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Oshikiri H, Li H, Manabe M, Yamamoto H, Yazaki K, Takanashi K. Comparative Analysis of Shikonin and Alkannin Acyltransferases Reveals Their Functional Conservation in Boraginaceae. Plant Cell Physiol 2024; 65:362-371. [PMID: 38181221 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Shikonin and its enantiomer, alkannin, are bioactive naphthoquinones produced in several plants of the family Boraginaceae. The structures of these acylated derivatives, which have various short-chain acyl moieties, differ among plant species. The acylation of shikonin and alkannin in Lithospermum erythrorhizon was previously reported to be catalyzed by two enantioselective BAHD acyltransferases, shikonin O-acyltransferase (LeSAT1) and alkannin O-acyltransferase (LeAAT1). However, the mechanisms by which various shikonin and alkannin derivatives are produced in Boraginaceae plants remain to be determined. In the present study, evaluation of six Boraginaceae plants identified 23 homologs of LeSAT1 and LeAAT1, with 15 of these enzymes found to catalyze the acylation of shikonin or alkannin, utilizing acetyl-CoA, isobutyryl-CoA or isovaleryl-CoA as an acyl donor. Analyses of substrate specificities of these enzymes for both acyl donors and acyl acceptors and determination of their subcellular localization using Nicotiana benthamiana revealed a distinct functional differentiation of BAHD acyltransferases in Boraginaceae plants. Gene expression of these acyltransferases correlated with the enantiomeric ratio of produced shikonin/alkannin derivatives in L. erythrorhizon and Echium plantagineum. These enzymes showed conserved substrate specificities for acyl donors among plant species, indicating that the diversity in acyl moieties of shikonin/alkannin derivatives involved factors other than the differentiation of acyltransferases. These findings provide insight into the chemical diversification and evolutionary processes of shikonin/alkannin derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Oshikiri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621 Japan
| | - Hao Li
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011 Japan
| | - Misaki Manabe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621 Japan
| | - Hirobumi Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Izumino 1-1-1, Itakura-machi, Oru-gun, Gunma, 374-0193 Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011 Japan
| | - Kojiro Takanashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621 Japan
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Masnoon J, Ishaque A, Khan I, Salim A, Kabir N. Effect of lawsone-preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells on the regeneration of pancreatic β cells in Type 1 diabetic rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:833-844. [PMID: 37814478 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the major health issues globally. Type 1 diabetes mellitus develops due to the destruction of pancreatic β cells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) having remarkable self-renewal and differentiation potential, can regenerate β cells. MSCs preconditioned with bioactive small molecules possess enhanced biological features and therapeutic potential under in vivo environment. Interestingly, compounds of naphthoquinone class possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties, and can be explored as potential candidates for preconditioning MSCs. This study analyzed the effect of lawsone-preconditioned human umbilical cord MSCs (hUMSCs) on the regeneration of β cells in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Type 1 diabetes (T1D) rats. hUMSCs were isolated and characterized for the presence of surface markers. MSCs were preconditioned with optimized concentration of lawsone. T1D rat model was established by injecting 50 mg/kg of STZ intraperitoneally. Untreated and lawsone-preconditioned hUMSCs were transplanted into the diabetic rats via tail vein. Fasting blood sugar and body weight were monitored regularly for 4 weeks. Pancreas was harvested and β cell regeneration was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and gene expression analysis. Immunohistochemistry was also done to assess the insulin expression. Lawsone-preconditioned hUMSCs showed better anti-hyperglycemic effect in comparison with untreated hUMSCs. Histological analysis presented the regeneration of islets of Langerhans with upregulated expression of βcell genes and reduced expression of inflammatory markers. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong insulin expression in the preconditioned hUMSCs compared with the untreated hUMSCs. It is concluded from the present study that lawsone-preconditioned hMSCs were able to exhibit pronounced anti-hyperglycemic effect in vivo compared with hUMSCs alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javeria Masnoon
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Ishaque
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Khan
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Asmat Salim
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nurul Kabir
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Schwanemann T, Otto M, Wynands B, Marienhagen J, Wierckx N. A Pseudomonas taiwanensis malonyl-CoA platform strain for polyketide synthesis. Metab Eng 2023; 77:219-230. [PMID: 37031949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Malonyl-CoA is a central precursor for biosynthesis of a wide range of complex secondary metabolites. The development of platform strains with increased malonyl-CoA supply can contribute to the efficient production of secondary metabolites, especially if such strains exhibit high tolerance towards these chemicals. In this study, Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120 was engineered for increased malonyl-CoA availability to produce bacterial and plant-derived polyketides. A multi-target metabolic engineering strategy focusing on decreasing the malonyl-CoA drain and increasing malonyl-CoA precursor availability, led to an increased production of various malonyl-CoA-derived products, including pinosylvin, resveratrol and flaviolin. The production of flaviolin, a molecule deriving from five malonyl-CoA molecules, was doubled compared to the parental strain by this malonyl-CoA increasing strategy. Additionally, the engineered platform strain enabled production of up to 84 mg L-1 resveratrol from supplemented p-coumarate. One key finding of this study was that acetyl-CoA carboxylase overexpression majorly contributed to an increased malonyl-CoA availability for polyketide production in dependence on the used strain-background and whether downstream fatty acid synthesis was impaired, reflecting its complexity in metabolism. Hence, malonyl-CoA availability is primarily determined by competition of the production pathway with downstream fatty acid synthesis, while supply reactions are of secondary importance for compounds that derive directly from malonyl-CoA in Pseudomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schwanemann
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Maike Otto
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Wynands
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jan Marienhagen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nick Wierckx
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
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Nowicka B, Walczak J, Kapsiak M, Barnaś K, Dziuba J, Suchoń A. Impact of cytotoxic plant naphthoquinones, juglone, plumbagin, lawsone and 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii reveals the biochemical mechanism of juglone toxicity by rapid depletion of plastoquinol. Plant Physiol Biochem 2023; 197:107660. [PMID: 36996637 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophilic, untethered 1,4-naphthoquinones (1,4-NQs) are plant secondary metabolites that are often excreted into the environment and play a role in various plant-microbial, plant-fungal, plant-insect and plant-plant interactions. The biological activity of 1,4-NQs is mainly related to their redox properties, i.e. the ability to undergo redox cycling in cells. These compounds may also undergo electrophilic addition to thiol-containing compounds. The aim of this study was to compare the impact of juglone, plumbagin, lawsone and 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (2-met-NQ) on the antioxidant response of the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The algae were incubated with the examined compounds under low light for 6 h and the content of photosynthetic pigments, prenyllipid antioxidants, ascorbate, soluble thiols, proline, and superoxide dismutase activity was assessed. To examine the interaction between photosynthetic activity and naphthoquinone toxicity, we carried out the second experiment, in which C. reinhardtii was incubated with 1,4-NQs for 1 h under high light or in darkness. The pro-oxidant action of the examined 1,4-NQs depended on their reduction potentials, which decrease in order: juglone > plumbagin > 2-met-NQ > lawsone. Lawsone did not display pro-oxidant properties. Exposure to high light strongly enhanced the pro-oxidant effect of juglone, plumbagin, and 2-met-NQ, which is thought to result from the interception of the electrons from photosynthetic electron transfer chain. Only juglone was able to cause a fast depletion of plastoquinol, which may be an important mode of action of this allelochemical, responsible for its high toxicity to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrycze Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland.
