1
|
Alqahtani NF, Alfaifi MY, Shati AA, Elbehairi SEI, Elshaarawy RFM, Serag WM, Hassan YA, El-Sayed WN. Exploring the chondroitin sulfate nanogel's potential in combating nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin and doxorubicin-An in-vivo study on rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128839. [PMID: 38134998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aim to unveil the potential of itaconyl chondroitin sulfate nanogel (ICSNG) in tackling chronic kidney diseases triggered by the administration of CDDP and doxorubicin (Adriamycin, ADR). To that end, the new drug delivery system (ICSNG) was initially prepared, characterized, and loaded with the target drugs. Thereafter, the in-vivo studies were performed using five equally divided groups of 100 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Biochemical evaluation and immunohistochemistry studies have revealed the renal toxicity and the ameliorative effects of ICSNG on renal function. When ICSNG-based treatments were contrasted with the CDDP and ADR infected groups, they significantly increased paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and albumin activity and significantly decreased nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), creatinine, urea, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity (p < 0.001). The findings of the current study imply that ICSNG may be able to lessen renal inflammation and damage in chronic kidney disorders brought on by the administration of CDDP and ADR. Interestingly, according to the estimated selectivity indices, the ICSNG-encapsulated drugs have demonstrated superior selectivity for cancer MCF-7 cells, over healthy HSF cells, in comparison to the bare drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norah F Alqahtani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Y Alfaifi
- King Khalid University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Shati
- King Khalid University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Reda F M Elshaarawy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez University, 43533 Suez, Egypt; Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Waleed M Serag
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez University, 43533 Suez, Egypt
| | - Yasser A Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk, Iraq; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Qalam University College, Kirkuk, Iraq; Department of pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - W N El-Sayed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maloney SE, Broberg CA, Grayton QE, Picciotti SL, Hall HR, Wallet SM, Maile R, Schoenfisch MH. Role of Nitric Oxide-Releasing Glycosaminoglycans in Wound Healing. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:2537-2552. [PMID: 35580341 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Two glycosaminoglycan (GAG) biopolymers, hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), were chemically modified via carbodiimide chemistry to facilitate the loading and release of nitric oxide (NO) to develop a multi-action wound healing agent. The resulting NO-releasing GAGs released 0.2-0.9 μmol NO mg-1 GAG into simulated wound fluid with NO-release half-lives ranging from 20 to 110 min. GAGs containing alkylamines with terminal primary amines and displaying intermediate NO-release kinetics exhibited potent, broad spectrum bactericidal action against three strains each of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus ranging in antibiotic resistance profile. NO loading of the GAGs was also found to decrease murine TLR4 activation, suggesting that the therapeutic exhibits anti-inflammatory mechanisms. In vitro adhesion and proliferation assays utilizing human dermal fibroblasts and human epidermal keratinocytes displayed differences as a function of the GAG backbone, alkylamine identity, and NO-release properties. In combination with antibacterial properties, the adhesion and proliferation profiles of the GAG derivatives enabled the selection of the most promising wound healing candidates for subsequent in vivo studies. A P. aeruginosa-infected murine wound model revealed the benefits of CS over HA as a pro-wound healing NO donor scaffold, with benefits of accelerated wound closure and decreased bacterial burden attributable to both active NO release and the biopolymer backbone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Maloney
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Christopher A Broberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Quincy E Grayton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Samantha L Picciotti
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Hannah R Hall
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Shannon M Wallet
- Division of Oral, Craniofacial, and Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Robert Maile
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mark H Schoenfisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chondroitin Sulfate: Emerging biomaterial for biopharmaceutical purpose and tissue engineering. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 286:119305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
4
|
Silk fibroin nanofibers containing chondroitin sulfate and silver sulfadiazine for wound healing treatment. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
5
|
Wang S, Ji X, Chen S, Zhang C, Wang Y, Lin H, Zhao L. Study of double-bonded carboxymethyl chitosan/cysteamine-modified chondroitin sulfate composite dressing for hemostatic application. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
6
|
Fu H, Yu C, Li X, Bao H, Zhang B, Chen Z, Zhang Z. Facile engineering of ECM-mimetic injectable dual crosslinking hydrogels with excellent mechanical resilience, tissue adhesion, and biocompatibility. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:10003-10014. [PMID: 34874044 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01914g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels have aroused ever-increasing interest for their cell/biomaterial delivery ability through minimally invasive procedures. Nevertheless, it is still a challenge to simply fabricate natural biopolymer-based injectable hydrogels possessing satisfactory mechanical properties, bioadhesion, and cell delivery ability. Herein, we describe a facile dual crosslinking (DC) strategy for preparing extracellular matrix (ECM) mimetic hydrogels with desirable comprehensive performance. The chondroitin sulfate (CS)- and gelatin (Gel)-based single crosslinked (SC) hydrogels were first developed via reversible borate ester bonds, and further strengthened through the Michael-addition crosslinking reaction or visible-light initiated photopolymerization with thiol-containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) crosslinkers. The dynamic SC hydrogels showed good injectability, pH-sensitive gel-sol transformation, and self-adhesion ability to various biological tissues such as skin, liver, and intervertebral disc. The mechanically tough DC hydrogels displayed tunable stiffness, and resilience to compression load (up to 90% strain) owing to the effective energy dissipation mechanism. The formed DC hydrogels after subcutaneous injection well integrated with surrounding tissues and exhibited fast self-recovery properties. Moreover, the photoencapsulation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) within the developed DC hydrogels was achieved and has been proved to be biocompatible, highlighting the great potential of the photopolymerized DC hydrogels in cell delivery and three-dimensional (3D) cell culture. This biomimetic, mechanically resilient, adhesive, and cytocompatible injectable DC hydrogel could serve as a promising candidate for tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nanobionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenggong Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nanobionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Xiaodi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nanobionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Hongying Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nanobionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nanobionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Zhongjin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nanobionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nanobionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kamoun EA, Loutfy SA, Hussein Y, Kenawy ERS. Recent advances in PVA-polysaccharide based hydrogels and electrospun nanofibers in biomedical applications: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:755-768. [PMID: 34358597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Among several types of carbohydrate polymers blend PVA hydrogel membranes used for biomedical applications in particular wound dressings; electrospun nanofibrous membranes have gained increased interest because of their extraordinary features e.g. huge surface area to volume ratio, high porosity, adequate permeability, excellent wound-exudates absorption capacity, architecture similarity with skin ECM and sustained release-profile over long time. In this study, modern perspectives of synthesized/developed electrospun nanofibrous hydrogel membranes based popular carbohydrate polymers blend PVA which recently have been employed for versatile biomedical applications particularly wound dressings, were discussed intensively and compared in detail with traditional fabricated membranes based films, as well. Clinically relevant and advantages of electrospun nanofibrous membranes were discussed in terms of their biocompatibility and easily fabrication and functionalization in different biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elbadawy A Kamoun
- Nanotechnology Research Center (NTRC), The British University in Egypt (BUE), El-Sherouk City, Cairo 11837, Egypt; Polymeric Materials Research Dep., Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg Al-Arab City 21934, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Samah A Loutfy
- Nanotechnology Research Center (NTRC), The British University in Egypt (BUE), El-Sherouk City, Cairo 11837, Egypt; Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Yasmein Hussein
- Nanotechnology Research Center (NTRC), The British University in Egypt (BUE), El-Sherouk City, Cairo 11837, Egypt
| | - El-Refaie S Kenawy
- Polymer Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tanta, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Debele TA, Su WP. Polysaccharide and protein-based functional wound dressing materials and applications. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2020.1809403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tilahun Ayane Debele
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 138, Sheng Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wen-Pin Su
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 138, Sheng Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Departments of Oncology and Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Bedell
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 South Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Adam M. Navara
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 South Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Yingying Du
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shengmin Zhang
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Antonios G. Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 South Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abdallah MM, Fernández N, Matias AA, Bronze MDR. Hyaluronic acid and Chondroitin sulfate from marine and terrestrial sources: Extraction and purification methods. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 243:116441. [PMID: 32532391 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) are valuable bioactive polysaccharides that have been highly used in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Extensive research was done to ensure their efficient extraction from marine and terrestrial by-products at a high yield and purity, using specific techniques to isolate and purify them. In general, the cartilage is the most common source for CS, while the vitreous humor is main used source of HA. The developed methods were based in general on tissue hydrolysis, removal of proteins and purification of the target biopolymers. They differ in the extraction conditions, enzymes and/or solvents used and the purification technique. This leads to specific purity, molecular weight and sulfation pattern of the isolated HA and CS. This review focuses on the analysis and comparison of different extraction and purification methods developed to isolate these valuable biopolymers from marine and terrestrial animal by-products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maha M Abdallah
- iBET, Institute of Experimental Biology and Technology, Avenida da República, Estação Agronómica, 2780-157, Portugal; ITQB-UNL, Institute of Chemical and Biological Technology, New University of Lisbon, Avenida da República, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Naiara Fernández
- iBET, Institute of Experimental Biology and Technology, Avenida da República, Estação Agronómica, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Ana A Matias
- iBET, Institute of Experimental Biology and Technology, Avenida da República, Estação Agronómica, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Maria do Rosário Bronze
- iBET, Institute of Experimental Biology and Technology, Avenida da República, Estação Agronómica, 2780-157, Portugal; ITQB-UNL, Institute of Chemical and Biological Technology, New University of Lisbon, Avenida da República, 2780-157, Portugal; FFULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shah SA, Sohail M, Khan S, Minhas MU, de Matas M, Sikstone V, Hussain Z, Abbasi M, Kousar M. Biopolymer-based biomaterials for accelerated diabetic wound healing: A critical review. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 139:975-993. [PMID: 31386871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-healing, chronic wounds place a huge burden on healthcare systems as well as individual patients. These chronic wounds especially diabetic wounds will ultimately lead to compromised mobility, amputation of limbs and even death. Currently, wounds and limb ulcers associated with diabetes remain significant health issues; the associated healthcare cost ultimately leads to the increased clinical burden. The presence of diabetes interrupts a highly coordinated cascade of events in the wound closure process. Advances in the understanding of pathophysiological conditions associated with diabetic wounds lead to the development of drug delivery systems which can enhance wound healing by targeting various phases of the impaired processes. Wound environments typically contain degradative enzymes, along with an elevated pH and demonstrate a physiological cascade involved in the regeneration of tissue, which requires the application of an effective delivery system. This article aims to review the pathophysiological conditions associated with chronic and diabetic wounds. The delivery systems, involved in their treatment are described, highlighting potential biomaterials and polymers for establishing drug delivery systems, specifically for the treatment of diabetic wounds and the promotion of the associated mechanisms involved in advanced wound healing. Emerging approaches and engineered devices for effective wound care are reported. The discussion will give insight into the mechanisms relevant to all stages of wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ahmed Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Pakistan.
| | - Shahzeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Lower Dir, KPK, Pakistan; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409, USA.; Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, UKZN, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Marcel de Matas
- SEDA Pharmaceutical Development Services, The BioHub at Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
| | - Victoria Sikstone
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Zahid Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mudassir Abbasi
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Mubeen Kousar
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Proctor M, Proctor K, Shu XZ, McGill LD, Prestwich GD, Orlandi RR. Composition of Hyaluronan Affects Wound Healing in the Rabbit Maxillary Sinus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/194589240602000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Hyaluronan (HA) is a ubiquitous component of the extracellular matrix. HA and its derivatives have been used in the sinuses to reduce scarring and possibly promote wound healing. However, in recent animal studies, HA esters exhibited inflammatory effects. Mitomycin C (MMC) is another potential antiscarring treatment. This study prospectively evaluated the effects of three different HA constructs on wound healing in the rabbit maxillary sinus: (i) a novel cross-linked HA hydrogel, (ii) the cross-linked HA gel containing covalently bound MMC, and (iii) a commercially available woven HA ester (Merogel). Methods Ostia were created with a 4-mm otologic drill in the maxillary sinuses of 15 New Zealand white rabbits with one side randomly chosen for treatment. After 14 or 21 days the size of the maxillary ostia were recorded and the tissue was examined under light microscopy. Results Sinuses treated with the novel HA and HA-MMC hydrogels showed an increased ostial diameter compared with untreated controls. Woven HA ester–treated sinuses showed no improvement, with a trend toward a smaller ostium than controls. Histological examination showed that woven HA ester tended to cause increased fibrosis and granulomatous inflammation, and heterophilia was slightly increased in the HA hydrogel-treated sinuses. Blinded observation noted foamy macrophages surrounding the residual woven HA ester in each specimen while no similar reaction was noted near the residual HA or HA-MMC hydrogels. Conclusion This study suggests that the degree of ostial narrowing, inflammation, and fibrosis depends on the formulation of the HA used. Minimal, if any, additional benefit is seen with addition of MMC to the HA hydrogel in this pilot study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Proctor
- Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kerry Proctor
- Department of Pathology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Xiao Zheng Shu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Glenn D. Prestwich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Richard R. Orlandi
- Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Corsuto L, Rother S, Koehler L, Bedini E, Moeller S, Schnabelrauch M, Hintze V, Schiraldi C, Scharnweber D. Sulfation degree not origin of chondroitin sulfate derivatives modulates keratinocyte response. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 191:53-64. [PMID: 29661321 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) sulfation-dependently binds transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and chronic wounds often accompany with epidermal hyperproliferation due to downregulated TGF-β signaling. However, the impact of CS on keratinocytes is unknown. Especially biotechnological-chemical strategies are promising to replace animal-derived CS. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effects of CS derivatives on the interaction with vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and on keratinocyte response. Over-sulfated CS (sCS3) interacts stronger with VEGF-A than CS. Furthermore, collagen coatings with CS variants are prepared by in vitro fibrillogenesis. Stability analyses demonstrate that collagen is firmly integrated, while the fibril diameters decrease with increasing sulfation degree. CS variants sulfation-dependently decelerate keratinocyte (HaCaT) migration and proliferation in a scratch assay. HaCaT cultured on sCS3-containing coatings produced increased amounts of solute active TGF-β1 which could be translated into biomaterials able to decrease epidermal hyperproliferation in chronic wounds. Overall, semi-synthetic and natural CS yield to comparable responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisana Corsuto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Second University of Naples, Italy
| | - Sandra Rother
- Technische Universitaet Dresden, Institute of Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Linda Koehler
- Technische Universitaet Dresden, Institute of Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | - Vera Hintze
- Technische Universitaet Dresden, Institute of Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Second University of Naples, Italy.
| | - Dieter Scharnweber
- Technische Universitaet Dresden, Institute of Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Aksoy F, Dogan R, Ozturan O, Altuntas E, Yener FG, Topcu G, Guler B. Effect of a combination of mometasone furoate, levofloxacin, and retinyl palmitate with an in situ gel-forming nasal delivery system on nasal mucosa damage repair in an experimental rabbit model. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:603-611. [PMID: 29035825 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study a combination of Mometasone Furoate (MF)+Levofloxacin hemihydrate (LH)+Retinyl palmitate (RP) with an in situ gel-forming delivery system was evaluated at different stages of nasal mucosal damage repair in a rabbit maxillary sinus model. METHODS In this study, 28 rabbits were included and assigned randomly to four groups. In all rabbits, a standard ostium was opened in the medial wall of the maxillary sinus by using a drill. Two different subsequently prepared gels with an in situ gel-forming delivery system were used. Of these 14 nasal cavities, combination 1 (active combination) was applied daily to 5, combination 2 (placebo) to 5, while 4 did not receive any pharmaceutical treatment. The diameter of the ostium was measured. Histopathological assessment was performed. RESULTS After 2, 3 and 4 weeks, the ostium diameter was significantly wider in the group where gel 1 had been applied compared to both the placebo group and control group. In the group treated with gel 1, after 2, 3 and 4 weeks the presence of superficial cilia was significantly greater, surface epithelium significantly less. In the 4th week, histologic scores for fibroblastic proliferation and vascular proliferation in the group treated with gel 1 were better than in either the control group or the placebo group. With gel 1, chronic inflammation parameters were also significantly lower than in the other groups. CONCLUSION The MF+LH+RP mixture with an in situ gel-forming nasal delivery system applied for wound healing after FESS prevents the formation of stenosis and is favorable for proper wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fadlullah Aksoy
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Remzi Dogan
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Orhan Ozturan
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Altuntas
- Istanbul University, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Gülgün Yener
- Istanbul University, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulactı Topcu
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Department of Pharmacy, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beril Guler
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Department of Pathology, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Raveendran S, Rochani AK, Maekawa T, Kumar DS. Smart Carriers and Nanohealers: A Nanomedical Insight on Natural Polymers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E929. [PMID: 28796191 PMCID: PMC5578295 DOI: 10.3390/ma10080929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers are popularly being used in an increasing number of fields in the past few decades. The popularity and favorability of these materials are due to their remarkable properties, enabling a wide range of applications and market requirements to be met. Polymer biodegradable systems are a promising arena of research for targeted and site-specific controlled drug delivery, for developing artificial limbs, 3D porous scaffolds for cellular regeneration or tissue engineering and biosensing applications. Several natural polymers have been identified, blended, functionalized and applied for designing nanoscaffolds and drug carriers as a prerequisite for enumerable bionano technological applications. Apart from these, natural polymers have been well studied and are widely used in material science and industrial fields. The present review explains the prominent features of commonly used natural polymers (polysaccharides and proteins) in various nanomedical applications and reveals the current status of the polymer research in bionanotechnology and science sectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreejith Raveendran
- Bio Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama 350-8585, Japan.
