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D'Amico RS, Praver M, Zanazzi GJ, Englander ZK, Sims JS, Samanamud JL, Ogden AT, McCormick PC, Feldstein NA, McKhann GM, Sisti MB, Canoll P, Bruce JN. Subependymomas Are Low-Grade Heterogeneous Glial Neoplasms Defined by Subventricular Zone Lineage Markers. World Neurosurg 2017; 107:451-463. [PMID: 28804038 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Subependymomas are infrequent, low-grade gliomas associated with the ventricular system and the spinal cord. Little is known about the origin and natural history of these slow-growing lesions. METHODS We identified all patients with pathologically proven subependymomas presenting to our institution between 1998 and 2016. We retrospectively reviewed clinical, radiographic, histologic, and surgical outcomes data in all patients who underwent surgical resection. Immunohistochemical analyses for cell lineage markers were performed. RESULTS A total of 31 patients with pathologically proven subependymomas were identified. Of these, 7 asymptomatic lesions were discovered at autopsy and 24 symptomatic cases were treated surgically. There were 15 (48%) lateral ventricle tumors, 11 (35%) fourth ventricular tumors, and 5 (17%) spinal tumors. Symptomatic intracranial lesions most commonly presented with headaches and balance and gait abnormalities. Subependymomas had no distinguishing radiographic features that provided definitive preoperative diagnosis. At last follow-up, no patient treated surgically experienced recurrence. Immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated a diffusely GFAP-positive glial neoplasm with mixed populations of cells that were variably positive for Olig2, NHERF1, Sox2, and CD44. The Ki67 proliferation index was generally low (<1% in many of the tumors). CONCLUSIONS Subependymomas demonstrate mixed populations of cells expressing glial lineage markers as well as putative stem cell markers, suggesting these tumors may arise from multipotent glial progenitors that reside in the subventricular zone. Definitive diagnosis requires surgical sampling. Although the clinical course of subependymomas appears benign, the inability to radiographically diagnose these lesions, and the possibility of an alternative malignant lesion support a low threshold for early and safe maximal resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy S D'Amico
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
| | - Moshe Praver
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - George J Zanazzi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zachary K Englander
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer S Sims
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jorge L Samanamud
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alfred T Ogden
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul C McCormick
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Neil A Feldstein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Guy M McKhann
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael B Sisti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Bruce
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Abdel-Aal AK, Hamed MF, Al Naief NS, Vattoth S, Bag A. Unusual appearance and presentation of supratentorial subependymoma in an adult patient. J Radiol Case Rep 2013; 6:8-16. [PMID: 23365712 DOI: 10.3941/jrcr.v6i8.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of a large, heterogeneously enhancing, pathologically proven, supratentorial subependymoma in a 31-year-old male patient presenting with headache, nausea and vomiting as well as gait disturbances. Although most supratentorial subependymomas have distinctive MR features, our case demonstrated imaging findings that made it indistinguishable from other more aggressive malignant supratentorial intraventricular lesions. It is of paramount importance to consider supratentorial subependymomas in the differential diagnosis of supratentorial lesions, even if their radiological features were atypical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed K Abdel-Aal
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), AL, USA.