| | - Jan Walczak
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Maja Kapsiak
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Karolina Barnaś
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Julia Dziuba
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Suchoń
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
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Wang S, Shi L, Wang R, Liu C, Wang J, Shen Y, Tatsumi K, Navrot N, Liu T, Guo L. Characterization of Arnebia euchroma PGT homologs involved in the biosynthesis of shikonin. Plant Physiol Biochem 2023; 196:587-595. [PMID: 36780721 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Shikonin is a red naphthoquinone natural product from plants with high economical and medical values. The para-hydroxybenzoic acid geranyltransferase (PGT) catalyzes the key regulatory step of shikonin biosynthesis. PGTs from Lithospermum erythrorhizon have been well-characterized and used in industrial shikonin production. However, its perennial medicinal plant Arnebia euchroma accumulates much more pigment and the underlying mechanism remains obscure. Here, we discovered and characterized the different isoforms of AePGTs. Phylogenetic study and structure modeling suggested that the N-terminal of AePGT6 contributed to its highest activity among 7 AePGTs. Indeed, AePGT2 and AePGT3 fused with 60 amino acids from the N-terminal of AePGT6 showed even higher activity than AePGT6, while native AePGT2 and AePGT3 don't have catalytic activity. Our result not only provided a mechanistic explanation of high shikonin contents in Arnebia euchroma but also engineered a best-performing PGT to achieve the highest-to-date production of 3-geranyl-4-hydroxybenzoate acid, an intermedium of shikonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67084, France
| | - Linyuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ruishan Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Changzheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jinye Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ye Shen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Kanade Tatsumi
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67084, France
| | - Nicolas Navrot
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67084, France
| | - Tan Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Lanping Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Suttiyut T, Benzinger SW, McCoy RM, Widhalm JR. Strategies to study the metabolic origins of specialized plant metabolites: The specialized 1,4-naphthoquinones. Methods Enzymol 2023; 680:217-246. [PMID: 36710012 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of specialized plant metabolites is that they are produced using precursors from central metabolism. Therefore, in addition to identifying and characterizing the pathway genes and enzymes involved in synthesizing a specialized compound, it is critical to study its metabolic origins. Identifying what primary metabolic pathways supply precursors to specialized metabolism and how primary metabolism has diversified to sustain fluxes to specialized metabolite pathways is imperative to optimizing synthetic biology strategies for producing high-value plant natural products in crops and microbial systems. Improved understanding of the metabolic origins of specialized plant metabolites has also revealed instances of recurrent evolution of the same compound, or nearly identical compounds, with similar ecological functions, thereby expanding knowledge about the factors driving the chemical diversity in the plant kingdom. In this chapter, we describe detailed methods for performing tracer studies, chemical inhibitor experiments, and reverse genetics. We use examples from investigations of the metabolic origins of specialized plant 1,4-naphthoquinones (1,4-NQs). The plant 1,4-NQs provide an excellent case study for illustrating the importance of investigating the metabolic origins of specialized metabolites. Over half a century of research by many groups has revealed that the pathways to synthesize plant 1,4-NQs are the result of multiple events of convergent evolution across several disparate plant lineages and that plant 1,4-NQ pathways are supported by extraordinary events of metabolic innovation and by various primary metabolic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiti Suttiyut
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Scott W Benzinger
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Rachel M McCoy
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Joshua R Widhalm
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
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Tatsumi K, Ichino T, Isaka N, Sugiyama A, Moriyoshi E, Okazaki Y, Higashi Y, Kajikawa M, Tsuji Y, Fukuzawa H, Toyooka K, Sato M, Ichi I, Shimomura K, Ohta H, Saito K, Yazaki K. Excretion of triacylglycerol as a matrix lipid facilitating apoplastic accumulation of a lipophilic metabolite shikonin. J Exp Bot 2023; 74:104-117. [PMID: 36223279 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a large variety of lipophilic metabolites, many of which are secreted by cells and accumulated in apoplasts. These compounds often play a role to protect plants from environmental stresses. However, little is known about how these lipophilic compounds are secreted into apoplastic spaces. In this study, we used shikonin-producing cultured cells of Lithospermum erythrorhizon as an experimental model system to analyze the secretion of lipophilic metabolites, taking advantage of its high production rate and the clear inducibility in culture. Shikonin derivatives are lipophilic red naphthoquinone compounds that accumulate exclusively in apoplastic spaces of these cells and also in the root epidermis of intact plants. Microscopic analysis showed that shikonin is accumulated in the form of numerous particles on the cell wall. Lipidomic analysis showed that L. erythrorhizon cultured cells secrete an appreciable portion of triacylglycerol (24-38% of total triacylglycerol), composed predominantly of saturated fatty acids. Moreover, in vitro reconstitution assay showed that triacylglycerol encapsulates shikonin derivatives with phospholipids to form lipid droplet-like structures. These findings suggest a novel role for triacylglycerol as a matrix lipid, a molecular component involved in the secretion of specialized lipophilic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanade Tatsumi
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takuji Ichino
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Natsumi Isaka
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Akifumi Sugiyama
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Eiko Moriyoshi
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yozo Okazaki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Higashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masataka Kajikawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Tsuji
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hideya Fukuzawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kiminori Toyooka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mayuko Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Ichi
- Institute for Human Life Innovation, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Koichiro Shimomura
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
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Gatsios A, Kim CS, York AG, Flavell RA, Crawford JM. Cellular Stress-Induced Metabolites in Escherichia coli. J Nat Prod 2022; 85:2626-2640. [PMID: 36346625 PMCID: PMC9949963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli isolates commonly inhabit the human microbiota, yet the majority of E. coli's small-molecule repertoire remains uncharacterized. We previously employed erythromycin-induced translational stress to facilitate the characterization of autoinducer-3 (AI-3) and structurally related pyrazinones derived from "abortive" tRNA synthetase reactions in pathogenic, commensal, and probiotic E. coli isolates. In this study, we explored the "missing" tryptophan-derived pyrazinone reaction and characterized two other families of metabolites that were similarly upregulated under erythromycin stress. Strikingly, the abortive tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase reaction leads to a tetracyclic indole alkaloid metabolite (1) rather than a pyrazinone. Furthermore, erythromycin induced two naphthoquinone-functionalized metabolites (MK-hCys, 2; and MK-Cys, 3) and four lumazines (7-10). Using genetic and metabolite analyses coupled with biomimetic synthesis, we provide support that the naphthoquinones are derived from 4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (DHNA), an intermediate in the menaquinone biosynthetic pathway, and the amino acids homocysteine and cysteine. In contrast, the lumazines are dependent on a flavin intermediate and α-ketoacids from the aminotransferases AspC and TyrB. We show that one of the lumazine members (9), an indole-functionalized analogue, possesses antioxidant properties, modulates the anti-inflammatory fate of isolated TH17 cells, and serves as an aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist. These three systems described here serve to illustrate that new metabolic branches could be more commonly derived from well-established primary metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gatsios
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Institute of Biomolecular Design & Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Chung Sub Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Institute of Biomolecular Design & Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Autumn G. York
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jason M. Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Institute of Biomolecular Design & Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Vasav AP, Godbole RC, Darshetkar AM, Pable AA, Barvkar VT. Functional genomics-enabled characterization of CYP81B140 and CYP81B141 from Plumbago zeylanica L. substantiates their involvement in plumbagin biosynthesis. Planta 2022; 256:102. [PMID: 36282353 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Novel cytochrome P450s, CYP81B140 and CYP81B141 from Plumbago zeylanica were functionally characterized to understand their involvement in polyketide plumbagin biosynthesis. Further, we propose 3-methyl-1-8-naphthalenediol and isoshinanolone as intermediates for plumbagin biosynthesis. Plumbago zeylanica L. (P. zeylanica) is a medicinally important plant belonging to the family Plumbaginaceae. It comprises the most abundant naphthoquinone plumbagin having anti-cancer activity. Only the polyketide synthase (PKS) enzyme has been identified from the biosynthetic pathway which catalyzes iterative condensation of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA molecules. The plumbagin biosynthesis involves hydroxylation, oxidation, hydration and dehydration of intermediate compounds which are expected to be catalyzed by cytochrome P450s (CYPs). To identify the CYPs, co-expression analysis was carried out using PKS as a candidate gene. Out of the eight identified CYPs, CYP81B140 and CYP81B141 have similar expression with PKS and belong to the CYP81 family. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that CYP81B140 and CYP81B141 cluster with CYPs from CYP81B, CYP81D, CYP81E and CYP81AA subfamilies which are known to be involved in the hydroxylation and oxidation reactions. Moreover, artificial microRNA-mediated transient individual silencing and co-silencing of CYP81B140 and CYP81B141 significantly reduced plumbagin and increased the 3-methyl-1-8-naphthalenediol and isoshinanolone content. Based on metabolite analysis, we proposed that 3-methyl-1-8-naphthalenediol and isoshinanolone function as intermediates for plumbagin biosynthesis. Transient silencing, over-expression and docking analysis revealed that CYP81B140 is involved in C-1 oxidation, C-4 hydroxylation and [C2-C3] hydration of 3-methyl-1-8-naphthalenediol to form isoshinanolone, whereas CYP81B141 is catalyzing [C2-C3] dehydration and C-4 oxidation of isoshinanolone to form plumbagin. Our results indicated that both CYP81B140 and CYP81B141 are promiscuous and necessary for plumbagin biosynthesis. This is the first report of identification and functional characterization of P. zeylanica-specific CYPs involved in plumbagin biosynthetic pathway and in general hexaketide synthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arati P Vasav
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Rucha C Godbole
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | | | - Anupama A Pable
- Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Vitthal T Barvkar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India.