| | - Ankit K Rochani
- Bio Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama 350-8585, Japan.
| | - Toru Maekawa
- Bio Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama 350-8585, Japan.
| | - D Sakthi Kumar
- Bio Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama 350-8585, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kavuzlu A, Tatar EÇ, Karagöz T, Pınarlı FA, Tatar İ, Bayır Ö, Korkmaz MH. The effects of the stem cell on ciliary regeneration of injured rabbit sinonasal epithelium. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 274:3057-3064. [PMID: 28466357 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-017-4595-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Defects in mucosal healing after sinonasal surgery cause infection, scar formation causing obstruction, relapse of the disease within a shorter period and revision surgery. The present study aimed to create a functional ciliated epithelium using a stem cell and stem cell sheet of adipose tissue origin and to show such regeneration ultra-structurally on experimentally injured rabbit nasal epithelium. This was an experimental animal study and basic research. A total of 18 white New Zealand rabbits were divided into three groups. The medial wall of the maxillary sinus of the subjects was peeled off bilaterally. No additional procedure was applied to the subjects in Group 1. In Group 2, adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell was implanted on the wound edges of the subjects. In Group 3, a stem cell sheet of three layers was laid onto the defect area. All subjects were killed after 3 weeks. The presence of the stem cell stained with bromo-deoxyuridine was assessed with a light microscope, whereas cilia density, ciliated orientation and cilia structure were evaluated with a scanning electron microscope. Ciliary densities in Group 2 and Group 3 were statistically superior compared to the control group (p < 0.001, p = 0.007). Cilia morphology in Group 2 and Group 3 was also better than the control group (p < 0.01, p = 0.048). Ciliary orientation in Group 2 was scored highest (p < 0.01). The ratio of BrDu-stained cells was observed to be 27% in Group 3 and 8% in Group 2. Sub-epithelial recovery was observed to be better in Group 3. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell increased the healing of the injured maxillary sinus mucosa of the rabbits in terms of cilia presence, density and morphology regardless of the implementation technique. Level of evidence NA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kavuzlu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Research and Training Hospital, Ministiry of Health, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Emel Çadallı Tatar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Research and Training Hospital, Ministiry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tuğba Karagöz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Research and Training Hospital, Ministiry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ferda Alpaslan Pınarlı
- Department of Stem Cell and Genetic Diagnosis Center, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Research and Training Hospital, Ministiry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İlkan Tatar
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ömer Bayır
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Research and Training Hospital, Ministiry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Hakan Korkmaz
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Evaluation of Chitosan-Based Films Containing Gelatin, Chondroitin 4-Sulfate and ZnO for Wound Healing. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 183:765-777. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2462-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
18
|
López-Cebral R, Civantos A, Ramos V, Seijo B, López-Lacomba JL, Sanz-Casado JV, Sanchez A. Gellan gum based physical hydrogels incorporating highly valuable endogen molecules and associating BMP-2 as bone formation platforms. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 167:345-355. [PMID: 28433171 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Physical hydrogels have been designed for a double purpose: as growth factor delivery systems and as scaffolds to support cell colonization and formation of new bone. Specifically, the polysaccharide gellan gum and the ubiquitous endogenous molecules chondroitin, albumin and spermidine have been used as exclusive components of these hydrogels. The mild ionotropic gelation technique was used to preserve the bioactivity of the selected growth factor, rhBMP-2. In vitro tests demonstrated the effective delivery of rhBMP-2 in its bioactive form. In vivo experiments performed in the muscle tissue of Wistar rats provided a proof of concept of the ability of the developed platforms to elicit new bone formation. Furthermore, this biological effect was better than that of a commercial formulation currently used for regenerative purposes, confirming the potential of these hydrogels as new and innovative growth factor delivery platforms and scaffolds for regenerative medicine applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita López-Cebral
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Campus Sur, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Civantos
- Institute of Biofunctional Studies, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Viviana Ramos
- Institute of Biofunctional Studies, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Seijo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Campus Sur, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Genetics and Biology of the Development of Kidney Diseases Unit, Sanitary Research Institute (IDIS) of the University Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Travesía da Choupana, s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Luis López-Lacomba
- Institute of Biofunctional Studies, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Campus Sur, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Genetics and Biology of the Development of Kidney Diseases Unit, Sanitary Research Institute (IDIS) of the University Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Travesía da Choupana, s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Varga M. Cardiorespiratory Disease. TEXTBOOK OF RABBIT MEDICINE 2014. [PMCID: PMC7150336 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-4979-8.00011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
|
20
|