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Jain A, Amin AG, Jain P, Burger P, Jallo GI, Lim M, Bettegowda C. Subependymoma: clinical features and surgical outcomes. Neurol Res 2012; 34:677-84. [PMID: 22747714 DOI: 10.1179/1743132812y.0000000064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Subependymomas are rare, indolent neoplasms that have been described in the brain and the spinal cord. The purpose of this study is to report the clinical and radiolographic features, and surgical outcomes of this entity. METHODS Twenty-six patients with pathologically-verified subependymomas were treated from 1990 through 2009, with a mean follow-up of 39 months. The clinical and radiological records were reviewed and outcomes analyzed. RESULTS There were 15 fourth ventricle tumors, 6 lateral ventricle tumors, and 5 spinal tumors. For the intracranial tumors, headaches, changes in vision, and difficulties with balance were the most common symptoms. Most tumors were heterogeneously enhancing and hypointense or isointense to gray matter on T1-imaging and hyperintense on T2-imaging. All patients with tumors in the fourth ventricle underwent a suboccipital craniotomy and seven patients received an additional C1 laminectomy. Patients with lateral ventricular tumors underwent craniotomy with primarily a transcallosal resection. Patients with spinal tumors underwent laminectomy with intramedullary tumor resection. All tumors were resected employing microsurgical techniques. Overall, six patients had a sub-total resection. No recurrence of tumor or symptoms was noted at last follow-up for any patient, suggesting that maximal safe resection is often sufficient to provide symptomatic relief. Three patients had long-term complications from surgery. Tumor location was not associated with age at presentation, resection achieved, or development of complications. CONCLUSIONS Subependymomas are indolent tumors that when symptomatic can present with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obstructive symptoms in the brain and myelopathy in the spinal cord. There is no one symptom diagnostic for subependymomas. Surgical treatment can provide long term tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Jain
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Peltier J, Lejeune JP, Nicot B, Capel C, Baroncini M, Fichten A, Toussaint P, Desenclos C, Lefranc M, Le Gars D. [Subependymomas of lateral ventricle. Analysis of our series and review of literature]. Neurochirurgie 2011; 57:210-4. [PMID: 22030163 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Subependymoma is a benign lesion, slow-growing neoplasm, representing 0.2 to 0.7 % of intracranial tumors. They are often clinically silent, incidentally discovered at autopsy. These symptoms are related to big volume. They are attached to the septum pellucidum, leading to hydrocephalus by Monro foramen obstruction. Overall mean age at diagnosis is 39 years with more males than females. At CT-scan, subependymoma shows a slightly low attenuation compared to gray matter. There is no or mild enhancement following contrast injection. On MR T1-weighted imaging, subependymoma is isointense and hyperintense on MR T2-weighted imaging. Intramural calcifications and cystic components are noted in 20 to 30 % of patients. Peritumoral oedema is absent. Immunohistochemicals studies show intense positivity for S-100 and GFAP. The treatment is surgical with an excellent prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Peltier
- Service de neurochirurgie, hôpital Nord, CHU d'Amiens, place Victor-Pachet, 80054 Amiens cedex 1, France.
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Akamatsu Y, Utsunomiya A, Suzuki S, Endo T, Suzuki I, Nishimura S, Ezura M, Suzuki H, Uenohara H, Tominaga T. Subependymoma in the lateral ventricle manifesting as intraventricular hemorrhage. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2010; 50:1020-3. [PMID: 21123990 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.50.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A 32-year-old man presented with subependymoma in the lateral ventricle causing intraventricular hemorrhage and manifesting as severe headache and disturbance of consciousness. Computed tomography on admission showed a massive intraventricular hemorrhage and acute obstructive hydrocephalus. Cerebral angiography revealed no abnormal findings. Emergency external ventricular drainage was performed, and his neurological deficits gradually improved. Magnetic resonance imaging at 5 weeks after admission showed a tumor arising from the septum pellucidum or the floor of the right lateral ventricle, appearing as a mixed-intensity solid tumor, which was partially enhanced following gadolinium administration. The tumor had arisen from the septum pellucidum and was totally removed via an interhemispheric anterior transcallosal approach. Histological examination found typical subependymoma, with little vascularity. Intraventricular hemorrhage from cerebral neoplasms is usually due to highly vascular tumors. Since subependymomas are quite benign and show poor vascularity, intraventricular or subarachnoid hemorrhages are very rare, but do occasionally occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Akamatsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Ragel BT, Osborn AG, Whang K, Townsend JJ, Jensen RL, Couldwell WT. Subependymomas: An analysis of Clinical and Imaging Features. Neurosurgery 2006; 58:881-90; discussion 881-90. [PMID: 16639322 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000209928.04532.