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Lohberger B, Kaltenegger H, Eck N, Glänzer D, Sadoghi P, Leithner A, Bauer R, Kretschmer N, Steinecker-Frohnwieser B. Shikonin Derivatives Inhibit Inflammation Processes and Modulate MAPK Signaling in Human Healthy and Osteoarthritis Chondrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063396. [PMID: 35328817 PMCID: PMC8955849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder and is characterized by the degeneration of articular cartilage. To develop new therapeutic approaches, we investigated the effect of shikonin derivatives on inflammation, MMP expression, and the regulation of MAPK signaling in human healthy (HC) and OA chondrocytes (pCH-OA). Viability was analyzed using the CellTiter-Glo® Assay. Inflammatory processes were investigated using a proteome profiler™ assay. Furthermore, we analyzed the effects of the shikonin derivatives by protein expression analysis of the phosphorylation pattern and the corresponding downstream gene regulation using RT-qPCR. Both HC and pCH-OA showed a dose-dependent decrease in viability after treatment. The strongest effects were found for shikonin with IC50 values of 1.2 ± 0.1 µM. Shikonin counteracts the inflammatory response by massively reducing the expression of the pro-inflammatory mediators. The phosphorylation level of ERK changed slightly. pJNK and pp38 showed a significant increase, and the downstream targets c/EBPs and MEF2c may play a role in the cartilage homeostasis. STAT3 phosphorylation decreased significantly and has a chondroprotective function through the regulation of cyclin D1 and Sox9. Our results demonstrate for the first time that shikonin derivatives have extensive effects on the inflammatory processes, MAPKs, and IL6/STAT3 downstream regulation in healthy and OA chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Lohberger
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.L.); (H.K.); (N.E.); (D.G.); (P.S.); (A.L.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Beethovenstr. 8, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Heike Kaltenegger
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.L.); (H.K.); (N.E.); (D.G.); (P.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Nicole Eck
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.L.); (H.K.); (N.E.); (D.G.); (P.S.); (A.L.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Thorerstraße 26, 5760 Saalfelden, Austria
| | - Dietmar Glänzer
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.L.); (H.K.); (N.E.); (D.G.); (P.S.); (A.L.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Thorerstraße 26, 5760 Saalfelden, Austria
| | - Patrick Sadoghi
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.L.); (H.K.); (N.E.); (D.G.); (P.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Andreas Leithner
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.L.); (H.K.); (N.E.); (D.G.); (P.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Beethovenstr. 8, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Nadine Kretschmer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Beethovenstr. 8, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.B.); (N.K.)
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11
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Cui J, Jia J. Discovery of juglone and its derivatives as potent SARS-CoV-2 main proteinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 225:113789. [PMID: 34438124 PMCID: PMC8372460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 as a positive-sense single-stranded RNA coronavirus caused the global outbreak of COVID-19. The main protease (Mpro) of the virus as the major enzyme processing viral polyproteins contributed to the replication and transcription of SARS-CoV-2 in host cells, and has been characterized as an attractive target in drug discovery. Herein, a set of 1,4-naphthoquinones with juglone skeleton were prepared and evaluated for the inhibitory efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. More than half of the tested naphthoquinones could effectively inhibit the target enzyme with an inhibition rate of more than 90% at the concentration of 10 μM. In the structure-activity relationships (SARs) analysis, the characteristics of substituents and their position on juglone core scaffold were recognized as key ingredients for enzyme inhibitory activity. The most active compound, 2-acetyl-8-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (15), which exhibited much higher potency in enzyme inhibitions than shikonin as the positive control, displayed an IC50 value of 72.07 ± 4.84 nM towards Mpro-mediated hydrolysis of the fluorescently labeled peptide. It fit well into the active site cavity of the enzyme by forming hydrogen bonds with adjacent amino acid residues in molecular docking studies. The results from in vitro antiviral activity evaluation demonstrated that the most potent Mpro inhibitor could significantly suppress the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cells within the low micromolar concentrations, with its EC50 value of about 4.55 μM. It was non-toxic towards the host Vero E6 cells under tested concentrations. The present research work implied that juglone skeleton could be a primary template for the development of potent Mpro inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jinping Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Siatkowska K, Chraniuk M, Bollin P, Banasiuk R. Light emitting diodes optimisation for secondary metabolites production by Droseraceae plants. J Photochem Photobiol B 2021; 224:112308. [PMID: 34543848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The most abundant active compound in Droseraceae is plumbagin, a naphthoquinone widely used for medical purposes due to its antimicrobial, antitussive, antimalarial and anticancer properties. In this work, we created a light-emitting diode (LED) based culture illumination setup as an alternative to fluorescent lamps traditionally used as a light source in plant in vitro cultures. The plants of Drosera binata and Drosera peltata cultured under LED illumination grew equally well and produced similar amounts of biologically active compounds as plants grown under fluorescent lamps. The plants were cultured on two media differing in mineral composition, sucrose content and pH. Secondary metabolites were extracted with ethanol from the plants after harvesting. The extracts were subjected to HPLC and microbiological analyses. We observed differences in morphology and secondary metabolism between plants of the same species grown on different media. However, we did not note significant changes in secondary metabolite yield under assessed lighting conditions. We propose LEDs as a more efficient, eco-friendly and economically reasonable source of light for big scale in vitro production of plumbagin in Drosera species than fluorescent lamps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Siatkowska
- Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdańsk, Poland; Herbiopharm sp. z o.o., Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Milena Chraniuk
- Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdańsk, Poland; Herbiopharm sp. z o.o., Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Bollin
- Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Rafał Banasiuk
- Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdańsk, Poland; Herbiopharm sp. z o.o., Gdańsk, Poland.
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13
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Beck C, Gren T, Ortiz-López FJ, Jørgensen TS, Carretero-Molina D, Martín Serrano J, Tormo JR, Oves-Costales D, Kontou EE, Mohite OS, Mingyar E, Stegmann E, Genilloud O, Weber T. Activation and Identification of a Griseusin Cluster in Streptomyces sp. CA-256286 by Employing Transcriptional Regulators and Multi-Omics Methods. Molecules 2021; 26:6580. [PMID: 34770989 PMCID: PMC8588249 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces are well-known producers of a range of different secondary metabolites, including antibiotics and other bioactive compounds. Recently, it has been demonstrated that "silent" biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) can be activated by heterologously expressing transcriptional regulators from other BGCs. Here, we have activated a silent BGC in Streptomyces sp. CA-256286 by overexpression of a set of SARP family transcriptional regulators. The structure of the produced compound was elucidated by NMR and found to be an N-acetyl cysteine adduct of the pyranonaphtoquinone polyketide 3'-O-α-d-forosaminyl-(+)-griseusin A. Employing a combination of multi-omics and metabolic engineering techniques, we identified the responsible BGC. These methods include genome mining, proteomics and transcriptomics analyses, in combination with CRISPR induced gene inactivations and expression of the BGC in a heterologous host strain. This work demonstrates an easy-to-implement workflow of how silent BGCs can be activated, followed by the identification and characterization of the produced compound, the responsible BGC, and hints of its biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Beck
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (C.B.); (T.G.); (T.S.J.); (E.E.K.); (O.S.M.)
| | - Tetiana Gren
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (C.B.); (T.G.); (T.S.J.); (E.E.K.); (O.S.M.)
| | - Francisco Javier Ortiz-López
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Conocimiento, 34, 18016 Granada, Spain; (F.J.O.-L.); (D.C.-M.); (J.M.S.); (J.R.T.); (D.O.-C.)
| | - Tue Sparholt Jørgensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (C.B.); (T.G.); (T.S.J.); (E.E.K.); (O.S.M.)
| | - Daniel Carretero-Molina
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Conocimiento, 34, 18016 Granada, Spain; (F.J.O.-L.); (D.C.-M.); (J.M.S.); (J.R.T.); (D.O.-C.)
| | - Jesús Martín Serrano
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Conocimiento, 34, 18016 Granada, Spain; (F.J.O.-L.); (D.C.-M.); (J.M.S.); (J.R.T.); (D.O.-C.)
| | - José R. Tormo
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Conocimiento, 34, 18016 Granada, Spain; (F.J.O.-L.); (D.C.-M.); (J.M.S.); (J.R.T.); (D.O.-C.)
| | - Daniel Oves-Costales
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Conocimiento, 34, 18016 Granada, Spain; (F.J.O.-L.); (D.C.-M.); (J.M.S.); (J.R.T.); (D.O.-C.)
| | - Eftychia E. Kontou
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (C.B.); (T.G.); (T.S.J.); (E.E.K.); (O.S.M.)
| | - Omkar S. Mohite
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (C.B.); (T.G.); (T.S.J.); (E.E.K.); (O.S.M.)
| | - Erik Mingyar
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (E.M.); (E.S.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Evi Stegmann
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (E.M.); (E.S.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olga Genilloud
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Conocimiento, 34, 18016 Granada, Spain; (F.J.O.-L.); (D.C.-M.); (J.M.S.); (J.R.T.); (D.O.-C.)
| | - Tilmann Weber
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (C.B.); (T.G.); (T.S.J.); (E.E.K.); (O.S.M.)