Weyers A, Linhardt RJ. Neoproteoglycans in tissue engineering. FEBS J 2013; 280:2511-22. [PMID: 23399318 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans, comprised of a core protein to which glycosaminoglycan chains are covalently linked, are an important structural and functional family of macromolecules found in the extracellular matrix. Advances in our understanding of biological interactions have lead to a greater appreciation for the need to design tissue engineering scaffolds that incorporate mimetics of key extracellular matrix components. A variety of synthetic and semisynthetic molecules and polymers have been examined by tissue engineers that serve as structural, chemical and biological replacements for proteoglycans. These proteoglycan mimetics have been referred to as neoproteoglycans and serve as functional and therapeutic replacements for natural proteoglycans that are often unavailable for tissue engineering studies. Although neoproteoglycans have important limitations, such as limited signaling ability and biocompatibility, they have shown promise in replacing the natural activity of proteoglycans through cell and protein binding interactions. This review focuses on the recent in vivo and in vitro tissue engineering applications of three basic types of neoproteoglycan structures, protein-glycosaminoglycan conjugates, nano-glycosaminoglycan composites and polymer-glycosaminoglycan complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Weyers
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Anisha BS, Sankar D, Mohandas A, Chennazhi KP, Nair SV, Jayakumar R. Chitosan-hyaluronan/nano chondroitin sulfate ternary composite sponges for medical use. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 92:1470-6. [PMID: 23399178 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this work chitosan-hyaluronan composite sponge incorporated with chondroitin sulfate nanoparticle (nCS) was developed. The fabrication of hydrogel was based on simple ionic cross-linking using EDC, followed by lyophilization to obtain the composite sponge. nCS suspension was characterized using DLS and SEM and showed a size range of 100-150 nm. The composite sponges were characterized using SEM, FT-IR and TG-DTA. Porosity, swelling, biodegradation, blood clotting and platelet activation of the prepared sponges were also evaluated. Nanocomposites showed a porosity of 67% and showed enhanced swelling and blood clotting ability. Cytocompatibility and cell adhesion studies of the sponges were done using human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells and the nanocomposite sponges showed more than 90% viability. Nanocomposite sponges also showed enhanced proliferation of HDF cells within two days of study. These results indicated that this nanocomposite sponges would be a potential candidate for wound dressing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B S Anisha
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Kochi-682 041, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Synthesis of In situ chondroitin sulfate hydrogel through phosphine-mediated Michael type addition reaction. Macromol Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-012-0138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
23
|
Li Y, Rodrigues J, Tomás H. Injectable and biodegradable hydrogels: gelation, biodegradation and biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:2193-221. [PMID: 22116474 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15203c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 936] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels with biodegradability have in situ formability which in vitro/in vivo allows an effective and homogeneous encapsulation of drugs/cells, and convenient in vivo surgical operation in a minimally invasive way, causing smaller scar size and less pain for patients. Therefore, they have found a variety of biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, cell encapsulation, and tissue engineering. This critical review systematically summarizes the recent progresses on biodegradable and injectable hydrogels fabricated from natural polymers (chitosan, hyaluronic acid, alginates, gelatin, heparin, chondroitin sulfate, etc.) and biodegradable synthetic polymers (polypeptides, polyesters, polyphosphazenes, etc.). The review includes the novel naturally based hydrogels with high potential for biomedical applications developed in the past five years which integrate the excellent biocompatibility of natural polymers/synthetic polypeptides with structural controllability via chemical modification. The gelation and biodegradation which are two key factors to affect the cell fate or drug delivery are highlighted. A brief outlook on the future of injectable and biodegradable hydrogels is also presented (326 references).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Li
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ingavle GC, Dormer NH, Gehrke SH, Detamore MS. Using chondroitin sulfate to improve the viability and biosynthesis of chondrocytes encapsulated in interpenetrating network (IPN) hydrogels of agarose and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:157-70. [PMID: 22116661 PMCID: PMC3729881 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-011-4499-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We recently introduced agarose-poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) interpenetrating network (IPN) hydrogels to cartilage tissue engineering that were able to encapsulate viable cells and provide a significant improvement in mechanical performance relative to its two constituent hydrogels. The goal of the current study was to develop a novel synthesis protocol to incorporate methacrylated chondroitin sulfate (MCS) into the IPN design hypothesized to improve cell viability and biosynthesis. The IPN was formed by encapsulating porcine chondrocytes in agarose, soaking the construct in a solution of 1:10 MCS:PEGDA, which was then photopolymerized to form a copolymer network as the second network. The IPN with incorporated CS (CS-IPN) (~0.5 wt%) resulted in a 4- to 5-fold increase in the compressive elastic modulus relative to either the PEGDA or agarose gels. After 6 weeks of in vitro culture, more than 50% of the encapsulated chondrocytes remained viable within the CS-modified IPN, in contrast to 35% viability observed in the unmodified. At week 6, the CS-IPN had significantly higher normalized GAG contents (347 ± 34 μg/μg) than unmodified IPNs (158 ± 27 μg/μg, P < 0.05). Overall, the approach of incorporating biopolymers such as CS from native tissue may provide favorable micro-environment and beneficial signals to cells to enhance their overall performance in IPNs.