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractOBJECTIVE:Subependymomas are slow-growing, benign tumors usually found incidentally in the fourth ventricle at autopsy. They are typically associated with the ventricular system and become apparent clinically only when symptoms of hydrocephalus or mass effect develop. We review clinical, histological, and contemporary radiographic presentations of 16 subependymomas, including 2 intraparenchymal tumors.METHODS:We retrospectively evaluated eight patients with pathologically proven subependymomas. Initial magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy were reviewed when available. Imaging was also available on eight outside subependymoma cases reviewed by our radiology department.RESULTS:Twelve of these subependymomas were intraventricular, one was in the posterior fossa, two were intraparenchymal, and one was an intramedullary spinal cord tumor. These lesions were hypo- to hyperintense on T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, with minimal to moderate enhancement. Initial complaints included headache, seizures, tingling sensations, and weakness. Among our eight patients who underwent gross total resection with no adjuvant therapy, no recurrences have been noted on follow-up magnetic resonance imaging.CONCLUSION:Subependymomas are rare, representing only 0.51% of all central nervous system tumors operated on during an 8-year period at the University of Utah. Clinical symptoms were associated with tumor location: intracranial masses caused headaches, seizures, and neurological complaints, and spinal cord locations resulted in neurological deficit. The authors review the clinical presentation, management, and contemporary radiographic appearance of this rare tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Ragel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City 84132, USA
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Rath TJ, Sundgren PC, Brahma B, Lieberman AP, Chandler WF, Gebarski SS. Massive symptomatic subependymoma of the lateral ventricles: case report and review of the literature. Neuroradiology 2005; 47:183-8. [PMID: 15702322 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-005-1342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Subependymomas are benign intraventricular tumors with an indolent growth pattern, which are usually asymptomatic, and most commonly occur in the fourth and lateral ventricles. When symptomatic, subependymomas often obstruct critical portions of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathway, causing hydrocephalus, and range from 3 cm to 5 cm in size. We report a case of an unusually massive subependymoma of the lateral ventricles treated with subtotal resection, ventriculoperitoneal shunt, and post-surgical radiation. The clinical course, radiographic and pathologic characteristics of this massive intraventricular subependymoma are discussed, as well as the differential diagnosis of lateral ventricular masses and a review of the literature concerning subependymomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Rath
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health Systems, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0030, USA
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Kawaguchi T, Kumabe T, Shimizu H, Watanabe M, Tominaga T. 201Tl-SPECT and 1H-MRS study of benign lateral ventricle tumors: differential diagnosis of subependymoma. Neurosurg Rev 2004; 28:96-103. [PMID: 15580370 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-004-0353-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2004] [Accepted: 08/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has resulted in the detection of increasing numbers of asymptomatic intraventricular tumors. Establishing the correct preoperative diagnosis is important to prevent unnecessary surgical intervention. Our study includes nine cases of benign lateral ventricle tumors including two cases of central neurocytoma, two of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, two of pilocytic astrocytoma and three of subependymoma treated surgically between 1996 and 2003. MR imaging, proton MR spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) and thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography ((201)Tl-SPECT) were performed in all patients. All three types of tumor demonstrated heterogeneous enhancement on MR imaging with gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) and increased choline (Cho) peak and decreased N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) and creatine (Cre) peaks on (1)H-MRS. (201)Tl-SPECT showed high uptake of (201)Tl without wash out in all cases of central neurocytoma, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma and pilocytic astrocytoma, but no uptake in cases of subependymoma. Absence of (201)Tl uptake in contrast with enhancement on MR imaging and the (1)H-MRS features of modest elevation of the Cho/Cre ratio, reduction of the NAA peak and presence of lactate/lipid peaks are characteristic features of subependymomas and useful to establish a preoperative diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kawaguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Im SH, Paek SH, Choi YL, Chi JG, Kim DG, Jung HW, Cho BK. Clinicopathological study of seven cases of symptomatic supratentorial subependymoma. J Neurooncol 2003; 61:57-67. [PMID: 12587796 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021204616334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Subependymomas are rare, slow-growing tumors, the majority of which are found incidentally at postmortem examination. The authors retrospectively analyzed seven cases of symptomatic supratentorial subependymomas. Five were females and two were males, ranging in age at operation of 6-50 years (median 45). The follow-up period ranged from 1.5 to 8.3 years. Tumors were intraventricularly located as a lobulated mass with cystic changes: four in the frontal horn, two in the trigone, and one in the third ventricle. Moderate to marked enhancement was noted in two tumors of the trigone and in one tumor of the frontal horn on both CT scan and MR imaging. MR spectroscopy of a recurrent subependymoma demonstrated a higher Cho/Cr