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14
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Zhu G, Zeng H, Zhang S, Juli J, Tai L, Zhang D, Pang X, Zhang Y, Lam SM, Zhu Y, Peng G, Michel H, Sun F. The Unusual Homodimer of a Heme-Copper Terminal Oxidase Allows Itself to Utilize Two Electron Donors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13323-13330. [PMID: 33665933 PMCID: PMC8251803 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The heme-copper oxidase superfamily comprises cytochrome c and ubiquinol oxidases. These enzymes catalyze the transfer of electrons from different electron donors onto molecular oxygen. A B-family cytochrome c oxidase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex aeolicus was discovered previously to be able to use both cytochrome c and naphthoquinol as electron donors. Its molecular mechanism as well as the evolutionary significance are yet unknown. Here we solved its 3.4 Å resolution electron cryo-microscopic structure and discovered a novel dimeric structure mediated by subunit I (CoxA2) that would be essential for naphthoquinol binding and oxidation. The unique structural features in both proton and oxygen pathways suggest an evolutionary adaptation of this oxidase to its hyperthermophilic environment. Our results add a new conceptual understanding of structural variation of cytochrome c oxidases in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesCAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences15 Datun Road, Chaoyang DistrictBeijing100101China
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Molecular Membrane BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiophysicsMax-von Laue-Straβe 360438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Shuangbo Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesCAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences15 Datun Road, Chaoyang DistrictBeijing100101China
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Jana Juli
- Department of Molecular Membrane BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiophysicsMax-von Laue-Straβe 360438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Linhua Tai
- National Key Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesCAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences15 Datun Road, Chaoyang DistrictBeijing100101China
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Danyang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesCAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences15 Datun Road, Chaoyang DistrictBeijing100101China
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Xiaoyun Pang
- National Key Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesCAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences15 Datun Road, Chaoyang DistrictBeijing100101China
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesCAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences15 Datun Road, Chaoyang DistrictBeijing100101China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- LipidALL Technologies Company LimitedChangzhou213022Jiangsu ProvinceChina
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesNo.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang DistrictBeijing100101China
| | - Yun Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesCAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences15 Datun Road, Chaoyang DistrictBeijing100101China
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Guohong Peng
- National Key Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesCAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences15 Datun Road, Chaoyang DistrictBeijing100101China
- Department of Molecular Membrane BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiophysicsMax-von Laue-Straβe 360438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Hartmut Michel
- Department of Molecular Membrane BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiophysicsMax-von Laue-Straβe 360438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Fei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesCAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences15 Datun Road, Chaoyang DistrictBeijing100101China
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Center for Biological ImagingInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences15 Datun Road, Chaoyang DistrictBeijing100101China
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15
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Kristensen SB, Pedersen TB, Nielsen MR, Wimmer R, Muff J, Sørensen JL. Production and Selectivity of Key Fusarubins from Fusarium solani due to Media Composition. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060376. [PMID: 34070644 PMCID: PMC8230112 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products display a large structural variation and different uses within a broad spectrum of industries. In this study, we investigate the influence of carbohydrates and nitrogen sources on the production and selectivity of production of four different polyketides produced by Fusarium solani, fusarubin, javanicin, bostrycoidin and anhydrofusarubin. We introduce four different carbohydrates and two types of nitrogen sources. Hereafter, a full factorial design was applied using combinations of three levels of sucrose and three levels of the two types of nitrogen. Each combination displayed different selectivity and production yields for all the compounds of interest. Response surface design was utilized to investigate possible maximum yields for the surrounding combinations of media. It was also shown that the maximum yields were not always the ones illustrating high selectivity, which is an important factor for making purification steps easier. We visualized the production over time for one of the media types, illustrating high yields and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Birkedal Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark; (S.B.K.); (T.B.P.); (M.R.N.); (J.M.)
| | - Tobias Bruun Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark; (S.B.K.); (T.B.P.); (M.R.N.); (J.M.)
| | - Mikkel Rank Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark; (S.B.K.); (T.B.P.); (M.R.N.); (J.M.)
| | - Reinhard Wimmer
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark;
| | - Jens Muff
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark; (S.B.K.); (T.B.P.); (M.R.N.); (J.M.)
| | - Jens Laurids Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark; (S.B.K.); (T.B.P.); (M.R.N.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-99407659
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16
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Fazal A, Yang M, Wen Z, Ali F, Ren R, Hao C, Chen X, Fu J, Wang X, Jie W, Yin T, Lu G, Qi J, Yang Y. Differential microbial assemblages associated with shikonin-producing Borage species in two distinct soil types. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10788. [PMID: 34031500 PMCID: PMC8144371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Shikonin and its derivatives are the main components of traditional Chinese medicine, Zicao. The pharmacological potential of shikonin and its derivatives have been extensively studied. Yet, less is known about the microbial assemblages associated with shikonin producing Borage plants. We studied microbial profiles of two Borage species, Echium plantagineum (EP) and Lithospermum erythrorhizon (LE), to identify the dynamics of microbial colonization pattern within three rhizo-compatments and two distinct soil types. Results of α and β-diversity via PacBio sequencing revealed significantly higher microbial richness and diversity in the natural soil along with a decreasing microbial gradient across rhizosphere to endosphere. Our results displayed genotype and soil type-dependent fine-tuning of microbial profiles. The host plant was found to exert effects on the physical and chemical properties of soil, resulting in reproducibly different micro-biota. Analysis of differentially abundant microbial OTUs displayed Planctomycetes and Bacteroidetes to be specifically enriched in EP and LE rhizosphere while endosphere was mostly prevailed by Cyanobacteria. Network analysis to unfold co-existing microbial species displayed different types of positive and negative interactions within different communities. The data provided here will help to identify microbes associated with different rhizo-compartments of potential host plants. In the future, this might be helpful for manipulating the keystone microbes for ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Fazal
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Minkai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongling Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Farman Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyu Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangyan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Wencai Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongming Yin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, No.111 Changjiang West Road, Huaian, 223300, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinliang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yonghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
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Zhu Q, Cheng W, Song Y, He Q, Ju J, Li Q. Complete genome sequence of the deep South China Sea-derived Streptomyces niveus SCSIO 3406, the producer of cytotoxic and antibacterial marfuraquinocins. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248404. [PMID: 33755698 PMCID: PMC7987185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces niveus SCSIO 3406 was isolated from a sediment sample collected from South China Sea at a depth of 3536 m. Four new sesquiterpenoid naphthoquinones, marfuraquinocins A-D, and two new geranylated phenazines, i. e. phenaziterpenes A and B, were isolated from the fermentation broth of the strain. Here, we present its genome sequence, which contains 7,990,492 bp with a G+C content of 70.46% and harbors 7088 protein-encoding genes. The genome sequence analysis revealed the presence of a 28,787 bp gene cluster encoding for 24 open reading frames including 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene synthase and monooxygenase, seven phenazine biosynthesis proteins, two prenyltransferases and a squalene-hopene cyclase. These genes are known to be necessary for the biosynthesis of both marfuraquinocins and phenaziterpenes. Outside the gene cluster (and scattered around the genome), there are seven genes belonging to the methylerythritol phosphate pathway for the biosynthesis of the essential primary metabolite, isopentenyl diphosphate, as well as six geranyl diphosphate/farnesyl diphosphate synthase genes. The strain S. niveus SCSIO 3406 showed type I PKS, type III PKS and nonribosomal peptide synthetase cluster. The sequence will provide the genetic basis for better understanding of biosynthesis mechanism of the above mentioned six compounds and for the construction of improved strain for the industrial production of antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Zhu
- College of Life Science, Dezhou University, Dezhou, China
| | - Weige Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongxiang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing He
- College of Life Science, Dezhou University, Dezhou, China
| | - Jianhua Ju
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (QL); (JJ)
| | - Qinglian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (QL); (JJ)
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18
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Wang B, Li X, Tabudravu J, Wang S, Deng H, Pan L. The chemical profile of activated secondary metabolites by overexpressing LaeA in Aspergillus niger. Microbiol Res 2021; 248:126735. [PMID: 33706119 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the mechanisms of regulating secondary metabolism by LaeA remains unclear, the synthesis of many secondary metabolites (SMs) in Aspergilli could be activated by LaeA mutation. In our previous sutdy, RNA-seq data has showed that the transcriptional level of many SM backbone genes could be upregulated by overexpressing LaeA. Herein, we analyzed the chemical profile of activated secondary metabolites in the variant of A. niger FGSC A1279 by overexpressing LaeA (OElaeA). 14 compounds were activated in A. niger FGSC A1279 OElaeA variant in the WATM medium. Chemical workup of organic extracts of the culture broth from the A. niger OElaeA mutant identified three pure compounds, flaviolin, orlandin and kotanin. The structures of these compounds were confirmed by HR-ESIMS, 1D/2D NMR, and computer assisted structure elucidation (CASE). Based on homologous alignment and comparison of literatures, the biosynthetic gene cluster (fla) of flaviolin was identified. The in vivo function of the backbone gene, flaA, encoding a multidomain non-reducing polyketide synthase (SAT-KS-AT-PT-ACP), was verified via gene knockout and chemical analysis. Finally, a biosynthetic model for fungal flaviolin was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xuejie Li
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jioji Tabudravu
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK; School of Forensic and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Shan Wang
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | - Hai Deng
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK.
