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Mu L, Chen J, Sobotka S, Li J, Nyirenda T. Focal Application of Neurotrophic Factors Augments Outcomes of Nerve-Muscle-Endplate Grafting Technique for Limb Muscle Reinnervation. J Reconstr Microsurg 2023; 39:695-704. [PMID: 36948213 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1764487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have developed a novel muscle reinnervation technique called "nerve-muscle-endplate grafting (NMEG) in the native motor zone (NMZ)." This study aimed to augment the outcomes of the NMEG-NMZ (NN) by focal application of exogenous neurotrophic factors (ENFs) for limb reinnervation. METHODS Adult rats were used to conduct NN plus ENF (NN/ENF) and autologous nerve grafting (ANG, technique control). The nerve innervating the left tibialis anterior (TA) muscle was resected and the denervated TA was immediately treated with NN/ENF or ANG. For NN procedure, an NMEG pedicle was taken from the lateral gastrocnemius muscle and transferred to the NMZ of the denervated TA. For ANG, the nerve gap was bridged with sural nerve. Three months after treatment, the extent of functional and neuromuscular recovery was assessed by measuring static toe spread, maximal muscle force, wet muscle weight, regenerated axons, and innervated motor endplates (MEPs). RESULTS NN/ENF resulted in 90% muscle force recovery of the treated TA, which is far superior to ANG (46%) and NN alone (79%) as reported elsewhere. Toe spread recovered up to 89 and 49% of the control for the NN/ENF and ANG groups, respectively. The average wet muscle weight was 87 and 52% of the control for muscles treated with NN/ENF and ANG, respectively. The mean number of the regenerated axons was 88% of the control for the muscles treated with NN/ENF, which was significantly larger than that for the ANG-repaired muscles (39%). The average percentage of the innervated MEPs in the NN/ENF-treated TA (89%) was higher compared with that in the ANG-repaired TA (48%). CONCLUSION ENF enhances nerve regeneration and MEP reinnervation that further augment outcomes of NN. The NN technique could be an alternative option to treat denervated or paralyzed limb muscles caused by traumatic nerve injuries or lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liancai Mu
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey
| | - Jingming Chen
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey
| | - Stanislaw Sobotka
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey
| | - Jing Li
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey
| | - Themba Nyirenda
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey
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Kempe PRG, de Castro MV, Khuriyeh VC, Barraviera B, Ferreira RS, de Oliveira ALR. Ultrastructural Evidence of Synapse Preservation and Axonal Regeneration Following Spinal Root Repair with Fibrin Biopolymer and Therapy with Dimethyl Fumarate. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3171. [PMID: 37571065 PMCID: PMC10421511 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury causes critical loss in motor and sensory function. Ventral root avulsion is an experimental model in which there is the tearing of the ventral (motor) roots from the surface of the spinal cord, resulting in several morphological changes, including motoneuron degeneration and local spinal cord circuitry rearrangements. Therefore, our goal was to test the combination of surgical repair of lesioned roots with a fibrin biopolymer and the pharmacological treatment with dimethyl fumarate, an immunomodulatory drug. Thus, adult female Lewis rats were subjected to unilateral ventral root avulsion of L4-L6 roots followed by repair with fibrin biopolymer and daily treatment with dimethyl fumarate (15 mg/Kg; gavage) for 4 weeks, the survival time post-surgery being 12 weeks; n = 5/group/technique. Treatments were evaluated by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy, morphometry of the sciatic nerve, and motor function recovery. Our results indicate that the combination between fibrin biopolymer and dimethyl fumarate is neuroprotective since most of the synapses apposed to alfa motoneurons were preserved in clusters. Also, nerve sprouting occurred, and the restoration of the 'g' ratio and large axon diameter was achieved with the combined treatment. Such parameters were combined with up to 50% of gait recovery, observed by the walking track test. Altogether, our results indicate that combining root restoration with fibrin biopolymer and dimethyl fumarate administration can enhance motoneuron survival and regeneration after proximal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Regina Gelinski Kempe
- Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (P.R.G.K.); (M.V.d.C.); (V.C.K.)
| | - Mateus Vidigal de Castro
- Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (P.R.G.K.); (M.V.d.C.); (V.C.K.)
| | - Victor Campos Khuriyeh
- Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (P.R.G.K.); (M.V.d.C.); (V.C.K.)
| | - Benedito Barraviera
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-307, SP, Brazil; (B.B.); (R.S.F.J.)
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-307, SP, Brazil; (B.B.); (R.S.F.J.)
| | - Alexandre Leite Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (P.R.G.K.); (M.V.d.C.); (V.C.K.)
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Abdolmaleki A, Zahri S, Bayrami A. Rosuvastatin enhanced functional recovery after sciatic nerve injury in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 882:173260. [PMID: 32534070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic nerve recovery remains a challenge in regenerative medicine. As such, there is a need for agents that limit nerve damage and enhance nerve regeneration. Here we investigate rosuvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. We explore its neuroprotective properties on sciatic nerve crush injury in male Wistar Rats. Rats were subjected to crush injury to the left sciatic nerve using a vessel clamp for 30 s. Rosuvastatin or vehicle was prepared daily and administrated by oral gavage for seven days post-injury. In rosuvastatin treatment groups, rosuvastatin was administrated at the doses of (5 or 10 mg/kg) in the treatment group. The control group was given a vehicle in the same manner. Behavioral, electrophysiological, morphological and molecular parameters were examined during the recovery process. Chronic administration of rosuvastatin at all doses after sciatic nerve crush markedly promoted nerve regeneration and significantly accelerated motor function recovery (P < 0.05). Electrophysiological, morphological and molecular parameters also improved in the rosuvastatin treatment groups compared to the controls. These findings suggest that neuroprotective effects of rosuvastatin could be due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. It is clear that more research is needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Abdolmaleki
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Technologies, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Namin, Iran; Bio Science and Biotechnology Research Center (BBRC), Sabalan University of Advanced Technologies (SUAT), Namin, Iran.
