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Thevis M, Geyer H, Thomas A, Tretzel L, Bailloux I, Buisson C, Lasne F, Schaefer MS, Kienbaum P, Mueller-Stoever I, Schänzer W. Formation of the diuretic chlorazanil from the antimalarial drug proguanil--implications for sports drug testing. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015. [PMID: 26226108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chlorazanil (Ordipan, N-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) is a diuretic agent and as such prohibited in sport according to the regulations of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Despite its introduction into clinical practice in the late 1950s, the worldwide very first two adverse analytical findings were registered only in 2014, being motive for an in-depth investigation of these cases. Both individuals denied the intake of the drug; however, the athletes did declare the use of the antimalarial prophylactic agent proguanil due to temporary residences in African countries. A structural similarity between chlorazanil and proguanil is given but no direct metabolic relation has been reported in the scientific literature. Moreover, chlorazanil has not been confirmed as a drug impurity of proguanil. Proguanil however is metabolized in humans to N-(4-chlorophenyl)-biguanide, which represents a chemical precursor in the synthesis of chlorazanil. In the presence of formic acid, formaldehyde, or formic acid esters, N-(4-chlorophenyl)-biguanide converts to chlorazanil. In order to probe for potential sources of the chlorazanil detected in the doping control samples, drug formulations containing proguanil and urine samples of individuals using proguanil as antimalarial drug were subjected to liquid chromatography-high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry. In addition, in vitro simulations with 4-chlorophenyl-biguanide and respective reactants were conducted in urine and resulting specimens analyzed for the presence of chlorazanil. While no chlorazanil was found in drug formulations, the urine samples of 2 out of 4 proguanil users returned findings for chlorazanil at low ng/mL levels, similar to the adverse analytical findings in the doping control samples. Further, in the presence of formaldehyde, formic acid and related esters, 4-chlorophenyl-biguanide was found to produce chlorazanil in human urine, suggesting that the detection of the obsolete diuretic agent was indeed the result of artefact formation and not of the illicit use of a prohibited substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne/Bonn, Germany.
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Laura Tretzel
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Isabelle Bailloux
- Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), 143 avenue Roger Salengro, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Corinne Buisson
- Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), 143 avenue Roger Salengro, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Francoise Lasne
- Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), 143 avenue Roger Salengro, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Maximilian S Schaefer
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Kienbaum
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Irmela Mueller-Stoever
- Tropical Medicine Unit, University Hospital for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
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Ali I, Hussain I, Sanagi MM, Ibrahim WAW, Aboul-Enein HY. Analyses of Biguanides and Related Compounds in Biological and Environmental Samples by HPLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.940803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- a Department of Chemistry , Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Iqbal Hussain
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
- c Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies, Nanotechnology Reseach Alliance , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
| | - Mohd Marsin Sanagi
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
- c Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies, Nanotechnology Reseach Alliance , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
| | - Wan Aini Wan Ibrahim
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
- c Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies, Nanotechnology Reseach Alliance , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- d Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry , Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre , Dokki , Cairo , Egypt
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Veer VS, Pingale SG, Mangaonkar KV. ULTRA PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF ATOVAQUONE AND PROGUANIL IN RABBIT PLASMA AND ITS APPLICATION TO A PHARMACOKINETIC STUDY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2013.825854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay S. Veer
- a Department of Chemistry, Mithibai College of Arts , Chauhan Institute of Science & Amrutben Jivanlal College of Commerce and Economics, Vile Parle (W) , Mumbai , India
| | - Satish G. Pingale
- a Department of Chemistry, Mithibai College of Arts , Chauhan Institute of Science & Amrutben Jivanlal College of Commerce and Economics, Vile Parle (W) , Mumbai , India
| | - Kiran V. Mangaonkar
- a Department of Chemistry, Mithibai College of Arts , Chauhan Institute of Science & Amrutben Jivanlal College of Commerce and Economics, Vile Parle (W) , Mumbai , India
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Gurule S, Goswami D, Khuroo AH, Monif T. LC-APCI mass spectrometric method development and validation for the determination of atovaquone in human plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 24:497-505. [PMID: 19711297 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A newly developed LC-APCI mass spectrometric method is described for human plasma determination of atovaquone using lapachol internal standard. A single-step protein precipitation technique for plasma extraction of atovaquone achieving mean recovery of 94.17% (CV 8%) without compromising sensitivity (limit of quantitation 50.3 ng/mL) or linearity (50.3 ng/mL-23924.6 ng/mL) is delineated in this paper. Heated nebulizer in negative multiple reaction monitoring mode was employed with transitions m/z 365.2 --> m/z 337.1 and m/z 240.9 --> m/z 185.7 for atovaquone and lapachol respectively in this liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method. Excellent chromatographic separation on a Synergi 4 micro Polar-RP 80A (150 x 2.0 mm) column, using 100 microL of plasma extraction volume along with 10 microL of injection load, completing analysis run-time within 2.5 min, highlights this simple yet unique bioanalytical method. The developed method can be successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies on atovaquone suspension administered in healthy volunteers or HIV-infected patients. Moreover full method validation results not published before are presented and discussed in detail for the first time in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Gurule
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics, Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
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Pingale SG, Nerurkar KK, Padgaonkar AM, Pawar UD, Mangaonkar KV. Alternative LC–MS–MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of Proguanil, Its Active Metabolite in Human Plasma and Application to a Bioequivalence Study. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bergqvist Y, Hopstadius C. Simultaneous separation of atovaquone, proguanil and its metabolites on a mixed mode high-performance liquid chromatographic column. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 741:189-93. [PMID: 10872588 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for simultaneous separation of the components in the antimalarial combination drug Malarone with UV detection is described. An HPLC system using a mixed mode column composed of 50% C(18) phase and 50% strong cation-exchanger has been optimised for the simultaneous separation of atovaquone, proguanil and its two main metabolites. The mobile phase was optimised for factors such as pH, counter ion concentration and acetonitrile. Elimination of interferences from other antimalarial drugs was achieved by adding sodium perchlorate to the mobile phase. With a mobile phase of acetonitrile-phosphate buffer (60:40, v/v) pH 6.8, 50.7 mmol l(-1) K+ and 10 mmol l(-1) Na x ClO4, separation was achieved within a run time shorter than 17 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bergqvist
- Dalarna University College, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden.
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Bergqvist Y, Funding L, Kaneko A, Krysén B, Leek T. Improved method for the simultaneous determination of proguanil and its metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography and solid-phase extraction of 100-microl capillary blood samples dried on sampling paper. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 719:141-9. [PMID: 9869374 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An improved method is presented for the determination of proguanil, cycloguanil and 4-chlorophenylbiguanide in 100-microl capillary blood samples applied to sampling paper. This method also utilises a solid-phase extraction technique and high-performance liquid chromatography. Different kinds of sampling paper, such as ion-exchange and cellulose sampling paper were tested. The best elution recovery (70-80%) was obtained after treatment of cellulose sampling paper with a quaternary ammonium compound. The limit of determination was 50 nmol/l for cycloguanil and 4-chlorophenylbiguanide and 125 nmol/l for proguanil using 100 microl capillary blood. The stability of the analytes and elution performance from sampling paper was validated at different temperature and storage time. Venous blood and capillary blood concentrations of proguanil and metabolites were found to be similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bergqvist
- Dalarna University College, Borlänge, Sweden
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