| | - Li Pan
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Servidio C, Stellacci F. Therapeutic approaches against coronaviruses acute respiratory syndrome. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00691. [PMID: 33378565 PMCID: PMC7773137 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses represent global health threat. In this century, they have already caused two epidemics and one serious pandemic. Although, at present, there are no approved drugs and therapies for the treatment and prevention of human coronaviruses, several agents, FDA-approved, and preclinical, have shown in vitro and/or in vivo antiviral activity. An in-depth analysis of the current situation leads to the identification of several potential drugs that could have an impact on the fight against coronaviruses infections. In this review, we discuss the virology of human coronaviruses highlighting the main biological targets and summarize the current state-of-the-art of possible therapeutic options to inhibit coronaviruses infections. We mostly focus on FDA-approved and preclinical drugs targeting viral conserved elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Servidio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutrition SciencesUniversity of CalabriaRendeItaly
- Institute of MaterialsEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Francesco Stellacci
- Institute of MaterialsEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
- Bioengineering Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
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20
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Zhang H, Li Y, Yuan L, Yao L, Yang J, Xia L, Shen H, Lu J. Interleukin-35 Is Involved in Angiogenesis/Bone Remodeling Coupling Through T Helper 17/Interleukin-17 Axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:642676. [PMID: 33935967 PMCID: PMC8085552 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.642676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoporosis is a common metabolic bone disease mainly involving bone remodeling and blood vessels. The current study aimed to explore the suppressive role of interleukin (IL)-35 in nuclear factor kappa-B ligand receptor activator (RANKL) and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)-induced osteoclastogenesis and angiogenesis in osteoclasts. METHODS Osteoclasts differentiation were induced by incubation of mouse leukemic monocyte/macrophage cell line RAW264.7 cells in the presence of RANKL and M-CSF and was assessed with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining assay. The viability and apoptosis of RAW264.7 was measured using CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The expression of angiogenic genes and proteins were measured using RT-PCR, Western blots and ELISA. The inhibition of Th17/IL-17 axis was examined using plumbagin, which was demonstrated as an IL-17A related signaling pathway inhibitor. RESULTS IL-35 inhibited the viability of RAW264.7 cells and promoted the apoptosis of RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, IL-35 dose-dependently suppressed the expression of angiogenic markers including VEGF and its receptor. The suppressive effect of IL-35 was confirmed through the activation of Th17/IL-17 axis. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated for the first time the immuno-suppressive function of IL-35 on RANKL and M-CSF-induced osteoclastogenesis and angiogenesis through Th17/IL-17 axis. Therapeutic approach involving augmentation of IL-35 regulatory response may serve as a novel treatment option for osteoporosis, especially by suppressing bone resorption and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lutian Yao
- Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery/Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liping Xia
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Lu,
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21
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Vasav AP, Pable AA, Barvkar VT. Differential transcriptome and metabolome analysis of Plumbago zeylanica L. reveal putative genes involved in plumbagin biosynthesis. Fitoterapia 2020; 147:104761. [PMID: 33069837 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plumbagin is a pharmacologically active naphthoquinone present in the Plumbago zeylanica L. having important medicinal properties. The root of P. zeylanica is rich and primary tissue of the plumbagin biosynthesis and accumulation. The complete biosynthetic pathway of plumbagin in plant is still obscure. The present study attempts to understand the plumbagin biosynthetic pathway with the help of differential transcriptome and metabolome analysis of P. zeylanica leaf and root. The transcriptome data showed co-expression of Aldo-keto reductase (PzAKR), Polyketide cyclase (Pzcyclase) and Cytochrome P450 (PzCYPs) transcripts along with the Polyketide synthase (PzPKS) transcripts. Their higher expression in root as compared to leaf supports their possible involvement in plumbagin biosynthesis. The metabolome data of leaf and root revealed naphthalene derivative isoshinanolone that could be potential precursor of plumbagin. Pathway elucidation and transcriptome data of P. zeylanica, will enable and accelerate research on naphthoquinone biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arati P Vasav
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Anupama A Pable
- Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Vitthal T Barvkar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India.
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22
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Mishchenko NP, Vasileva EA, Gerasimenko AV, Grigorchuk VP, Dmitrenok PS, Fedoreyev SA. Isolation and Structure Determination of Echinochrome A Oxidative Degradation Products. Molecules 2020; 25:E4778. [PMID: 33080948 PMCID: PMC7587531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinochrome A (Ech A, 1) is one of the main pigments of several sea urchin species and is registered in the Russian pharmacopeia as an active drug substance (Histochrome®), used in the fields of cardiology and ophthalmology. In this study, Ech A degradation products formed during oxidation by O2 in air-equilibrated aqueous solutions were identified, isolated, and structurally characterized. An HPLC method coupled with diode-array detection (DAD) and mass spectrometry (MS) was developed and validated to monitor the Ech A degradation process and identify the appearing compounds. Five primary oxidation products were detected and their structures were proposed on the basis of high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) as 7-ethyl-2,2,3,3,5,7,8-heptahydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1,4-naphthoquinone (2), 6-ethyl-5,7,8-trihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-1,2,3,4-tetraone (3), 2,3-epoxy-7-ethyl-2,3-dihydro-2,3,5,6,8-pentahydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (4), 2,3,4,5,7-pentahydroxy-6-ethylinden-1-one (5), and 2,2,4,5,7-pentahydroxy-6-ethylindane-1,3-dione (6). Three novel oxidation products were isolated, and NMR and HR-ESI-MS methods were used to establish their structures as 4-ethyl-3,5,6-trihydroxy-2-oxalobenzoic acid (7), 4-ethyl-2-formyl-3,5,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid (8), and 4-ethyl-2,3,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (9). The known compound 3-ethyl-2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone (10) was isolated along with products 7-9. Compound 7 turned out to be unstable; its anhydro derivative 11 was obtained in two crystal forms, the structure of which was elucidated using X-ray crystallography as 7-ethyl-5,6-dihydroxy-2,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-4-carboxylic acid and named echinolactone. The chemical mechanism of Ech A oxidative degradation is proposed. The in silico toxicity of Ech A and its degradation products 2 and 7-10 were predicted using the ProTox-II webserver. The predicted median lethal dose (LD50) value for product 2 was 221 mg/kg, and, for products 7-10, it appeared to be much lower (≥2000 mg/kg). For Ech A, the predicted toxicity and mutagenicity differed from our experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia P. Mishchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (E.A.V.); (P.S.D.); (S.A.F.)
| | - Elena A. Vasileva
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (E.A.V.); (P.S.D.); (S.A.F.)
| | - Andrey V. Gerasimenko
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia;
| | - Valeriya P. Grigorchuk
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far-Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia;
| | - Pavel S. Dmitrenok
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (E.A.V.); (P.S.D.); (S.A.F.)
| | - Sergey A. Fedoreyev
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (E.A.V.); (P.S.D.); (S.A.F.)
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23
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Pedersen TB, Nielsen MR, Kristensen SB, Spedtsberg EML, Yasmine W, Matthiesen R, Kaniki SEK, Sørensen T, Petersen C, Muff J, Sondergaard TE, Nielsen KL, Wimmer R, Sørensen JL. Heterologous Expression of the Core Genes in the Complex Fusarubin Gene Cluster of Fusarium Solani. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7601. [PMID: 33066643 PMCID: PMC7589453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Through stepwise recreation of the biosynthetic gene cluster containing PKS3 from Fusarium solani, it was possible to produce the core scaffold compound of bostrycoidin, a red aza-anthraquinone pigment in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This was achieved through sequential transformation associated recombination (TAR) cloning of FvPPT, fsr1, fsr2, and fsr3 into the pESC-vector system, utilizing the inducible bidirectional galactose promoter for heterologous expression in S. cerevisiae. The production of the core metabolite bostrycoidin was investigated through triplicate growth cultures for 1-4 days, where the maximum titer of bostrycoidin was achieved after 2 days of induction, yielding 2.2 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bruun Pedersen
- Aalborg University Esbjerg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark; (T.B.P.); (M.R.N.); (S.B.K.); (E.M.L.S.); (W.Y.); (R.M.); (S.E.K.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Mikkel Rank Nielsen
- Aalborg University Esbjerg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark; (T.B.P.); (M.R.N.); (S.B.K.); (E.M.L.S.); (W.Y.); (R.M.); (S.E.K.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Sebastian Birkedal Kristensen
- Aalborg University Esbjerg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark; (T.B.P.); (M.R.N.); (S.B.K.); (E.M.L.S.); (W.Y.); (R.M.); (S.E.K.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Eva Mie Lang Spedtsberg
- Aalborg University Esbjerg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark; (T.B.P.); (M.R.N.); (S.B.K.); (E.M.L.S.); (W.Y.); (R.M.); (S.E.K.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Wafaa Yasmine
- Aalborg University Esbjerg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark; (T.B.P.); (M.R.N.); (S.B.K.); (E.M.L.S.); (W.Y.); (R.M.); (S.E.K.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Rikke Matthiesen
- Aalborg University Esbjerg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark; (T.B.P.); (M.R.N.); (S.B.K.); (E.M.L.S.); (W.Y.); (R.M.); (S.E.K.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Samba Evelyne Kabemba Kaniki
- Aalborg University Esbjerg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark; (T.B.P.); (M.R.N.); (S.B.K.); (E.M.L.S.); (W.Y.); (R.M.); (S.E.K.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Trine Sørensen
- Aalborg University Aalborg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (T.S.); (C.P.); (T.E.S.); (K.L.N.); (R.W.)