| | - Saber Zahri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Bayrami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
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Salomone R. Response to Bittner et al.: Polyethylene glycol fusion associated with antioxidants: A new promise in the treatment of traumatic paralysis. Head Neck 2019; 41:3740-3742. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.25900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Salomone
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyUniversity of São Paulo Medical School São Paulo Brazil
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Tajdaran K, Chan K, Gordon T, Borschel GH. Matrices, scaffolds, and carriers for protein and molecule delivery in peripheral nerve regeneration. Exp Neurol 2019; 319:112817. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Endo T, Kadoya K, Kawamura D, Iwasaki N. Evidence for cell-contact factor involvement in neurite outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion neurons stimulated by Schwann cells. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:1447-1454. [PMID: 31294871 DOI: 10.1113/ep087634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Although the factors secreted from Schwann cells that promote axonal growth in the peripheral nervous system have been well studied, the effect of cell-contact factors on Schwann cells remains to be determined. What is the main finding and its importance? This study demonstrates that Schwann cells stimulate neurite outgrowth by direct contact with neurites and by secreting factors. Notably, the effect of cell-contact factors in neurite outgrowth is comparable to that of secreted factors, indicating that the identification of cell surface molecules on Schwann cells that promote neurite outgrowth could lead to development of a new therapy for peripheral nervous system injury. ABSTRACT Schwann cells (SCs) play a variety of roles in the regeneration process after injury to the peripheral nervous system. The factors secreted from SCs that promote axonal growth have been well studied. However, the involvement of cell-contact factors on SCs remains to be determined. Here, we demonstrate a significant contribution of a cell-contact mechanism in the effect of SCs on promotion of neuronal outgrowth. Neurite outgrowth of adult sensory neurons from dorsal root ganglia was quantified during co-culture with adult SCs. Direct contact of SCs with neurons was eliminated by culturing SCs on an insert placed in the same well; this resulted in a 51% reduction in the length of neurite outgrowth. In addition, when dorsal root ganglion neurons were cultured on sparsely seeded SCs, neurons that made contact with SCs on their neurites had 118% longer neurites than neurons that lacked contacts with SCs. Collectively, these findings provide evidence that SCs stimulate neurite outgrowth via direct contact with neurites in addition to secreting factors. The identification of cell surface molecules on SCs that promote neurite outgrowth could lead to development of a new therapy for peripheral nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Endo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ken Kadoya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kawamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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McGregor CE, English AW. The Role of BDNF in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: Activity-Dependent Treatments and Val66Met. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 12:522. [PMID: 30687012 PMCID: PMC6336700 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the ability of peripheral nerves to spontaneously regenerate after injury, recovery is generally very poor. The neurotrophins have emerged as an important modulator of axon regeneration, particularly brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF regulation and signaling, as well as its role in activity-dependent treatments including electrical stimulation, exercise, and optogenetic stimulation are discussed here. The importance of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the BDNF gene, Val66Met, which is present in 30% of the human population and may hinder the efficacy of these treatments in enhancing regeneration after injury is considered. Preliminary data are presented on the effectiveness of one such activity-dependent treatment, electrical stimulation, in enhancing axon regeneration in mice expressing the met allele of the Val66Met polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Emma McGregor
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Arthur W English
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Wang H, Wang G, Zhu LD, Xu X, Diao B, Zhang HY. Subnetwork identification and chemical modulation for neural regeneration: A study combining network guided forest and heat diffusion model. QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40484-018-0159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Mazzio E, Badisa R, Eyunni S, Ablordeppey S, George B, Soliman KFA. Bioactivity-Guided Isolation of Neuritogenic Factor from the Seeds of the Gac Plant ( Momordica cochinchinensis). EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:8953958. [PMID: 29955238 PMCID: PMC6000838 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8953958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is an endogenously produced protein with the capacity to induce central nervous system (CNS) neuronal differentiation and repair. NGF signaling involves its binding to tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk) receptors, internalization, and initiation of phosphorylation cascades which cause microtubule reorganization and neuronal outgrowth. Because NGF cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, its therapeutic use is limited. Synthetic peptides that can act as NGF receptor agonists (NGF mimetics) are known to attenuate neurodegenerative pathologies in experimental models of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease; however, the existence of plant-based NGF mimetics is uncertain. For this reason, we recently completed a high throughput screening of over 1100 nutraceuticals (vitamins, herbal plant parts, polyphenolics, teas, fruits, and vegetables) to identify neuritogenic factor using a PC-12 cell model. Remarkably we found only one, commonly known as the seed of Gac plant (Momordica cochinchinensis) (MCS). In the current study, we further investigated this seed for its neuritogenic effect using bioactivity-guided chemical separations. The data show no biological neuritogenic activity in any chemical solvent fraction, where activity was exclusive to the crude protein. MSC crude proteins were then separated by 1D electrophoresis, where the active neuritogenic activity was confirmed to have a molecular mass of approximately 17 kDa. Subsequently, the 17kDa band was excised, digested, and run on a UPLC-MS/MS with a Q Exactive Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer with data evaluated diverse tools such as X! Tandem, OMS, and K-score algorithms. Proteomic evaluation of the 17kDa band confirmed evidence for 11S globulin subunit beta, napin, oleosin, Momordica trypsin inhibitors (TI) MCoTI-I /II, and many isoforms of Two Inhibitor Peptide Topologies (TIPTOPs). While all peptides identified correspond to the genus/species, Momordica cochinchinensis and Cucumis Sativus, a significant limitation of the analysis is the nonexistence of full annotation for the Momordica cochinchinensis proteome. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that there is a stable protein within MCS having a mass of 17kDa with the capacity to induce neurite outgrowth. Future work will be required to establish the therapeutic value of the MCS for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Mazzio
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - R. Badisa
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - S. Eyunni
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - S. Ablordeppey
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - B. George
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - K. F. A. Soliman
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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De la Rosa MB, Kozik EM, Sakaguchi DS. Adult Stem Cell-Based Strategies for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1119:41-71. [PMID: 30151648 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) occur as the result of sudden trauma and can lead to life-long disability, reduced quality of life, and heavy economic and social burdens. Although the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has the intrinsic capacity to regenerate and regrow axons to a certain extent, current treatments frequently show incomplete recovery with poor functional outcomes, particularly for large PNI. Many surgical procedures are available to halt the propagation of nerve damage, and the choice of a procedure depends on the extent of the injury. In particular, recovery from large PNI gaps is difficult to achieve without any therapeutic intervention or some form of tissue/cell-based therapy. Autologous nerve grafting, considered the "gold standard" is often implemented for treatment of gap formation type PNI. Although these surgical procedures provide many benefits, there are still considerable limitations associated with such procedures as donor site morbidity, neuroma formation, fascicle mismatch, and scarring. To overcome such restrictions, researchers have explored various avenues to improve post-surgical outcomes. The most commonly studied methods include: cell transplantation, growth factor delivery to stimulate regenerating axons and implanting nerve guidance conduits containing replacement cells at the site of injury. Replacement cells which offer maximum benefits