Collapse
|
25
|
Induction and biological evaluations of self cross-linking chondroitin sulfate-poly(ethylene oxide) hydrogel. Macromol Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-011-1201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
26
|
Oelker AM, Berlin JA, Wathier M, Grinstaff MW. Synthesis and characterization of dendron cross-linked PEG hydrogels as corneal adhesives. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:1658-65. [PMID: 21417379 PMCID: PMC3878822 DOI: 10.1021/bm200039s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In pursuit of a wound-specific corneal adhesive, hydrogels formed by the reaction of propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, or 2-oxoethyl succinate-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with a peptide-based dendritic cross-linker (Lys(3)Cys(4)) were characterized. These macromers react within minutes of mixing to form transparent and elastic hydrogels with in vitro degradation times that range from hours to months based on the type of bonds formed during the cross-linking reaction, either thiazolidine or pseudoproline. The mechanical properties of these materials, determined via parallel plate rheology, were dependent on the polymer concentration, as was the hydrogel adhesive strength, which was determined by lap shear adhesive testing. In addition, these hydrogels were efficacious in closing ex vivo 4.1 mm central corneal lacerations: wounds closed with these hydrogel adhesives were able to withstand intraocular pressure values equivalent to, or in excess of, those obtained by closing the wounds with suturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason A. Berlin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michel Wathier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Weber RK. Nasal packing and stenting. GMS CURRENT TOPICS IN OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, HEAD AND NECK SURGERY 2011; 8:Doc02. [PMID: 22073095 PMCID: PMC3199821 DOI: 10.3205/cto000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nasal packs are indispensable in ENT practice. This study reviews current indications, effectiveness and risks of nasal packs and stents. In endoscopic surgery, nasal packs should always have smooth surfaces to minimize mucosal damage, improve wound healing and increase patient comfort. Functional endoscopic endonasal sinus surgery allows the use of modern nasal packs, since pressure is no longer required. So called hemostatic/resorbable materials are a first step in this direction. However, they may lead to adhesions and foreign body reactions in mucosal membranes. Simple occlusion is an effective method for creating a moist milieu for improved wound healing and avoiding dryness. Stenting of the frontal sinus is recommended if surgery fails to produce a wide, physiologically shaped drainage path that is sufficiently covered by intact tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer K Weber
- Sektion Nasennebenhöhlen- und Schädelbasischirurgie, Traumatologie, HNO-Klinik, Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Im AR, Park Y, Kim YS. Isolation and characterization of chondroitin sulfates from sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) and their effects on growth of fibroblasts. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:1268-73. [PMID: 20686217 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.1268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan that composed of hexosamine (D-galactosamine) and hexuronic acid (D-glucuronic acid) unit arranged in an alternating unbranched sequence. CS is an essential component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective tissue. It is mainly covalently attached to core proteins in the form of proteoglycans so that it exhibits specific interactions with proteins for cell growth, differentiation, division and migration. In this study, CSs were purified from the cartilage and backbone of sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis). To characterize their biochemical properties, we performed disaccharide compositional analysis after chondroitinase ABC digestion, high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and (1)H-NMR spectroscopy. We also investigated the effects of CSs on fibroblast proliferation and adhesion to determine whether wound healing was accelerated in vitro and proliferation of different mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathways was facilitated. The CS purified from sturgeon cartilage was primarily composed of 4-sulfated CS (88.8%) and sturgeon backbone CS contains more than 60% 6-sulfated CS. The average molecular weights of CSs obtained from sturgeon cartilage and backbone were found to be 8 and 43 kDa, respectively. Our results showed that both CSs are able to increase cell adhesion, induce proliferation and migration on fibroblasts and may accelerate wound healing by inducing MAPK signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A-Rang Im
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Schiraldi C, Cimini D, De Rosa M. Production of chondroitin sulfate and chondroitin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:1209-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2677-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
30
|
Abstract
This review presents an overview of polysaccharide-conjugated synthetic polymers and their use in tissue-engineered scaffolds and drug-delivery applications. This topic will be divided into four categories: (1) polymeric materials modified with non-mammalian polysaccharides such as alginate, chitin, and dextran; (2) polymers modified with mammalian polysaccharides such as hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate, and heparin; (3) multi-polysaccharide-derivatized polymer conjugate systems; and (4) polymers containing polysaccharide-mimetic molecules. Each section will discuss relevant conjugation techniques, analysis, and the impact of these materials as micelles, particles, or hydrogels used in in-vitro and in-vivo biomaterial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D. Baldwin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711
| | - Kristi L. Kiick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zou XH, Jiang YZ, Zhang GR, Jin HM, Hieu NTM, Ouyang HW. Specific interactions between human fibroblasts and particular chondroitin sulfate molecules for wound healing. Acta Biomater 2009; 5:1588-95. [PMID: 19141373 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 11/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The chondroitin sulfates (CSs) constitute an important group of biomacromolecules in the extracellular matrix. However, limited information is available about their specific biological functions. This study aimed to define the interactions between cells and various types of CS. The effects of CSs on cellular activities and the cell cycle were evaluated using cell culture, RNA interference, real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, wound healing and contraction models. The results showed that C-6-S promoted both cell proliferation and adhesion, while C-4-S promoted proliferation but inhibited adhesion. Moreover, knockdown of chondroitin inhibited cell proliferation and migration, as well as arresting cells in the G(2)/M phase. Also, both C-4-S and C-6-S promoted wound closure in a two-dimensional wound model, whereas only C-6-S inhibited wound contraction in a three-dimensional wound model. This study illustrates that the interaction between cells and different CSs are specific and sulfate-group-dependent. These findings provide useful information for better applications of CSs for wound healing.
