher affinity for brain [3H]epibatidine receptors. The cytisine derivatives were tested on the Ca(2+) flux of native or transfected cell lines expressing the rat alpha 7, or human alpha 3 beta 4 or alpha 4 beta 2 subtypes using Ca(2+) dynamics in conjunction with a fluorescent image plate reader. None elicited any response at doses of up to 30-100 microM, but all inhibited agonist-induced responses. Compounds CC5 and CC7 were also electrophysiologically tested on oocyte-expressed rat alpha 4 beta 2, alpha 3 beta 4 and alpha 7 subtypes. CC5 competitively antagonised the alpha 4 beta 2 and alpha 3 beta 4 subtypes with similar potency, whereas CC7 only partially agonised them with maximum responses of respectively 3% and 11% of those of 1 mM acetylcholine. Neither compound induced any current in the oocyte-expressed alpha 7 subtype, and both weakly inhibited acetylcholine-induced currents. Adding chemical groups of a different class or size to the basic nitrogen of cytisine leads to compounds that lose full agonist activity on the alpha 3 beta 4 and alpha 7 subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Carbonnelle
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Section of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
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Arneric S. Cholinergic Approaches to Pain Therapy. Pain 2003. [DOI: 10.1201/9780203911259.ch61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Boido CC, Tasso B, Boido V, Sparatore F. Cytisine derivatives as ligands for neuronal nicotine receptors and with various pharmacological activities. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2003; 58:265-77. [PMID: 12620422 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(03)00017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) form a family of ACh-gated cation channels made up of different subtypes. They are widely distributed in peripheral and central nervous systems and are involved in complex cerebral processes as learning, memory, nociception, movement, etc. The possibility that subtype-selective ligands be used in the treatment of CNS disorders promoted the synthesis of a large number of structural analogues of nicotine and epibatidine, two very potent nAChR agonists. Pursuing our long standing research on the structural modification of quinolizidine alkaloids, we devoted our attention to cytisine, another very potent ligand for many nAChR subtypes. Thus a systematic structural modification of cytisine was undertaken in order to obtain compounds of potential therapeutic interest at peripheral as well as central level, with a particular concern for achieving nAChR subtype selective ligands. Up to the present more than 80 cytisine derivatives, mainly of N-substitution and a few by modifying the pyridone ring, have been prepared. The biological results, which concern so far about an half of the prepared compounds, indicate that the introduction of a nitro group in position 3 of the pyridone nucleus further enhances the high affinity of cytisine, while the introduction of substituents on the basic nitrogen, though reducing in different degrees the affinity, gives rise to compounds with a higher selectivity for central (alpha(4)beta(2)) versus gangliar (alpha(3)-containing) receptor subtype. On the other hand, the analgesic, antihypertensive and inotropic activities found in some N-substituted cytisines, represent an attractive starting point for the development of more active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Canu Boido
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Nicolotti O, Canu Boido C, Sparatore F, Carotti A. Cytisine derivatives as high affinity nAChR ligands: synthesis and comparative molecular field analysis. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2002; 57:469-78. [PMID: 12088062 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(02)01216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A number of new N-substituted cytisine derivatives were prepared and tested, along with similar compounds already described by us and others, as high affinity neuronal acetylcholine receptor ligands. Structure-affinity relationships were discussed in the light of our recently proposed pharmacophore model for nicotinic receptor agonists. The most significant physicochemical interactions modulating the receptor-ligand binding were detected at the three dimensional (3D) level by means of comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA). The best predictive PLS model was a single-field steric model showing good statistical figures: n = 17, Q2 = 0.717, s(ev) = 0.566, r2 = 0.942, s = 0.275.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Nicolotti
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico, Università degli Studi, Bari, Italy
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Flores CM, Mogil JS. The pharmacogenetics of analgesia: toward a genetically-based approach to pain management. Pharmacogenomics 2001; 2:177-94. [PMID: 11535108 DOI: 10.1517/14622416.2.3.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Interindividual differences in the experience of pain have been appreciated clinically for over a century. More recently, there has been a growing body of evidence demonstrating differences in analgesic response to various pharmacotherapies, although the source of this variability largely remains to be explained. To this end, basic science research is beginning to identify the allelic variants that underlie such antinociceptive variability using a multiplicity of animal models, and powerful genetic approaches are being exploited to accelerate this process. Although the vast majority of these studies have focused on the pharmacogenetics of opioids, owing to their prominent status as analgesics, the number of pharmacotherapies evincing genetically-based variability is rapidly expanding. In addition, analogous studies have been undertaken in humans, as a small but growing number of clinical trials have begun to evaluate prospectively the existence, if oftentimes not the origin, of interindividual differences in analgesic drug response. Importantly, with a few notable exceptions, such efforts have primarily identified differences in analgesic efficacy and/or potency between male and female human subjects. Looking toward the future development of one or more widely utilised, pharmacogenetic screens that would lead to modifications in treatment planning, at least with respect to the pharmacologic management of pain, this review will document the breadth of genetically-based variability in drug-mediated antinociception in animals. Specific examples in which the gene or genes underlying such variability have been postulated or identified will be given, while highlighting the effect of sex and its interactions with other genetic backgrounds. Finally, we will summarise and evaluate the literature on pharmacogenetic differences in human analgesic drug response, for which the influence of sex has served as one of the better studied and heuristically insightful examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Flores
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Endodontics, MSC 7892, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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Abstract
A genetic screen using mice was performed to identify dominant loci affecting behavior. Mice were mutagenized with ENU, then bred to examine their G1 offspring for behavioral abnormalities. Potentially mutant G1 pups were screened through a variety of behavioral assays, including tests of learning and memory, sensorimotor gating, fear and anxiety, nociception (pain perception) and locomotor activity. Mice falling outside the normal performance distribution in these tests were considered potential behavioral mutants and were bred for further analysis. Outliers included both animals with very discrete defects and animals with abnormal performance across a range of tests. To date, we have identified two confirmed mutants affecting sensorimotor gating. These results provide further impetus for the use of random mutagenesis screens as a tool for dissecting the genetic basis of brain and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Sayah
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA School of Medicine, 23-120 CHS, Box 951735, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735, USA
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