for the treatment of PNI, are Schwann cells (SCs), which are the peripheral glial cells and in part responsible for clearing out debris from the site of injury. Additionally, they release growth factors to stimulate myelination and axonal regeneration. Both primary SCs and genetically modified SCs enhance nerve regeneration in animal models; however, there is no good source for extracting SCs and the only method to obtain SCs is by sacrificing a healthy nerve. To overcome such challenges, various cell types have been investigated and reported to enhance nerve regeneration.In this review, we have focused on cell-based strategies aimed to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration, in particular the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Mesenchymal stem cells are preferred due to benefits such as autologous transplantation, routine isolation procedures, and paracrine and immunomodulatory properties. Mesenchymal stem cells have been transplanted at the site of injury either directly in their native form (undifferentiated) or in a SC-like form (transdifferentiated) and have been shown to significantly enhance nerve regeneration. In addition to transdifferentiated MSCs, some studies have also transplanted ex-vivo genetically modified MSCs that hypersecrete growth factors to improve neuroregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metzere Bierlein De la Rosa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Veterinary Specialty Center, Buffalo Grove, IL, USA
| | - Emily M Kozik
- Biology Program, Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Donald S Sakaguchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. .,Biology Program, Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. .,Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Ghayour MB, Abdolmaleki A, Rassouli M. Neuroprotective effect of Lovastatin on motor deficit induced by sciatic nerve crush in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 812:121-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Mu L, Sobotka S, Chen J, Nyirenda T. Nerve growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor promote reinnervation by nerve-muscle-endplate grafting. Muscle Nerve 2017. [PMID: 28632904 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study was designed to test whether exogenous application of nerve growth factor (NGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) to muscles reinnervated with nerve-muscle-endplate band grafting (NMEG) could promote specific outcomes. METHODS The right sternomastoid muscle in adult rats was experimentally denervated and immediately reinnervated by implanting an NMEG pedicle from the ipsilateral sternohyoid muscle. A fibrin sealant containing NGF and FGF-2 was focally applied to the implantation site. Maximal tetanic force, muscle weight, regenerated axons, and motor endplates were analyzed 3 months after treatment. RESULTS Mean tetanic force, wet muscle weight, and number of regenerated axons in the treated muscles were 91%, 92%, and 84% of the contralateral controls, respectively. The majority of endplates (86%) in the treated muscles were reinnervated by regenerated axons. DISCUSSION Focal administration of NGF and FGF-2 promotes efficacy of the NMEG technique. Muscle Nerve 57: 449-459, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liancai Mu
- Department of Biomedical Research, Hackensack University Medical Center, 40 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, New Jersey, 07601, USA
| | - Stanislaw Sobotka
- Department of Biomedical Research, Hackensack University Medical Center, 40 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, New Jersey, 07601, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jingming Chen
- Department of Biomedical Research, Hackensack University Medical Center, 40 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, New Jersey, 07601, USA
| | - Themba Nyirenda
- Department of Biomedical Research, Hackensack University Medical Center, 40 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, New Jersey, 07601, USA
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Differentiated adipose-derived stem cells promote the recovery of nociceptor function in rats. Neuroreport 2016; 27:1134-9. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ghayour MB, Abdolmaleki A, Behnam-Rassouli M. The effect of Riluzole on functional recovery of locomotion in the rat sciatic nerve crush model. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2016; 43:691-699. [PMID: 27277212 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-016-0691-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is common disorder that represents more than 3 % of all traumatic injury cases. One type of PNI, sciatic nerve injury, leads to considerable motoneuron dysfunction. Because Riluzole is clinically approved for the treatment of motoneuron disease, we evaluated whether Riluzole treatment could enhance the nerve regeneration process and improve functional outcome after sciatic nerve crush in rats. METHODS In acute treatment groups, a single dose of Riluzole (6 and 8 mg/kg) was administered intra-peritoneally 15 min after the crush nerve injury. In the chronic treatment groups, animals were treated with Riluzole (4 and 6 mg/kg/d) for 8 days. Sciatic functional index (SFI) was evaluated for 9 weeks after injury. Furthermore, electrophysiological and morphometric evaluations were performed at the 9th week following injury. RESULTS Acute and chronic administrations of Riluzole immediately after sciatic nerve crush result in significantly delayed regeneration and reduced motor function outcome. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that early administration of even a single dose of Riluzole after sciatic nerve crush injury can delay motor function recovery. This effect may not depend on its anti-nociceptive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Ghayour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A Abdolmaleki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M Behnam-Rassouli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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Human ciliary neurotrophic factor–overexpressing stable bone marrow stromal cells in the treatment of a rat model of traumatic spinal cord injury. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:912-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.03.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Faroni A, Mobasseri SA, Kingham PJ, Reid AJ. Peripheral nerve regeneration: experimental strategies and future perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 82-83:160-7. [PMID: 25446133 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries represent a substantial clinical problem with insufficient or unsatisfactory treatment options. This review summarises all the events occurring after nerve damage at the level of the cell body, the site of injury and the target organ. Various experimental strategies to improve neuronal survival, axonal regeneration and target reinnervation are described including pharmacological approaches and cell-based therapies. Given the complexity of nerve regeneration, further studies are needed to address the biology of nerve injury, to improve the interaction with implantable scaffolds, and to implement cell-based therapies in nerve tissue engineering.
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Yao L, Liu YH, Li X, Ji YH, Yang XJ, Hang XT, Ding ZM, Liu F, Wang YH, Shen AG. CRMP1 Interacted with Spy1 During the Collapse of Growth Cones Induced by Sema3A and Acted on Regeneration After Sciatic Nerve Crush. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:879-893. [PMID: 25526860 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
CRMP1, a member of the collapsin response mediator protein family (CRMPs), was reported to regulate axon outgrowth in Sema3A signaling pathways via interactions with its co-receptor protein neuropilin-1 and plexin-As through the Fyn-cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) cascade and the sequential phosphorylation of CRMP1 by lycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). Using yeast two-hybrid, we identified a new molecule, Speedy A1 (Spy1), a member of the Speedy/RINGO family, with an interaction with CRMP1. Besides, for the first time, we observed the association of CRMP1 with actin. Based on this, we wondered the association of them and their function in Sema3A-induced growth cones collapse and regeneration process after SNC. During our study, we constructed overexpression plasmid and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to question the relationship of CRMP1/Spy1 and CRMP1/actin. We observed the interactions of CRMP1/Spy1 and CRMP1/actin. Besides, we found that Spy1 could affect CRMP1 phosphorylation actived by CDK5 and that enhanced CRMP1 phosphorylation might disturb the combination of CRMP1 and actin, which would contribute to abnormal of Sema3A-induced growth cones collapse and finally lead to influent regeneration process after rat sciatic nerve crush. Through rat walk footprint test, we also observed the variance during regeneration progress, respectively. We speculated that CRMP1 interacted with Spy1 which would disturb the association of CRMP1 with actin and was involved in the collapse of growth cones induced by Sema3A and regeneration after sciatic nerve crush.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Immunology, Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Hua Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hong Ji
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Ting Hang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zong-Mei Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Hua Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ai-Guo Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, People's Republic of China.
