A new anti-metastatic drug, ND-2001, inhibits lung metastases in rat hepatoma cells by suppressing haptotaxis of tumor cells toward laminin

Action of Thioglycosides of 1,2,4-Triazoles and Imidazoles on the Oxidative Stress and Glycosidases in Mice with Molecular Docking

Background:

,2,3-Triazoles and imidazoles are important five-membered heterocyclic scaffolds due to their extensive biological activities. These products have been an area of growing interest to many researchers around the world because of their enormous pharmaceutical scope.

Methods:

The in vivo and in vitro enzyme inhibition of some thioglycosides encompassing 1,2,4- triazole N1, N2, and N3 and/or imidazole moieties N4, N5, and N6. The effect on the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) was investigated as well as their effect on α-glucosidase and β-glucuronidase. Molecular docking studies were carried out to investigate the mode of the binding interaction of the compounds with α- glucosidase and β -glucuronidase. In addition, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) investigation was applied to find out the correlation between toxicity and physicochemical properties.

Results:

The decrease of the antioxidant status was revealed by the in vivo effect of the tested compounds. Furthermore, the in vivo and in vitro inhibitory effects of the tested compounds were clearly pronounced on α-glucosidase, but not β-glucuronidase. The IC50 and Ki values revealed that the thioglycoside - based 1,2,4-triazole N3 possesses a high inhibitory action. In addition, the in vitro studies demonstrated that the whole tested 1,2,4-triazole are potent inhibitors with a Ki magnitude of 10-6 and exhibited a competitive type inhibition. On the other hand, the thioglycosides - based imidazole ring showed an antioxidant activity and exerted a slight in vivo stimulation of α-glucosidase and β- glucuronidase. Molecular docking proved that the compounds exhibited binding affinity with the active sites of α -glucosidase and β-glucuronidase (docking score ranged from -2.320 to -4.370 kcal/mol). Furthermore, QSAR study revealed that the HBD and RB were found to have an overall significant correlation with the toxicity.

Conclusion:

These data suggest that the inhibition of α-glucosidase is accompanied by an oxidative stress action.

Inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase by diaryl derivatives of imidazole-thione and 1,2,4-triazole-thiol

The in vivo and in vitro effects of 4,5-diphenylimidazole-2-thione (1), 4,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (2) and 5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (3) on α-glucosidase and α-amylase were investigated. The in vivo inhibition has been found to be dose-dependent and to occur at a value less than LD50. The in vitro treatment of the enzymes by 4,5-diphenylimidazole-2-thione exhibited a reversible inhibition of the non-competitive type with Ki value of 3.5 and 6.5×10(-5) M for α-glucosidase and α-amylase, respectively. 4,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione showed a reversible inhibition of the competitive and non-competitive types, with Ki value of 10(-5) M magnitude, for α-glucosidase and α-amylase. On the other hand, 5-(o-hydroxyphenyl)-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione did not display an inhibitory effect towards α-amylase but showed a potent inhibition of the competitive type for hepatic α-glucosidase with 10(-5) M magnitude of Ki value.

Anti-invasive and metastatic activities of evodiamine

We have recently reported that evodiamine can suppress in vitro invasion and lung metastasis by colon 26-L5 carcinoma cells. To extend our study, we examine here the anti-invasive and metastatic effects of evodiamine on Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and B16-F10 melanoma in addition to colon 26-L5 carcinoma. Critical structures of evodiamine for the activities were also evaluated by comparison with compounds possessing structures similar to that of evodiamine. Evodiamine concentration-dependently inhibited the invasion of B16-F10, LLC and colon 26-L5 cells with IC(50) values of 2.4 micro M, 4.8 micro M and 3.7 micro M, respectively. Pre-treatment of colon 26-L5 cells with evodiamine before inoculation into mice caused significant suppression of the liver metastasis as well as the lung metastasis. Lung metastasis by LLC is also inhibited significantly by pre-exposure to evodiamine. When the anti-migratory activity of evodiamine was compared with that of evodiamine-like compounds, rutaecarpine lacking a methyl group at N-14 and a hydrogen at C-13 b exhibited much less effect than evodiamine. In addition, reserpine, having beta-configurated hydrogen at C-13 b, inhibited tumor cell migration more potently than yohimbine, having alpha-configurated hydrogen at the same position. These results suggest that evodiamine may be useful as a leading compound for agents in tumor metastasis therapy. Also, the presence of a methyl group at N-14 and the configuration of hydrogen at C-13 b may be responsible for the inhibitory activities of evodiamine.

Inhibitory effects of evodiamine on in vitro invasion and experimental lung metastasis of murine colon cancer cells

We have previously reported that evodiamine had a marked inhibitory activity on tumor cell migration in vitro. To extend our study, the effects of evodiamine on invasion, growth, and metastatic development of colon 26-L5 cells were examined here. Evodiamine inhibited the invasion of tumor cells into Matrigel in a concentration-dependent manner, and achieved 70% inhibition at 10 microg/ml. Treatment of tumor cells with evodiamine for 24 h showed little effect on tumor growth at concentrations of less than 10 microg/ml, whereas an over 48-h treatment resulted in a concentration- and time-dependent inhibition. Pretreatment of tumor cells with 10 microg/ml evodiamine before inoculation into mice caused 70% reduction in their lung metastasis formation. When evodiamine at 10 mg/kg was administered into mice from the 6th day after tumor inoculation, the number of tumor nodules in lungs was decreased by 48% as compared to control. The inhibition rate was equivalent to that produced by cisplatin, a potent anti-cancer drug. Evodiamine did not affect the body weight of mice in the experimental period, whereas cisplatin caused serious weight loss. These results suggest that evodiamine may be regarded as a promising agent in tumor metastasis therapy.

Screening of natural compounds for inhibitory activity on colon cancer cell migration

We examined the effects of 75 kinds of natural compounds, such as alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, steroids and terpenoids on the in vitro migration and proliferation of colon 26-L5 cells, in comparison with anti-cancer drugs used for chemotherapy. Twenty-three of the 75 compounds inhibited markedly tumor cell migration. Among the 23 compounds, evodiamine showed the most potent and selective inhibitory activity on tumor cell migration with an IC50 value of 1.25 microg/ml, which was about 20 times lower than that for tumor cell proliferation. The migratory inhibition reached about 70% at 10 microg/ml of evodiamine. On the other hand, most of anti-cancer drugs tested, except for paclitaxel, had little effect on tumor cell migration at the concentrations strongly inhibiting tumor cell proliferation. Paclitaxel suppressed tumor cell migration in a concentration-dependent manner and achieved about 70% inhibition at 10 microg/ml with a marginal effect on cell proliferation. These results suggest that evodiamine and paclitaxel may be regarded as leading compounds for anti-metastatic agents acting through the inhibition of tumor cell migration without cytotoxicity.