| | - Celine Petersen
- Aalborg University Aalborg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (T.S.); (C.P.); (T.E.S.); (K.L.N.); (R.W.)
| | - Jens Muff
- Aalborg University Esbjerg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark; (T.B.P.); (M.R.N.); (S.B.K.); (E.M.L.S.); (W.Y.); (R.M.); (S.E.K.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Teis Esben Sondergaard
- Aalborg University Aalborg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (T.S.); (C.P.); (T.E.S.); (K.L.N.); (R.W.)
| | - Kåre Lehmann Nielsen
- Aalborg University Aalborg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (T.S.); (C.P.); (T.E.S.); (K.L.N.); (R.W.)
| | - Reinhard Wimmer
- Aalborg University Aalborg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (T.S.); (C.P.); (T.E.S.); (K.L.N.); (R.W.)
| | - Jens Laurids Sørensen
- Aalborg University Esbjerg, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark; (T.B.P.); (M.R.N.); (S.B.K.); (E.M.L.S.); (W.Y.); (R.M.); (S.E.K.K.); (J.M.)
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Yamamoto H, Tsukahara M, Yamano Y, Wada A, Yazaki K. Alcohol Dehydrogenase Activity Converts 3″-Hydroxy-geranylhydroquinone to an Aldehyde Intermediate for Shikonin and Benzoquinone Derivatives in Lithospermum erythrorhizon. Plant Cell Physiol 2020; 61:1798-1806. [PMID: 32810231 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Shikonin derivatives are red naphthoquinone pigments produced by several boraginaceous plants, such as Lithospermum erythrorhizon. These compounds are biosynthesized from p-hydroxybenzoic acid and geranyl diphosphate. The coupling reaction that yields m-geranyl-p-hydroxybenzoic acid has been actively characterized, but little is known about later biosynthetic reactions. Although 3″-hydroxy-geranylhydroquinone produced from geranylhydroquinone by CYP76B74 has been regarded as an intermediate of shikonin derivatives, the next intermediate has not yet been identified. This study describes a novel alcohol dehydrogenase activity in L. erythrorhizon cell cultures. This enzyme was shown to oxidize the 3″-alcoholic group of (Z)-3″-hydroxy-geranylhydroquinone to an aldehyde moiety concomitant with the isomerization at the C2'-C3' double bond from the Z-form to the E-form. An enzyme oxidizing this substrate was not detected in other plant cell cultures, suggesting that this enzyme is specific to L. erythrorhizon. The reaction product, (E)-3″-oxo-geranylhydroquinone, was further converted to deoxyshikonofuran, another meroterpenoid metabolite produced in L. erythrorhizon cells. Although nonenzymatic cyclization occurred slowly, it was more efficient in the presence of crude enzymes of L. erythrorhizon cells. This activity was detected in both shikonin-producing and nonproducing cells, suggesting that the aldehyde intermediate at the biosynthetic branch point between naphthalene and benzo/hydroquinone ring formation likely constitutes a key common intermediate in the synthesis of shikonin and benzoquinone products, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirobumi Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Izumino 1-1-1, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193 Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Izumino 1-1-1, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193 Japan
| | - Mika Tsukahara
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Izumino 1-1-1, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193 Japan
| | - Yumiko Yamano
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-8558 Japan
| | - Akimori Wada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-8558 Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011 Japan
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25
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Oshikiri H, Watanabe B, Yamamoto H, Yazaki K, Takanashi K. Two BAHD Acyltransferases Catalyze the Last Step in the Shikonin/Alkannin Biosynthetic Pathway. Plant Physiol 2020; 184:753-761. [PMID: 32727911 PMCID: PMC7536692 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Several Boraginaceae plants produce biologically active red naphthoquinone pigments, derivatives of the enantiomers shikonin and alkannin, which vary in acyl groups on their side chains. Compositions of shikonin/alkannin derivatives vary in plant species, but the mechanisms generating the diversity of shikonin/alkannin derivatives are largely unknown. This study describes the identification and characterization of two BAHD acyltransferases, shikonin O-acyltransferase (LeSAT1) and alkannin O-acyltransferase (LeAAT1), from Lithospermum erythrorhizon, a medicinal plant in the family Boraginaceae that primarily produces the shikonin/alkannin derivatives acetylshikonin and β-hydroxyisovalerylshikonin. Enzyme assays using Escherichia coli showed that the acylation activity of LeSAT1 was specific to shikonin, whereas the acylation activity of LeAAT1 was specific to alkannin. Both enzymes recognized acetyl-CoA, isobutyryl-CoA, and isovaleryl-CoA as acyl donors to produce their corresponding shikonin/alkannin derivatives, with both enzymes showing the highest activity for acetyl-CoA. These findings were consistent with the composition of shikonin/alkannin derivatives in intact L erythrorhizon plants and cell cultures. Genes encoding both enzymes were preferentially expressed in the roots and cell cultures in the dark in pigment production medium M9, conditions associated with shikonin/alkannin production. These results indicated that LeSAT1 and LeAAT1 are enantiomer-specific acyltransferases that generate various shikonin/alkannin derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Oshikiri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Bunta Watanabe
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hirobumi Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kojiro Takanashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
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26
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Vuksanovic N, Zhu X, Serrano DA, Siitonen V, Metsä-Ketelä M, Melançon CE, Silvaggi NR. Structural characterization of three noncanonical NTF2-like superfamily proteins: implications for polyketide biosynthesis. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2020; 76:372-383. [PMID: 32744249 PMCID: PMC7397469 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x20009814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins belonging to the NTF2-like superfamily are present in the biosynthetic pathways of numerous polyketide natural products, such as anthracyclins and benzoisochromanequinones. Some have been found to be bona fide polyketide cyclases, but many of them have roles that are currently unknown. Here, the X-ray crystal structures of three NTF2-like proteins of unknown function are reported: those of ActVI-ORFA from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and its homologs Caci_6494, a protein from an uncharacterized biosynthetic cluster in Catenulispora acidiphila, and Aln2 from Streptomyces sp. CM020, a protein in the biosynthetic pathway of alnumycin. The presence of a solvent-accessible cavity and the conservation of the His/Asp dyad that is characteristic of many polyketide cyclases suggest a potential enzymatic role for these enzymes in polyketide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Vuksanovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Xuechen Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Dante A. Serrano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Vilja Siitonen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Metsä-Ketelä
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Charles E. Melançon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Nicholas R. Silvaggi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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Faber SC, Giani Tagliabue S, Bonati L, Denison MS. The Cellular and Molecular Determinants of Naphthoquinone-Dependent Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114111. [PMID: 32526934 PMCID: PMC7312509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ) and 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ) are clinically promising biologically active chemicals that have been shown to stimulate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling pathway, but whether they are direct or indirect ligands or activate the AhR in a ligand-independent manner is unknown. Given the structural diversity of AhR ligands, multiple mechanisms of AhR activation of gene expression, and species differences in AhR ligand binding and response, we examined the ability of 1,2-NQ and 1,4-NQ to bind to and activate the mouse and human AhRs using a series of in vitro AhR-specific bioassays and in silico modeling techniques. Both NQs induced AhR-dependent gene expression in mouse and human hepatoma cells, but were more potent and efficacious in human cells. 1,2-NQ and 1,4-NQ stimulated AhR transformation and DNA binding in vitro and was inhibited by AhR antagonists. Ligand binding analysis confirmed the ability of 1,2-NQ and 1,4-NQ to competitively bind to the AhR ligand binding cavity and the molecular determinants for interactions were predicted by molecular modeling methods. NQs were shown to bind distinctly differently from that of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and differences were also observed between species. Mutation of amino acid residues (F289, M334, and M342) involved in critical NQ:AhR binding interactions, decreased NQ- and AhR-dependent gene expression, consistent with a role for these residues in binding and activation of the AhR by NQs. These studies provide insights into the molecular mechanism of action of NQs and contribute to the development of emerging NQ-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C. Faber
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Sara Giani Tagliabue
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (S.G.T.); (L.B.)