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Tamaki T. Bridging long gap peripheral nerve injury using skeletal muscle-derived multipotent stem cells. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1333-6. [PMID: 25221587 PMCID: PMC4160861 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.137582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Long gap peripheral nerve injuries usually reulting in life-changing problems for patients. Skeletal muscle derived-multipotent stem cells (Sk-MSCs) can differentiate into Schwann and perineurial/endoneurial cells, vascular relating pericytes, and endothelial and smooth muscle cells in the damaged peripheral nerve niche. Application of the Sk-MSCs in the bridging conduit for repairing long nerve gap injury resulted favorable axonal regeneration, which showing superior effects than gold standard therapy--healthy nerve autograft. This means that it does not need to sacrifice of healthy nerves or loss of related functions for repairing peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Tamaki
- Muscle Physiology & Cell Biology Unit, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Division of Basic Clinical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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19
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Hu W, Liu D, Zhang Y, Shen Z, Gu T, Gu X, Gu J. Neurological function following intra-neural injection of fluorescent neuronal tracers in rats. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:1253-61. [PMID: 25206419 PMCID: PMC4107650 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.14.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent neuronal tracers should not be toxic to the nervous system when used in long-term labeling. Previous studies have addressed tracer toxicity, but whether tracers injected into an intact nerve result in functional impairment remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we examined the functions of motor, sensory and autonomic nerves following the application of 5% Fluoro-Gold, 4% True Blue and 10% Fluoro-Ruby (5 μL) to rat tibial nerves via pressure injection. A set of evaluation methods including walking track analysis, plantar test and laser Doppler perfusion imaging was used to determine the action of the fluorescent neuronal tracers. Additionally, nerve pathology and ratio of muscle wet weight were also observed. Results showed that injection of Fluoro-Gold significantly resulted in loss of motor nerve function, lower plantar sensibility, increasing blood flow volume and higher neurogenic vasodilatation. Myelinated nerve fiber degeneration, unclear boundaries in nerve fibers and high retrograde labeling efficacy were observed in the Fluoro-Gold group. The True Blue group also showed obvious neurogenic vasodilatation, but less severe loss of motor function and degeneration, and fewer labeled motor neurons were found compared with the Fluoro-Gold group. No anomalies of motor and sensory nerve function and no myelinated nerve fiber degeneration were observed in the Fluoro-Ruby group. Experimental findings indicate that Fluoro-Gold tracing could lead to significant functional impairment of motor, sensory and autonomic nerves, while functional impairment was less severe following True Blue tracing. Fluoro-Ruby injection appears to have no effect on neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Hu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu Province, China ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China ; Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China ; Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhongyi Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China ; School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tianwen Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China ; School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu Province, China ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianhui Gu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
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20
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Bento RF, Salomone R, Nascimento SBD, Ferreira RJR, Silva CFD, Costa HJZR. Mandibular branch of the facial nerve in wistar rats: new experimental model to assess facial nerve regeneration. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 18:277-82. [PMID: 25992106 PMCID: PMC4297024 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1366977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The ideal animal model for nerve regeneration studies is the object of controversy, because all models described by the literature have advantages and disadvantages. Objective To describe the histologic and functional patterns of the mandibular branch of the facial nerve of Wistar rats to create a new experimental model of facial nerve regeneration. Methods Forty-two male rats were submitted to a nerve conduction test of the mandibular branch to obtain the compound muscle action potential. Twelve of these rats had the mandibular branch surgically removed and submitted to histologic analysis (number, partial density, and axonal diameter) of the proximal and distal segments. Results There was no statistically significant difference in the functional and histologic variables studied. Conclusion These new histologic and functional standards of the mandibular branch of the facial nerve of rats establish an objective, easy, and greatly reproducible model for future facial nerve regeneration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ferreira Bento
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Salomone
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ciro Ferreira da Silva
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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21
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Salomone R, Bento RF, Costa HJZR, Azzi-Nogueira D, Ovando PC, Da-Silva CF, Zanatta DB, Strauss BE, Haddad LA. Bone marrow stem cells in facial nerve regeneration from isolated stumps. Muscle Nerve 2013; 48:423-9. [PMID: 23824709 DOI: 10.1002/mus.23768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Severe lesions in the facial nerve may have extensive axonal loss and leave isolated stumps that impose technical difficulties for nerve grafting. METHODS We evaluated bone marrow stem cells (BMSC) in a silicone conduit for rat facial nerve regeneration from isolated stumps. Group A utilized empty silicone tubes; in groups B-D, the tube was filled with acellular gel; and, in groups C and D, undifferentiated BMSC (uBMSC) or Schwann-like cells differentiated from BMSC (dBMSC) were added, respectively. Compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) were measured, and histology was evaluated. RESULTS Groups C and D had the highest CMAP amplitudes. Group C had shorter CMAP durations than groups A, B, and D. Distal axonal number and density were increased in group C compared with groups A and B. CONCLUSIONS Regeneration of the facial nerve was improved by both uBMSC and dBMSC in rats, yet uBMSC was associated with superior functional results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Salomone
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Avenida Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 155-6° andar, Bloco 6, CEP 05403-000, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Costa HJZR, Salomone R, Silva CFD, Costa MP, Ramos BL, Bento RF. Quantitative histological analysis of the mandibular branch of the facial nerve in rats. Acta Cir Bras 2013; 27:747-50. [PMID: 23117604 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502012001100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish a model to quantitative histological analysis of the mandibular branch of the facial nerve in rats. METHODS Eleven Wistar rats had their right and left mandibular branches of the facial nerve surgically removed and were sacrificed afterwards. Quantitative histological analysis was performed with: a) partial number of axons; b) partial area of the transversal cut of the nerve (9000 μm(2)); c) partial density. The averages of partial density were obtained. The statistical study was established by Wilcoxon test (p=0.05). RESULTS In relation to density of axons, comparison between sides shows no statistically significant difference (p=0.248; p=0.533). Mean partial density of distal and proximal samples was, respectively, 0.18 ± 0.02 and 0.19 ± 0.02 axons/μm(2). Comparison between proximal and distal samples shows no statistically significant difference (p=0.859; p=0.182). CONCLUSION This study has successfully established a model to histological quantitative analysis of the mandibular branch of the facial nerve in rats.