Collapse
|
32
|
Witte SH, Olaifa AK, Lewis AJ, Eggleston RB, Halper J, Kietzmann M, Baeumer W, Mueller PE. Application of Exogenous Esterified Hyaluronan to Equine Distal Limb Wounds. J Equine Vet Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
33
|
Abstract
Background Nasal packing usually is placed after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) to control hemorrhage, but also may be used to prevent adhesions from forming and promote faster healing of damaged mucosa. Methods A literature review was performed to identify all forms of scientifically evaluated absorbable packing for ESS. Only English studies identifiable within the PubMed database were included. Studies were categorized by level of evidence and evaluated for methodological errors. Results Thirty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. There was a diverse range of article evidence and quality. Conclusion The most effective hemostatic agent currently available is FloSeal; however, this product causes an increase in adhesion formation. For the purpose of preventing adhesions, resorbable packs appear to have no benefit over either nonresorbables or no packing. If the middle turbinate is unstable at the conclusion of surgery, suturing it to the septum may reduce adhesions. Although mitomycin C, hyaluronic acid, and retinoic acid all have shown potential in these roles, to date, none have shown to be useful in the post-ESS chronic sinusitis human patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Kent Weitzel
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter-John Wormald
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Oelker AM, Grinstaff MW. Ophthalmic adhesives: a materials chemistry perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b719791h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
35
|
Prestwich GD, Shu XZ, Liu Y, Cai S, Walsh JF, Hughes CW, Ahmad S, Kirker KR, Yu B, Orlandi RR, Park AH, Thibeault SL, Duflo S, Smith ME. Injectable synthetic extracellular matrices for tissue engineering and repair. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 585:125-33. [PMID: 17120781 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-34133-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn D Prestwich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Orlandi RR, Shu XZ, McGill L, Petersen E, Prestwich GD. Structural variations in a single hyaluronan derivative significantly alter wound-healing effects in the rabbit maxillary sinus. Laryngoscope 2007; 117:1288-95. [PMID: 17603328 DOI: 10.1097/mlg.0b013e318058a083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomaterials based on hyaluronan (HA) are currently used after sinus surgery but have not been found to decrease scarring or enhance wound healing. Chemical composition of these modified HA molecules may impact their biological and clinical effects. OBJECTIVE To analyze chemical variations of a single crosslinked HA-based hydrogel, chemically modified thiolated HA (CMHA-SX). METHODS Four different components of the hydrogel composition were altered, yielding 54 variations. These were subjected to biomechanical testing, and then potential clinically relevant variations were further tested for swelling and degradation characteristics. Using a rabbit maxillary sinus model, the ability of the material variations to stent a neo-ostium was tested. Histologic measures were also assessed. Biomechanical and biological effects were correlated. RESULTS Minor compositional changes had profound biomechanical and biological effects. Swelling and rate of enzymatic degradation were closely related. CMHA-SX hydrogels that were the most effective stents in maintaining the neo-ostium also generated the lowest level of acute inflammation, as determined by histology. CONCLUSIONS Chemical composition has a significant impact on the clinical potential of modified HA materials. Histocompatibility appears to most significantly affect ostium preservation. SIGNIFICANCE Different CMHA-SX hydrogels perform differently in vivo, even when the chemical compositions are quite similar. Objective prospective testing of modified HA materials should precede their clinical use in sinus surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Orlandi
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Moreno PM, Meseguer DH. Bone changes after maxillary sinus surgery: an experimental scanning electron microscopy study. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2007; 122:470-5. [PMID: 17625038 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215107009632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to explore the pathogenic role of bone in sinus surgery, and to determine whether mucosal disease after sinus surgery may be induced by underlying disease within the bone. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-five rabbits were divided into five groups. In group one, wide surgical removal of the maxillary sinus mucosa and creation of a nasoantral window were undertaken. In group two, only nasoantral window creation was undertaken. In group three, the mucosa of the anterior maxillary sinus was removed. In group four, a strip of mucosa around the ostium was removed. Group five was used as a control. RESULTS After three months, in the groups which had undergone wide surgical removal, the medial sinus walls were observed to be retracted and the inner curtain of the bone disturbed, with alteration of the haversian canal system and osteoclastic bone resorption. CONCLUSIONS After radical sinus surgery, electron microscopic changes were observed in the bony walls, similar to those changes seen in osteomyelitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Moreno
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, Santa Maria Hospital, Lleida, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Liu Y, Shu XZ, Prestwich GD. Reduced postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions using Carbylan-SX, a semisynthetic glycosaminoglycan hydrogel. Fertil Steril 2007; 87:940-8. [PMID: 17157844 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.07.1532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of crosslinked Carbylan-SX (Carbylan BioSurgery, Inc., Palo Alto, CA) hydrogel films and sprayable gels as physical barriers in reducing postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions in the rat cecum-abdominal wall and rat uterine horn models. DESIGN Pre-formed crosslinked Carbylan-SX films and sprayable in situ crosslinkable Carbylan-SX gels were evaluated in rat cecum-abdominal wall and rat uterine horn models and compared with commercially available and clinically used Seprafilm. SETTING University animal research facility. ANIMALS Female Wistar rats. INTERVENTION(S) Abrasions were made with the foot-pedal-operated Flex-shaft (Dremel, Racine, WI) on both the cecum and abdominal wall (each area 10 mm in diameter) in female rats as one model and on both uterine horns (3 x 10 mm) in female rats as the other model. In each of the two adhesion models, four groups were assigned with eight rats in each group: (1) untreated control, (2) treated with Seprafilm (Genzyme Corporation, Cambridge, MA), (3) treated with preformed Carbylan-SX hydrogel films, and (4) treated with sprayable Carbylan-SX gel. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Extent and severity of postoperative adhesions between the cecum and the abdominal wall in rat cecum-abdominal wall model and between the uterine horns in rat uterine horn model. RESULT(S) The Carbylan-SX film and the Carbylan-SX sprayable gel led to fewer adhesions than Seprafilm in both rat adhesion models. Interestingly, a single physical form was not optimal for both models: the Carbylan film was more efficacious in the rat uterine horn model, whereas Carbylan gel gave the best results in the rat cecum-abdominal wall model. CONCLUSION(S) Both Carbylan-SX film and gel were efficacious in reducing postoperative intra-abdominal adhesion formation in rat cecum-abdominal wall and uterine horn models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108-1257, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Park AH, Jackson A, Hunter L, McGill L, Simonsen SE, Alder SC, Shu XZ, Prestwich G. Cross-Linked Hydrogels for Middle Ear Packing. Otol Neurotol 2006; 27:1170-5. [PMID: 16988619 DOI: 10.1097/01.mao.0000227893.50162.9e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an ideal supportive packing material for ossiculoplasty, tympanoplasty, or other otologic procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Several materials, namely, Carbylan-SX (P-C; Sentrx Surgical, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT), Gelfoam (P-GF; Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI), and Merogel (P-MG; Medtronics, Inc., Minneapolis, MN), were prepared and then placed into a Hartley guinea pig's (Elm Hill, Chelmsford, MA) middle ear cavities through a large myringotomy incision. The contralateral ear underwent a large myringotomy without packing material being placed. Preoperative and posteroperative auditory brainstem response studies were performed using Intelligent Hearing system software. The animals were examined weekly. Two weeks after packing placement, the animals were killed, and the temporal bones were harvested. Whole temporal bone sectioning was performed to analyze the presence of implant, surrounding inflammation, presence of osteoneogenesis and fibrosis, or adhesions. RESULTS All the materials, except the P-MG, were easy to place into the middle ear cavity. The P-MG contains woven strands that are difficult to trim into the small sizes needed for placement. The P-MG group had a smaller average amount of implant present compared with the other groups at 2 weeks. The degree of osteoneogenesis was similar among the P-GF, P-C, and P-MG groups. The P-MG and P-C groups contained the lowest amount of fibrosis between the implant and surrounding middle ear structures. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates promising results with P-C as a potential supportive packing material for otologic procedures. P-C compares favorably with P-MG and P-GF in a guinea pig model with respect to ease of placement and amount of fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert H Park
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Successful outcomes in rhinologic surgery require careful endoscopic interventions, not only in the operating room, but also in the perioperative setting. In particular, meticulous postoperative care is essential to successful outcomes. This article reviews aspects of wound healing and perioperative care that can optimize surgical patency and clinical outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Orlandi
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Center for Therapeutic Biomaterials, The University of Utah, 50 North Medical Drive, 3C120, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sondrup C, Liu Y, Shu XZ, Prestwich GD, Smith ME. Cross-linked hyaluronan-coated stents in the prevention of airway stenosis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006; 135:28-35. [PMID: 16815178 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2006.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This project studies the use of airway stents coated with a cross-linked derivative of hyaluronan (HA) in a rabbit airway model of subglottic stenosis (SGS). STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING An acute subglottic mucosal injury and airway stent placement design were used in a rabbit model. Thirty-six rabbits were randomized to 6 different study groups. Four groups had the subglottic mucosa denuded at the cricoid, and 2 groups received no injury. Airway stents coated with Carbylan-SX, a cross-linked derivative of HA, and controls were placed for 3 weeks. After sacrifice at 6 weeks, morphometric measurements of subglottic lumen were taken. RESULTS In posttraumatic models, no significant differences were seen in airway area measures between groups (P = 0.86). In non-injury groups, a significant difference between Carbylan-SX versus non-HA-derivative-coated stents was seen (P = 0.05). CONCLUSION In this model of acute subglottic mucosal injury, the HA-derivative-coated stent did not improve healing. However, in the absence of mucosal injury, the Carbylan-SX film-coated stent yielded significantly larger airway areas compared with a noncoated stent. SIGNIFICANCE Stents or endotracheal tubes coated with a cross-linked derivative of HA may prevent stenosis in patients without airway injury but require long-term intubation or laryngotracheal stenting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cole Sondrup
- University of Utah School of Medicine, The University of Utah, 50 N. Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cai S, Liu Y, Zheng Shu X, Prestwich GD. Injectable glycosaminoglycan hydrogels for controlled release of human basic fibroblast growth factor. Biomaterials 2005; 26:6054-67. [PMID: 15958243 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2004] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic hydrogel mimics of the extracellular matrix (ECM) were created by crosslinking a thiol-modified analog of heparin with thiol-modified hyaluronan (HA) or chondroitin sulfate (CS) with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA). The covalently bound heparin provided a crosslinkable analog of a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, thus providing a multivalent biomaterial capable of controlled release of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Hydrogels contained >97% water and formed rapidly in <10min. With as little as 1% (w/w) covalently bound heparin (relative to total glycosaminoglycan content), the rate of release of bFGF in vitro was substantially reduced. Total bFGF released increased with lower percentages of heparin; essentially quantitative release of bFGF was observed from heparin-free hydrogels. Moreover, the hydrogel-released bFGF retained 55% of its biological activity for up to 28 days as determined by a cell proliferation assay. Finally, when these hydrogels were implanted into subcutaneous pockets in Balb/c mice, neovascularization increased dramatically with HA and CS hydrogels that contained both bFGF and crosslinked heparin. In contrast, hydrogels lacking bFGF or crosslinked heparin showed little increase in neovascularization. Thus, covalently linked, heparin-containing glycosaminoglycan hydrogels that can be injected and crosslinked in situ constitute highly promising new materials for controlled release of heparin-binding growth factors in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenshen Cai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah, 419 Wakara Way, Suite 205, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-125, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|