| | - Laura Bonati
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (S.G.T.); (L.B.)
| | - Michael S. Denison
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(530)-752-3879
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Ueoka H, Sasaki K, Miyawaki T, Ichino T, Tatsumi K, Suzuki S, Yamamoto H, Sakurai N, Suzuki H, Shibata D, Yazaki K. A Cytosol-Localized Geranyl Diphosphate Synthase from Lithospermum erythrorhizon and Its Molecular Evolution. Plant Physiol 2020; 182:1933-1945. [PMID: 31974127 PMCID: PMC7140919 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Geranyl diphosphate (GPP) is the direct precursor of all monoterpenoids and is the prenyl source of many meroterpenoids, such as geranylated coumarins. GPP synthase (GPPS) localized in plastids is responsible for providing the substrate for monoterpene synthases and prenyltransferases for synthesis of aromatic substances that are also present in plastids, but GPPS activity in Lithospermum erythrorhizon localizes to the cytosol, in which GPP is utilized for the biosynthesis of naphthoquinone pigments, which are shikonin derivatives. This study describes the identification of the cytosol-localized GPPS gene, LeGPPS, through EST- and homology-based approaches followed by functional analyses. The deduced amino acid sequence of the unique LeGPPS showed greater similarity to that of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS), which generally localizes to the cytosol, than to plastid-localized conventional GPPS. Biochemical characterization revealed that recombinant LeGPPS predominantly produces GPP along with a trace amount of FPP. LeGPPS expression was mainly detected in root bark, in which shikonin derivatives are produced, and in shikonin-producing cultured cells. The GFP fusion protein in onion (Allium cepa) cells localized to the cytosol. Site-directed mutagenesis of LeGPPS and another FPPS homolog identified in this study, LeFPPS1, showed that the His residue at position 100 of LeGPPS, adjacent to the first Asp-rich motif, contributes to substrate preference and product specificity, leading to GPP formation. These results suggest that LeGPPS, which is involved in shikonin biosynthesis, is recruited from cytosolic FPPS and that point mutation(s) result in the acquisition of GPPS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Ueoka
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kanako Sasaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Miyawaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takuji Ichino
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kanade Tatsumi
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shiro Suzuki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | | | - Nozomu Sakurai
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shibata
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
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Stallinger A, Kretschmer N, Kleinegger F, Brvar L, Liegl-Atzwanger B, Prokesch A, Durchschein C, Bauer R, Deutsch A, Rinner B. β,β-Dimethylacrylshikonin Induces Apoptosis in Melanoma Cell Lines by NOXA Upregulation. J Nat Prod 2020; 83:305-315. [PMID: 31961147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, with high metastasis rates and poor prognosis. Survival rates and possible therapies depend on the state of the tumor and its mutational profile. BRAF and NRAS are the most frequent driver mutations. Currently, there is no efficient therapy for NRAS-mutated or late-stage melanoma. In this study, the therapeutic potential of β,β-dimethylacrylshikonin (DMAS) was investigated on melanoma. The influence of DMAS was determined in five different melanoma cell lines with different mutational profiles. The effects of this compound on cell viability, apoptosis, and gene and protein expression were examined. The results obtained were validated in vivo. DMAS significantly reduced the viability of several melanoma cell lines in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, DMAS induced caspase-3-dependent apoptosis via NOXA upregulation, as confirmed by NOXA knockdown experiments. This is the first time that NOXA-dependent apoptosis was shown with respect to a shikonin derivative and melanoma. Additionally, tumor regression and necrosis under DMAS treatment were demonstrated in vivo. Importantly, BRAF as well as NRAS-mutated metastatic human melanoma cell lines were treated successfully in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, DMAS showed promising results and is worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Stallinger
- Division of Biomedical Research , Medical University of Graz , 8036 Graz , Austria
| | - Nadine Kretschmer
- Division of Biomedical Research , Medical University of Graz , 8036 Graz , Austria
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy , University of Graz , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Florian Kleinegger
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology , Medical University of Graz , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Luka Brvar
- Division of Biomedical Research , Medical University of Graz , 8036 Graz , Austria
| | | | - Andreas Prokesch
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism & Aging , Medical University of Graz , 8010 Graz , Austria
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology , Medical University of Graz , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Christin Durchschein
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy , University of Graz , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy , University of Graz , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Alexander Deutsch
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz , 8036 Graz , Austria
| | - Beate Rinner
- Division of Biomedical Research , Medical University of Graz , 8036 Graz , Austria
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30
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Hira J, Wolfson D, Andersen AJC, Haug T, Stensvåg K. Autofluorescence mediated red spherulocyte sorting provides insights into the source of spinochromes in sea urchins. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1149. [PMID: 31980652 PMCID: PMC6981155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Red spherule cells (RSCs) are considered one of the prime immune cells of sea urchins, but their detailed biological role during immune responses is not well elucidated. Lack of pure populations accounts for one of the major challenges of studying these cells. In this study, we have demonstrated that live RSCs exhibit strong, multi-colour autofluorescence distinct from other coelomocytes, and with the help of fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), a pure population of live RSCs was successfully separated from other coelomocytes in the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. This newly developed RSCs isolation method has allowed profiling of the naphthoquinone content in these cells. With the use of ultra high-performance liquid chromatography, UV absorption spectra, and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry, it was possible to identify sulphated derivatives of spinochrome C, D, E and spinochrome dimers, which suggests that the RSCs may play an important biological role in the biogenesis of naphthoquinone compounds and regulating their bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hira
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, The Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Deanna Wolfson
- Department of Physics and Technology, The Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Aaron John Christian Andersen
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, The Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tor Haug
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, The Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Klara Stensvåg
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, The Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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31
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Anand A, Chen K, Yang L, Sastry AV, Olson CA, Poudel S, Seif Y, Hefner Y, Phaneuf PV, Xu S, Szubin R, Feist AM, Palsson BO. Adaptive evolution reveals a tradeoff between growth rate and oxidative stress during naphthoquinone-based aerobic respiration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25287-25292. [PMID: 31767748 PMCID: PMC6911176 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909987116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution fine-tunes biological pathways to achieve a robust cellular physiology. Two and a half billion years ago, rapidly rising levels of oxygen as a byproduct of blooming cyanobacterial photosynthesis resulted in a redox upshift in microbial energetics. The appearance of higher-redox-potential respiratory quinone, ubiquinone (UQ), is believed to be an adaptive response to this environmental transition. However, the majority of bacterial species are still dependent on the ancient respiratory quinone, naphthoquinone (NQ). Gammaproteobacteria can biosynthesize both of these respiratory quinones, where UQ has been associated with aerobic lifestyle and NQ with anaerobic lifestyle. We engineered an obligate NQ-dependent γ-proteobacterium, Escherichia coli ΔubiC, and performed adaptive laboratory evolution to understand the selection against the use of NQ in an oxic environment and also the adaptation required to support the NQ-driven aerobic electron transport chain. A comparative systems-level analysis of pre- and postevolved NQ-dependent strains revealed a clear shift from fermentative to oxidative metabolism enabled by higher periplasmic superoxide defense. This metabolic shift was driven by the concerted activity of 3 transcriptional regulators (PdhR, RpoS, and Fur). Analysis of these findings using a genome-scale model suggested that resource allocation to reactive oxygen species (ROS) mitigation results in lower growth rates. These results provide a direct elucidation of a resource allocation tradeoff between growth rate and ROS mitigation costs associated with NQ usage under oxygen-replete condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitesh Anand
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Laurence Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Anand V Sastry
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Connor A Olson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Saugat Poudel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Yara Seif
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ying Hefner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Patrick V Phaneuf
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Sibei Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Richard Szubin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Adam M Feist
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bernhard O Palsson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
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Boonsnongcheep P, Sae-Foo W, Banpakoat K, Channarong S, Chitsaithan S, Uafua P, Putha W, Kerdsiri K, Putalun W. Artificial color light sources and precursor feeding enhance plumbagin production of the carnivorous plants Drosera burmannii and Drosera indica. J Photochem Photobiol B 2019; 199:111628. [PMID: 31610432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Plumbagin is the main pharmacologically active compound of carnivorous plants in the genera Drosera. It possesses various pharmacological activities, including anticancer and antimalarial activities, and is used in traditional medicine. In this study, we reported a sustainable production system of plumbagin by adding sodium acetate and L-alanine as precursors to in vitro cultures of Drosera burmannii Vahl and Drosera indica L. In addition, plumbagin production was reported in the cultures subjected to different color LED lights. The highest plumbagin level (aerial part 14.625 ± 1.007 mg·g-1 DW and root part 1.806 ± 0.258 mg·g-1 DW) was observed in D. indica cultured under blue LED light for 14 days, and further culturing did not increase plumbagin production. In addition, plumbagin enhancement by precursor feeding (9.850 ± 0.250 mg·g-1 DW, 1.2-fold) was observed in the aerial part of D. indica treated with 50 mg·L-1 sodium acetate for 3 days. Comparing both plants, up to 700-fold higher plumbagin was observed in D. indica than in D. burmannii. Moreover, in both plants, the aerial part accumulated higher plumbagin (up to 10-fold) than the roots. This is the first report on the effect of artificial LED lights on the plumbagin level of Dorsera plants. The culturing of D. indica under blue LED light showed enhanced plumbagin levels and suggests a fast and simple system for the in vitro production of plumbagin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panitch Boonsnongcheep