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23
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Saheb-Al-Zamani M, Yan Y, Farber SJ, Hunter DA, Newton P, Wood MD, Stewart SA, Johnson PJ, Mackinnon SE. Limited regeneration in long acellular nerve allografts is associated with increased Schwann cell senescence. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:165-77. [PMID: 23644284 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Repair of large nerve defects with acellular nerve allografts (ANAs) is an appealing alternative to autografting and allotransplantation. ANAs have been shown to be similar to autografts in supporting axonal regeneration across short gaps, but fail in larger defects due to a poorly-understood mechanism. ANAs depend on proliferating Schwann cells (SCs) from host tissue to support axonal regeneration. Populating longer ANAs places a greater proliferative demand on host SCs that may stress host SCs, resulting in senescence. In this study, we investigated axonal regeneration across increasing isograft and ANA lengths. We also evaluated the presence of senescent SCs within both graft types. A sciatic nerve graft model in rats was used to evaluate regeneration across increasing isograft (~autograft) and ANA lengths (20, 40, and 60 mm). Axonal regeneration and functional recovery decreased with increased graft length and the performance of the isograft was superior to ANAs at all lengths. Transgenic Thy1-GFP rats and qRT-PCR demonstrated that failure of the regenerating axonal front in ANAs was associated with increased levels of senescence related markers in the graft (senescence associated β-galactosidase, p16(INK4A), and IL6). Lastly, electron microscopy (EM) was used to qualitatively assess senescence-associated changes in chromatin of SCs in each graft type. EM demonstrated an increase in the presence of SCs with abnormal chromatin in isografts and ANAs of increasing graft length. These results are the first to suggest that SC senescence plays a role in limited axonal regeneration across nerve grafts of increasing gap lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Saheb-Al-Zamani
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8238, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ying Yan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8238, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Scott J Farber
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8238, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel A Hunter
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8238, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Piyaraj Newton
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8238, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew D Wood
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8238, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sheila A Stewart
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8228, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Philip J Johnson
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8238, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Susan E Mackinnon
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8238, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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24
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Klimaschewski L, Hausott B, Angelov DN. The pros and cons of growth factors and cytokines in peripheral axon regeneration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2013; 108:137-71. [PMID: 24083434 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-410499-0.00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Injury to a peripheral nerve induces a complex cellular and molecular response required for successful axon regeneration. Proliferating Schwann cells organize into chains of cells bridging the lesion site, which is invaded by macrophages. Approximately half of the injured neuron population sends out axons that enter the glial guidance channels in response to secreted neurotrophic factors and neuropoietic cytokines. These lesion-associated polypeptides create an environment that is highly supportive for axon regrowth, particularly after acute injury, and ensure that the vast majority of regenerating axons are directed toward the distal nerve stump. Unfortunately, most neurotrophic factors and neuropoietic cytokines are also strong stimulators of axonal sprouting. Although some of the axonal branches will withdraw at later stages, the sprouting effect contributes to the misdirection of reinnervation that results in the lack of functional recovery observed in many patients with peripheral nerve injuries. Here, we critically review the role of neuronal growth factors and cytokines during axon regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. Their differential effects on axon elongation and sprouting were elucidated in various studies on intraneuronal signaling mechanisms following nerve lesion. The present data define a goal for future therapeutic strategies, namely, to selectively stimulate a Ras/Raf/ERK-mediated axon elongation program over an intrinsic PI3K-dependent axonal sprouting program in lesioned motor and sensory neurons. Instead of modulating growth factor or cytokine levels at the lesion site, targeting specific intraneuronal molecules, such as the negative feedback inhibitors of ERK signaling, has been shown to promote long-distance regeneration while avoiding sprouting of regenerating axons until they have reached their target areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Klimaschewski
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy and Histology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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25
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Lin S, Xu L, Hu S, Zhang C, Wang Y, Xu J. Optimal time-point for neural stem cell transplantation to delay denervated skeletal muscle atrophy. Muscle Nerve 2012; 47:194-201. [PMID: 23042154 DOI: 10.1002/mus.23447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) is a promising treatment to delay denervated skeletal muscle atrophy; however, the optimal time-point between peripheral nerve injury and NSC transplantation needs to be determined. METHODS Improvement in rat gastrocnemius muscle function was evaluated after NSCs were transplanted into sectioned distal tibial nerves. We also assessed survival and differentiation. ANOVA was used to compare the mean value of the number of neuron-like cells, cross-sectional area amelioration, the amount of activated fibers, and latency and amplitude of the gastrocnemius compound muscle action potential. RESULTS The group in which the NSCs were transplanted 1 week after tibial nerve transection had the largest number of neuron-like cells, maximum cross-sectional area amelioration, and maximum amount of activated gastrocnemius fibers compared with all other groups (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The optimal time-point for NSC transplantation for delaying denervated skeletal muscle atrophy is 1 week after severing the nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital and School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Jiang J, Yao P, Gu Y, Xu L, Xu J, Tan H. Adult Rat Mesenchymal Stem Cells Delay Denervated Muscle Atrophy. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:1287-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Bryan DJ, Litchfield CR, Manchio JV, Logvinenko T, Holway AH, Austin J, Summerhayes IC, Rieger-Christ KM. Spatiotemporal expression profiling of proteins in rat sciatic nerve regeneration using reverse phase protein arrays. Proteome Sci 2012; 10:9. [PMID: 22325251 PMCID: PMC3295716 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-10-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Protein expression profiles throughout 28 days of peripheral nerve regeneration were characterized using an established rat sciatic nerve transection injury model. Reverse phase protein microarrays were used to identify the spatial and temporal expression profile of multiple proteins implicated in peripheral nerve regeneration including growth factors, extracellular matrix proteins, and proteins involved in adhesion and migration. This high-throughput approach enabled the simultaneous analysis of 3,360 samples on a nitrocellulose-coated slide. Results The extracellular matrix proteins collagen I and III, laminin gamma-1, fibronectin, nidogen and versican displayed an early increase in protein levels in the guide and proximal sections of the regenerating nerve with levels at or above the baseline expression of intact nerve by the end of the 28 day experimental course. The 28 day protein levels were also at or above baseline in the distal segment however an early increase was only noted for laminin, nidogen, and fibronectin. While the level of epidermal growth factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor and fibroblast growth factor-1 and -2 increased throughout the experimental course in the proximal and distal segments, nerve growth factor only increased in the distal segment and fibroblast growth factor-1 and -2 and nerve growth factor were the only proteins in that group to show an early increase in the guide contents. As expected, several proteins involved in cell adhesion and motility; namely focal adhesion kinase, N-cadherin and β-catenin increased earlier in the proximal and distal segments than in the guide contents reflecting the relatively acellular matrix of the early regenerate. Conclusions In this study we identified changes in expression of multiple proteins over time linked to regeneration of the rat sciatic nerve both demonstrating the utility of reverse phase protein arrays in nerve regeneration research and revealing a detailed, composite spatiotemporal expression profile of peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bryan
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - C Robert Litchfield
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey V Manchio
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA.,Department Surgery, Section of General Surgery, Saint Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tanya Logvinenko
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Antonia H Holway
- Ian C. Summerhayes Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA.,Aushon BioSystems Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Austin
- Aushon BioSystems Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ian C Summerhayes
- Ian C. Summerhayes Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kimberly M Rieger-Christ
- Ian C. Summerhayes Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA
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Dahlin LB, Lundborg G. EXPERIMENTAL NERVE GRAFTING — TOWARDS FUTURE SOLUTIONS OF A CLINICAL PROBLEM. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218810498000258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Restoration of function following complete nerve injuries with subsequent nerve repair is still not satisfactory and in many cases poor, especially when a gap has to be bridged by a graft. In such situations, there may be insufficient access to autologous graft material. Alternatives have to be developed and a close collaboration between basic scientists and clinicians is required. In the present article, current studies on experimental nerve grafts are discussed and some new alternatives to autologous nerve grafts are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars B Dahlin
- Department of Hand Surgery, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, S-205-02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Göran Lundborg
- Department of Hand Surgery, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, S-205-02 Malmö, Sweden
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29
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Bobinski F, Martins D, Bratti T, Mazzardo-Martins L, Winkelmann-Duarte E, Guglielmo L, Santos A. Neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects of low-intensity aerobic exercise on sciatic nerve crush injury in mice. Neuroscience 2011; 194:337-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Ichikawa H, Sato T, Kano M, Suzuki T, Matsuo S, Kanetaka H, Shimizu Y. Masseteric Nerve Injury Increases Expression of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Microglia Within the Rat Mesencephalic Trigeminal Tract Nucleus. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 31:551-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9648-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Marzo SJ, Moeller CW, Sharma N, Cunningham K, Jones KJ, Foecking EM. Facial motor nuclei cell loss with intratemporal facial nerve crush injuries in rats. Laryngoscope 2011; 120:2264-9. [PMID: 20830757 DOI: 10.1002/lary.21077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Injuries of cranial nerves that are distal to but near the motor nucleus might result in retrograde motoneuron cell death. The hypothesis of this article is that an intratemporal crush injury of the facial nerve in rats can cause facial motor nuclei cell death. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, controlled animal study. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: intratemporal sham, intratemporal crush injury, extratemporal crush injury, and extratemporal sham. The intratemporal (n = 9) and extratemporal crush injury (n = 4) groups underwent a 60-second crush of the nerve at the facial nerve tympanic segment or main facial nerve trunk distal to the stylomastoid foramen, respectively. The intratemporal sham group (n = 4) underwent identical exposure to the intratemporal crush without subsequent injury. Both sham groups and the extratemporal crush group were sacrificed at 4 weeks. The intratemporal crush group was subdivided into 4- (n = 4) and 8-week (n = 5) postinjury groups. Brain sections were stained with thionin and facial motor nuclei were counted under magnification. The contralateral uninjured facial motor nucleus was used to compare motor nucleus cell survival. RESULTS Intratemporal crush injury resulted in increased cell loss at 4 (89.43% ± 8.57% standard error of mean) and 8 weeks (85.78% ± 3.15%) after injury compared to sham injury (119.09% ± 13.35%) (P <.05). No significant change in cell survival was noted between the distal crush (103.29% ± 6.34%) and sham group (111.71% ± 3.24%) (P >.05). CONCLUSIONS A rat intratemporal crush injury resulted in approximately 15% facial motor nuclei cell loss compared to an intratemporal sham injury. An extratemporal crush injury did not lead to any significant facial motor nuclei cell loss. This might have future translational implications in humans with intratemporal facial nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam J Marzo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA.