ratio of 2.66, compared with a Cho/Cr ratio (0.48) of a non-recurrent subependymoma. Angiography, which was performed in four patients, revealed no staining in two and delayed modest staining in two. Radiosurgery was performed in two patients but was ineffective. Five patients with gross total tumor resection showed no evidence of tumor recurrence to the last follow-up. The two subtotally resected trigonal tumors progressed two years after operation. No histological difference except MIB-1 index was noted between recurrent and non-recurrent cases. In conclusion, we suggest that subependymoma could show progressive biological behavior, especially in cases of markedly enhancing, irregularly contoured, large tumors located in the trigone. For symptomatic supratentorial subependymomas, gross total resection is the treatment of choice and radiation has little effect on tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hyang Im
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Koeller KK, Sandberg GD. From the archives of the AFIP. Cerebral intraventricular neoplasms: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2002; 22:1473-505. [PMID: 12432118 DOI: 10.1148/rg.226025118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Intraventricular neoplasms are readily seen on cross-sectional images, but the myriad possibilities may make a focused differential diagnosis elusive. Consideration of the tissue within and composing the ventricular lining and the clinical findings provide the means to limit the differential diagnosis when analyzing an intraventricular mass on an imaging study. Ependymomas are typically calcified, are more common in children, are more common in the fourth ventricle, and show intense enhancement on contrast-enhanced images. Subependymomas and central neurocytomas have an affinity for the anterior portion of the lateral ventricle, and both commonly demonstrate a heterogeneous cystic appearance on cross-sectional images. Subependymomas are more common in older adults, whereas central neurocytomas are more common before 40 years of age. Subependymal giant cell astrocytomas always lie near the foramen of Monro and are characterized by frequent calcification, intense enhancement on contrast-enhanced studies, and the presence of other stigmata seen in tuberous sclerosis. When a mass is centered on the choroid plexus, a highly vascular tumor-either choroid plexus papilloma, choroid plexus carcinoma, meningioma, or metastasis-should be suspected. The characteristic heavily lobulated appearance of a choroid plexus tumor favors this diagnosis over other possibilities, although it is not always possible to distinguish between the more common benign form, the choroid plexus papilloma, and the less common malignant counterpart, the choroid plexus carcinoma. By using clinical, demographic, and imaging findings, one can significantly limit the differential diagnosis for many of the most common intraventricular neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly K Koeller
- Department of Radiologic Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA.
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Nishio S, Morioka T, Suzuki S, Fukui M. Tumours around the foramen of Monro: clinical and neuroimaging features and their differential diagnosis. J Clin Neurosci 2002; 9:137-41. [PMID: 11922700 DOI: 10.1054/jocn.2000.0910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The clinical and neuroimaging features of 20 patients with lateral ventricular tumours located around the foramen of Monro were reviewed retrospectively with special emphasis on the differential diagnoses. Histologic types were: eight neurocytomas, four subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SGCAs), three subependymomas, two fibrillary astrocytomas, and one each of pilocytic astrocytoma, malignant astrocytoma and malignant teratoma. The mean age of the patients with neurocytoma was 29.6 years, with SGCA 13.3 years and with subependymoma 55.3 years. All tumours appeared nodular in shape, and on computed tomography (CT) neurocytomas were either isodense or highdense with the brain, while all subependymomas and SGCAs were lowdense. Calcification was observed in two SGCAs, and one neurocytoma. Five neurocytomas and all four SGCAs showed mild to moderate contrast enhancement, while all three subependymomas showed either no, or scarce, enhancement. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were available in 10 patients, with the signal characteristics of four neurocytomas and three SGCAs being nonspecific, while two subependymomas were both hypointense on T1-weighted images and hyperintense on T2-weighted images. Thus important features for differential diagnosis included age of the patient and density on precontrast CT. In this series, either an extensive excision of the tumour or a partial removal, thus relieving the obstruction of the foramina of Monro, usually provided long term survival, with 18 patients surviving a mean of 10.8 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Nishio
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Mineura K, Shioya H, Kowada M, Ogawa T, Hatazawa J, Uemura K. Subependymoma of the septum pellucidum: characterization by PET. J Neurooncol 1997; 32:143-7. [PMID: 9120543 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005784020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the evaluation of a subependymoma of the septum pellucidum by positron emission tomography (PET) with analysis of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) kinetics. The tumor showed exceedingly low rates of glucose metabolism (rCMRG1) and kinetic constants (K1, K2, and K3). This hypometabolism indicates low cellular density and slow growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mineura
- Neurosurgical Service, Akita University Hospital, Japan
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