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Ramer MS. Endogenous neurotrophins and plasticity following spinal deafferentation. Exp Neurol 2010; 235:70-7. [PMID: 21195072 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neurons intrinsic to the spinal cord dorsal horn receive input from various classes of long-distance projection systems. Two of the best known of these are primary afferent and descending monoaminergic axons. Together with intrinsic interneurons, activity in these axonal populations shapes the early part of the sensory experience before it is transmitted to supraspinal structures via ascending projection axons. Injury to dorsal roots, which contain the centrally projecting branches of primary afferent axons, results in their permanent disconnection from the spinal cord, as well as sensory dysfunction such as pain. In animals, experimental dorsal root injuries affecting a small number of roots produce dynamic behavioural changes, providing evidence for the now familiar concept that sensory processing at the level of the spinal cord is not hard-wired. Changes in behaviour following rhizotomy suggest changes in spinal sensory circuitry, and we and others have shown that the density of spinal serotonergic axons as well as processes of inhibitory interneurons increases following rhizotomy. Intact primary afferent axons are less apt to sprout into denervated territory. Recent work from our group has asked (1) what is the stimulus that induces sprouting of serotonergic (and other) axons and (2) what prevents spared primary afferent axons from occupying the territory of those lost to injury. This article will review the evidence that a single factor upregulated by dorsal root injury, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), underpins both serotonergic sprouting and a lack of primary afferent plasticity. BDNF also differentially modulates some of the behavioural consequences of dorsal root injury: antagonizing endogenous BDNF improves spontaneous mechanosensory recovery but prevents recovery from rhizotomy-induced hypersensitivity to cold. These findings reinforce the notion that in disease states as complex and variable as spinal cord injury, single pharmacological interventions are unlikely to produce meaningful results. However, understanding the differences in capacity for plasticity among different systems, as well as their triggers, should allow for more patient-tailored therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt S Ramer
- Zoology and International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, 818 W. 10th Ave., Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Gu X, Ding F, Yang Y, Liu J. Construction of tissue engineered nerve grafts and their application in peripheral nerve regeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 93:204-30. [PMID: 21130136 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Surgical repair of severe peripheral nerve injuries represents not only a pressing medical need, but also a great clinical challenge. Autologous nerve grafting remains a golden standard for bridging an extended gap in transected nerves. The formidable limitations related to this approach, however, have evoked the development of tissue engineered nerve grafts as a promising alternative to autologous nerve grafts. A tissue engineered nerve graft is typically constructed through a combination of a neural scaffold and a variety of cellular and molecular components. The initial and basic structure of the neural scaffold that serves to provide mechanical guidance and optimal environment for nerve regeneration was a single hollow nerve guidance conduit. Later there have been several improvements to the basic structure, especially introduction of physical fillers into the lumen of a hollow nerve guidance conduit. Up to now, a diverse array of biomaterials, either of natural or of synthetic origin, together with well-defined fabrication techniques, has been employed to prepare neural scaffolds with different structures and properties. Meanwhile different types of support cells and/or growth factors have been incorporated into the neural scaffold, producing unique biochemical effects on nerve regeneration and function restoration. This review attempts to summarize different nerve grafts used for peripheral nerve repair, to highlight various basic components of tissue engineered nerve grafts in terms of their structures, features, and nerve regeneration-promoting actions, and finally to discuss current clinical applications and future perspectives of tissue engineered nerve grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, JS 226001, PR China.
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Abstract
This review considers the 2 sources of neurotrophic factors in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), the neurons and the nonneuronal cells in the denervated distal nerve stumps, and their role in axon regeneration. Morphological assessment of regenerative success in response to administration of exogenous growth factors after nerve injury and repair has indicated a role of the endogenous neurotrophic factors from Schwann cells in the distal nerve stump. However, the increased number of axons may reflect more neurons regenerating their axons and/or increased numbers of axon sprouts from the same number of neurons. Using fluorescent dyes to count neurons that regenerated their axons across a suture site and into distal nerve stumps, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) were found not to increase the number of neurons that regenerated their axons after immediate nerve repair. Nevertheless, the factors did reverse the deleterious effect of delayed nerve repair, indicating that the axons that regenerate into the distal nerve stump normally have access to sufficient levels of endogenous neurotrophic factors to sustain their regeneration, while neurons that do not have access to these factors require exogenous factors to sustain axon regeneration. Neurons upregulate neurotrophic factors after axotomy. The upregulation is normally slow, beginning after 7 days and occurring in association with a protracted period of axonal regeneration in which axons grow out from the proximal nerve stump across a suture site over a period of 1 month in rodents. This staggered axon regeneration across the suture site is accelerated by a 1-hour period of low-frequency electrical stimulation that simultaneously accelerates the expression of BDNF and its trkB receptor in the neurons. Elevation of the level of BDNF after 2 days to > 3 times that found in unstimulated neurons was accompanied by elevation of the level of cAMP and followed by accelerated upregulation of growth-associated genes, tubulin, actin, and GAP-43 and downregulation of neurofilament protein. Elevation of cAMP levels via rolipram inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 mimicked the effect of the low-frequency electrical stimulation. In conclusion, the enhanced upregulation of neurotrophic factors in the electrically stimulated axotomized neurons accelerates axon outgrowth into the distal nerve stumps where endogenous sources of growth factors in the Schwann cells support the regeneration of the axons toward the denervated targets. The findings provide strong support for endogenous neurotrophic factors of axotomized neurons and of denervated Schwann cells playing a critical role in supporting axon regeneration in the PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Gordon
- Centre for Neuroscience, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Wang W, Itoh S, Yamamoto N, Okawa A, Nagai A, Yamashita K. Enhancement of nerve regeneration along a chitosan nanofiber mesh tube on which electrically polarized beta-tricalcium phosphate particles are immobilized. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:4027-33. [PMID: 20451674 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability of beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) particles to store electric charge was confirmed by thermally stimulated depolarization current measurement as well as surface potential measurement. The efficacy of stored electrical charge on beta-TCP particles in enhancing nerve regeneration was evaluated. Bridge grafting was performed into sciatic nerve defects in Wistar rats with the following tubes: chitosan mesh tubes; chitosan mesh tubes on which beta-TCP particles with or without electrical polarization treatment had been immobilized (polarized and non-polarized tubes, respectively). As a control, isografts were used. Both motor and sensory nerve function as well as electrophysiological recovery progressed with time in each group. Immunofluorescence revealed rapider nerve regeneration in the polarized tube group compared with the non-polarized tube group. The axon density and axon area in the polarized tube group were significantly greater than those in the chitosan mesh tube and non-polarized group, and showed no significant differences from the control group. These results suggest that the stored charge on electrically polarized beta-TCP particles immobilized on chitosan mesh tubes may enhance nerve regeneration to the same extent as isografting.
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Lindsay RW, Heaton JT, Edwards C, Smitson C, Vakharia K, Hadlock TA. Daily facial stimulation to improve recovery after facial nerve repair in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:180-5. [PMID: 20479434 DOI: 10.1001/archfacial.2010.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish whether daily mechanical stimulation improves functional recovery of whisking after facial nerve transection injury and repair in rats. METHODS Forty rats underwent facial nerve transection injury and repair and subsequent quantitative facial movement testing. Animals were randomized into 2 experimental groups (n = 20 each). Both groups received daily 5-minute manual stimulation of their whiskers, with one group undergoing whisker protraction and the other, whisker retraction. Rats were tested on postoperative weeks 1, 4 through 8, and 15 via a validated, quantitative whisking kinematics apparatus. Whisks were counted and analyzed for whisking amplitude, velocity, and acceleration. RESULTS Animals receiving manual stimulation by passive protraction of their whiskers demonstrated significantly improved functional recovery at multiple time points during the 15 weeks compared with historical controls (P < .005; 1-tailed t test). Recovery was similar in the protraction and retraction groups, trending toward better whisking recovery in the protraction group. CONCLUSIONS Daily mechanical whisker stimulation via either protraction or retraction significantly improves recovery of whisking after facial nerve transection and repair. This finding supports the role of early soft-tissue manipulation after facial nerve repair and may have clinical implications for the postoperative management of patients after facial nerve manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin W Lindsay
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles St, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Panaite PA, Barakat-Walter I. Thyroid hormone enhances transected axonal regeneration and muscle reinnervation following rat sciatic nerve injury. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:1751-63. [PMID: 20127814 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Improvement of nerve regeneration and functional recovery following nerve injury is a challenging problem in clinical research. We have already shown that following rat sciatic nerve transection, the local administration of triiodothyronine (T3) significantly increased the number and the myelination of regenerated axons. Functional recovery is a sum of the number of regenerated axons and reinnervation of denervated peripheral targets. In the present study, we investigated whether the increased number of regenerated axons by T3-treatment is linked to improved reinnervation of hind limb muscles. After transection of rat sciatic nerves, silicone or biodegradable nerve guides were implanted and filled with either T3 or phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) were analyzed on gastrocnemius and plantar muscle sections stained with rhodamine alpha-bungarotoxin and neurofilament antibody. Four weeks after surgery, most end-plates (EPs) of operated limbs were still denervated and no effect of T3 on muscle reinnervation was detected at this stage of nerve repair. In contrast, after 14 weeks of nerve regeneration, T3 clearly enhanced the reinnervation of gastrocnemius and plantar EPs, demonstrated by significantly higher recovery of size and shape complexity of reinnervated EPs and also by increased acetylcholine receptor (AChRs) density on post synaptic membranes compared to PBS-treated EPs. The stimulating effect of T3 on EP reinnervation is confirmed by a higher index of compound muscle action potentials recorded in gastrocnemius muscles. In conclusion, our results provide for the first time strong evidence that T3 enhances the restoration of NMJ structure and improves synaptic transmission.
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Tsai MJ, Pan HA, Liou DY, Weng CF, Hoffer BJ, Cheng H. Adenoviral gene transfer of bone morphogenetic protein-7 enhances functional recovery after sciatic nerve injury in rats. Gene Ther 2010; 17:1214-24. [PMID: 20520648 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), members of the transforming growth factor-β subfamily, function as instructive signals for neuronal lineage commitment and promote neuronal differentiation. However, the mechanism of BMP7 action in vivo after peripheral nerve injury is poorly understood. This study examines the efficacy of gene transfer of adenoviral (Ad) BMP7 on peripheral neuropathy. Transgene expression was found in both Ad-infected sciatic nerves and their respective remote neurons, indicating Ad transduction by a retrograde transport. After AdBMP7 infection to nerves, the sciatic nerves were crushed or transected. Hind limb functional behavior, including rotarod test and sciatic functional index, were conducted in rats weekly after nerve injury. Interestingly, enhanced BMP7 expression significantly improved hind limb functional recovery in AdBMP7-transduced rats when compared with AdGFP-transduced nerve-crushed or transected rats. Furthermore, AdBMP7 transduction reduced injury-induced macrophage activation, nerve demyelination and axonal degeneration. By contrast, AdBMP7 infection did not affect the hyperalgesia paw-withdrawal latency after nerve injury. We further examined the effect of AdBMP7 infection on sciatic nerve explant and Schwann cell cultures. Enhanced cell proliferation was significantly increased by AdBMP7 transduction in both cultures. Taken together, BMP7 overexpression by Ad gene transfer was beneficial in both nerves and Schwann cells on functional recovery after sciatic nerve injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-J Tsai
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322 Shih-pai Road Sec. 2, Taipei, Taiwan
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Satar B, Karahatay S, Kurt B, Ural AU, Safali M, Avcu F, Oztas E, Kucuktag Z. Repair of transected facial nerve with mesenchymal stromal cells: histopathologic evidence of superior outcome. Laryngoscope 2009; 119:2221-5. [PMID: 19688843 DOI: 10.1002/lary.20610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Despite advanced surgical techniques, clinical results of the transected facial nerve are still far from the desired outcome. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) were shown to transdifferentiate into Schwann cells and express some growth factors beneficial in peripheral nerve injury. We aimed to document histopathological improvement obtained from application of the homograft bone marrow-derived MSCs immediately after conventional anastomosis of a transected facial nerve branch in rats, and to compare the results with those nerves anastomosed only. STUDY DESIGN Animal, prospective, and controlled study. METHODS The study was performed in 15 rats. The right buccal branch was completely transected and repaired with epineural sutures. The right-side anastomosis was additionally treated with MSCs thereafter. The right marginal mandibular branch was kept intact, but in contact with MSCs. The left buccal branch was transected and repaired in a similar fashion except for MSC application. The left-side marginal mandibular branch was left intact. Rats were sacrificed at month 1, 3, and 6. Four branches of each rat were sampled, and nerve segments distal to the anastomosis were histopathologically examined. RESULTS The examination revealed that intact nerve segments and nerve segments in contact with MSCs had completely normal appearance regardless of the time interval. Samples from the nerves anastomosed and treated with MSCs did better than those nerves anastomosed only in terms of axonal organization and myelin thickness. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary report witnessed beneficial effects of MSCs application onto the injured facial nerve as evidenced by the histopathological examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulent Satar
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey.
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Borin A, Toledo RN, Ho PL, Testa JRG, Cruz OLM, Fukuda Y. Influence of cyclic AMP on facial nerve regeneration in rats. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 74:675-683. [PMID: 19082348 PMCID: PMC9445902 DOI: 10.1016/s1808-8694(15)31376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoting facial nerve regeneration is a significant challenge. Aim To evaluate the possible neurotrophic influence of cyclic AMP on facial nerve regeneration of Wistar rats. Method The right facial nerve of thirty-two animals were completely transected and immediately sutured, followed by exposure or not to topical cyclic AMP. Behavioral and histometric analyses were done at 14 and 28 days. Results Statistical differences (p<0.05) were found in the behavioral and histometric analyses on the 14th day, suggesting an early regenerative response of the facial nerve to cAMP exposure. Conclusion This study demonstrates a possible neurotrophic effect of cAMP on facial nerve regeneration in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Borin
- Master's degree in otorhinolaryngology; doctoral student.
| | - Ronaldo Nunes Toledo
- Biologist and doctorate in biochemistry; researcher at the Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan
| | - Paulo Lee Ho
- Doctorate in otorhinolaryngology, adjunct professor, otorhinolaryngology discipline, UNIFESP/EPM
| | - José Ricardo Gurgel Testa
- Livre-docente (habilitation) professor, affiliated professor, otorhinolaryngology discipline, UNIFESP/EPM
| | - Oswaldo Laércio Mendonça Cruz
- Livre-docente (habilitation) professor, otorhinolaryngology discipline, UNIFESP/EPM. Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Department, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo
| | - Yotaka Fukuda
- Livre-docente (habilitation) professor, otorhinolaryngology discipline, UNIFESP/EPM. Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Department, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo
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Wilson ADH, Hart A, Wiberg M, Terenghi G. Acetyl-l-carnitine increases nerve regeneration and target organ reinnervation - a morphological study. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009; 63:1186-95. [PMID: 19664977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2009.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury frequently results in functional morbidity since standard management fails to adequately address many of the neurobiological hurdles to optimal regeneration. Neuronal survival and regeneration are neurotrophin dependent and require increased aerobic capacity. Acetyl-l-carnitine (ALCAR) facilitates this need and prevents neuronal loss. ALCAR is clinically safe and is shown here to significantly improve nerve regeneration and target organ reinnervation. Two groups of five rats underwent sciatic nerve division followed by immediate repair. One group received parenteral ALCAR (50mg/kg/day) from time of operation until termination at 12 weeks. A 'sham treatment' group received normal saline. A third group was left unoperated and did not receive any treatment. A segment of nerve was harvested between 5mm proximal and 10mm distal to the repair in operated groups, and at the corresponding level in the unoperated group. Mean axonal count in normal, non-axotomised nerve was 14,720 (SD 2378). That of the saline group (17,217 SD 1808) was not significantly different from normal nerve (P=0.0985). Mean number of myelinated axons in the ALCAR group (24,460 SD 3750) was significantly greater than both sham group (P<0.01) and normal nerve (P=0.0012). Mean myelin thickness in the saline treated group (0.408 microm SD 0.067 microm) was less than normal nerve (0.770 microm SD 0.143 microm) (P<0.001). Mean myelin thickness in the ALCAR group (0.627 microm SD 0.052 microm) was greater than the sham (saline) group (P<0.01) and not statistically different from normal nerve (P=0.07). ALCAR increased dermal PGP9.5 staining by 210% compared to sham treatment (P<0.0001) and significantly reduced the mean percentage weight loss in gastrocnemius muscle (ALCAR group 0.203% vs. 0.312% in sham group P=0.015). ALCAR not only increases the number of regenerating nerve fibres but also morphologically improves the quality of regeneration and target organ reinnervation. Adjuvant ALCAR treatment may improve both sensory and motor outcomes and merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D H Wilson
- Blond McIndoe Research Laboratories, Tissue Injury and Repair Group, University of Manchester, Room 3.106 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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Basics and Current Approaches to Tissue Engineering in Peripheral Nerve Reconstruction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1097/wnq.0b013e3181a361c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Li W, Sun H, Xu Z, Ding F, Gu X. Protein expression profile in the differentiation of rat bone marrow stromal cells into Schwann cell-like cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 52:267-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-009-0033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Chang CJ. The Effect of Pulse-Released Nerve Growth Factor from Genipin-Crosslinked Gelatin in Schwann Cell–Seeded Polycaprolactone Conduits on Large-Gap Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:547-57. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ciofani G, Raffa V, Menciassi A, Cuschieri A, Micera S. Magnetic alginate microspheres: system for the position controlled delivery of nerve growth factor. Biomed Microdevices 2008; 11:517-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-008-9258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Johnson EO, Charchanti A, Soucacos PN. Nerve repair: experimental and clinical evaluation of neurotrophic factors in peripheral nerve regeneration. Injury 2008; 39 Suppl 3:S37-42. [PMID: 18723170 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2008.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors are a family of polypeptides required for survival of discrete neuronal populations. In the normal state such factors are mostly synthesised by target tissues and are used for the viability of the nerve-cell bodies. After nerve injury, neurotrophic factors (NFs) are synthesised by non-neuronal (Schwann cells and fibroblasts) in the nerve trunk, and act to support the outgrowth of axons. NFs can be classified into three major groups: (1) neurotrophins; (2) neurokines; and (3) the transforming growth factor beta (TGF)-beta superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth O Johnson
- Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, University of Ioannina, School of Medicine, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
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Lang EM, Schlegel N, Reiners K, Hofmann GO, Sendtner M, Asan E. Single-Dose Application of CNTF and BDNF Improves Remyelination of Regenerating Nerve Fibers after C7 Ventral Root Avulsion and Replantation. J Neurotrauma 2008; 25:384-400. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2007.0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. Lang
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicholas Schlegel
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Karlheinz Reiners
- Department of Neurology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Gunther O. Hofmann
- Clinic of Trauma Surgery, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, and BG-TraumaCenter, Halle, Germany
| | - Michael Sendtner
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Esther Asan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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César M, Roussanne-Domergue S, Coulet B, Gay S, Micallef JP, Chammas M, Reyne Y, Bacou F. Transplantation of adult myoblasts or adipose tissue precursor cells by high-density injection failed to improve reinnervated skeletal muscles. Muscle Nerve 2008; 37:219-30. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.20918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hontanilla B, Aubá C, Gorría O. NERVE REGENERATION THROUGH NERVE AUTOGRAFTS AFTER LOCAL ADMINISTRATION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR WITH OSMOTIC PUMPS. Neurosurgery 2007; 61:1268-1275. [DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000306106.70421.ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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