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Research Group for Pharmaceutical Activities of Natural Products using Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (PANPB), National Research University, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Worapol Sae-Foo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kanpawee Banpakoat
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Suwaphat Channarong
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sukanda Chitsaithan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Pornpimon Uafua
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Wattika Putha
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kanchanok Kerdsiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Waraporn Putalun
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Research Group for Pharmaceutical Activities of Natural Products using Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (PANPB), National Research University, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Blechert O, Zheng H, Zang X, Wang Q, Liu W. Influence of the cultivation medium and pH on the pigmentation of Trichophyton rubrum. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222333. [PMID: 31504066 PMCID: PMC6736311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is a human pathogenic fungus. As a dermatophyte it causes athlete's foot, fungal infection of nails, jock itch and ringworm. The pigmentation of T. rubrum is variable and can range from white or yellow to wine-red. We demonstrate that the pigmentation is strongly influenced by pH. Under alkaline conditions, T. rubrum has a red pigmentation, whereas at acid conditions, T. rubrum has a yellow pigmentation. Moreover, the color change immediately from yellow to red by adding NaOH and reverse immediately from red to yellow by adding HCl. We suggest that the chemical compound Xanthomegnin is responsible for red as well for yellow pigmentation in T. rubrum. To figure out, why T. rubrum has red pigmentation on Trichophyton medium, adjust to alkaline, but not on Synthetic-Complete medium, also adjusted to alkaline, we measure the pH of liquid media, adjusted to pH 3.5, 6 and 8, over a period of four weeks. The pH of both cultivation media changes significantly, with a maximum of five pH levels. Whereas the Trichophyton medium, initially adjusted to pH 8, stays alkaline, the pH of the Synthetic-Complete medium drops to acid conditions. The acidification of the SC medium and the alkalization of the Trichophyton medium explains the different pigment color of the T. rubrum colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Blechert
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hailin Zheng
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Zang
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weida Liu
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Huang J, Chen S, Wu W, Chen H, Guo K, Tang J, Li J. Insights into redox mediator supplementation on enhanced volatile fatty acids production from waste activated sludge. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:27052-27062. [PMID: 31317436 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge (WAS) for recycling valuable volatile fatty acids (VFAs) is economically valuable. However, the fermentation of protein is the rate-limiting step of VFA production with WAS as a substrate. In this study, the effect of redox mediators (RMs, i.e., riboflavin and lawsone) on the enhanced production of VFAs from WAS was investigated. The results indicate that both RMs can promote protein-dependent fermentation, increasing maximum VFA accumulation by 43.9% and 42.5% respectively. In cultures supplemented with riboflavin and lawsone, VFA production was highly correlated with protease activities, but not with α-glucosidase activities. This implies that RMs affected the redox reaction of amino acids degradation, resulting in an increased release of ammonia. Sequencing results showed that RMs significantly increased the abundance of bacteria related to VFA fermentation and protein/amino acid degradation at the levels of phylum, class, order, family, and even genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingang Huang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Room 112, The 6th Building, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China.
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
| | - Susu Chen
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Room 112, The 6th Building, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihong Wu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Room 112, The 6th Building, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huiping Chen
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Room 112, The 6th Building, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangyin Guo
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Room 112, The 6th Building, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhong Tang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Room 112, The 6th Building, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
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Skoneczny D, Zhu X, Weston PA, Gurr GM, Callaway RM, Weston LA. Production of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and shikonins in Echium plantagineum L. in response to various plant stressors. Pest Manag Sci 2019; 75:2530-2541. [PMID: 31267648 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echium plantagineum, a native of Europe and Africa, is a noxious invasive weed in Australia forming monocultural stands in pastures and rangelands. It produces a complex mixture of bioactive secondary metabolites, including toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), that protect the plant from insect and livestock herbivory and naphthoquinones (NQs), which suppress competition from weeds, insects and pathogens, and also influence invasion success. However, the extent to which allelochemical production is impacted by environmental factors, thereby influencing plant defense against pests, remains unclear. RESULTS Following plant stress induced by drought, herbivory and high temperature, extracts of E. plantagineum shoots and roots were subjected to metabolic profiling by UPLC-MS-DAD- QToF mass spectrometry. Abundance of NQs, especially deoxyshikonin, shikonin and dimethylacrylshikonin, rapidly increased in roots exposed to elevated temperatures. Water withholding initially increased NQ abundance, but prolonged drought resulted in reduced total PAs and NQs. Intraspecific competition elevated the production of NQs, whereas simulated herbivory had no initial effect on NQs. Following herbivory, the abundance of the PA 3'-O-acetylechimidine-N-oxide in seedling shoots was increased. CONCLUSIONS Differential accumulation of defense metabolites by E. plantagineum following exposure to various stressors suggested stress-dependent biosynthetic regulation, particularly with respect to NQ production, which was rapidly induced following drought, intraspecific competition and high temperature treatment, thereby positively impacting resistance or defense against herbivores, weeds and pathogens. We propose that trade-offs between above- and below-ground metabolism in E. plantagineum may facilitate allelochemical production in response to stress, rendering plants with an enhanced ability to defend against other neighboring plants, insects and microbes, with allelochemical production further facilitated by catabolic recycling following lengthier exposure to stress. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Skoneczny
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xiaocheng Zhu
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul A Weston
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoff M Gurr
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ragan M Callaway
- Division of Biological Science, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Leslie A Weston
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
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Rudnicka M, Ludynia M, Karcz W. Effects of Naphthazarin (DHNQ) Combined with Lawsone (NQ-2-OH) or 1,4-Naphthoquinone (NQ) on the Auxin-Induced Growth of Zea mays L. Coleoptile Segments. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1788. [PMID: 30978914 PMCID: PMC6479706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Naphthoquinones, plants secondary metabolites are known for their antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-parasitic properties. The biological activity of naphthoquinones is connected with their ability to generate reactive oxygen species and to modify biological molecules at their nucleophilic sites. In our research, the effect of naphthazarin (DHNQ) combined with 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ-2-OH) or 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ) on the elongation growth, pH changes of the incubation medium, oxidative stress and redox activity of maize coleoptile cells were investigated. This paper describes experiments performed with maize (Zea mays L.) coleoptile segments, which is a classical model system to study plant cell elongation growth. The data presented clearly demonstrate that lawsone and 1,4-naphthoquinone combined with naphthazarin, at low concentrations (1 and 10 nM), reduced the endogenous and IAA-induced (Indole-3-Acetic Acid) elongation growth of maize coleoptile segments. Those changes in growth correlated with the proton concentration in the incubation medium, which suggests that the changes in the growth of maize coleoptile segments observed in the presence of naphthoquinones are mediated through the activity of PM H⁺-ATPase. The presence of naphthoquinones induced oxidative stress in the maize coleoptile tissue by producing hydrogen peroxide and causing changes in the redox activity. Moreover, the incubation of maize segments with both naphthoquinones combined with naphthazarin resulted in lipid peroxidation and membrane damage. The regulation of PM H⁺-ATPase activity, especially its inhibition, may result from two major types of reaction: first, a direct interaction between an enzyme and naphthoquinone, which leads to the covalent modification of the protein thiols and the generation of thioethers, which have been found to alter the activity of the PM H⁺-ATPases; second, naphthoquinones induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which inhibits PM H⁺-ATPases by increasing cytosolic Ca2+. This harmful effect was stronger when naphthazarin and 1,4-naphthoquinone were added together. Taking these results into account, it can be suggested that by combining naphthoquinones in small quantities, an alternative to synthetic pesticides could be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Rudnicka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, PL-40032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Michał Ludynia
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, PL-40032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Waldemar Karcz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, PL-40032 Katowice, Poland.
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Wang S, Wang R, Liu T, Lv C, Liang J, Kang C, Zhou L, Guo J, Cui G, Zhang Y, Werck-Reichhart D, Guo L, Huang L. CYP76B74 Catalyzes the 3''-Hydroxylation of Geranylhydroquinone in Shikonin Biosynthesis. Plant Physiol 2019; 179:402-414. [PMID: 30498024 PMCID: PMC6426415 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Shikonin and its derivatives are the most abundant naphthoquinone pigments formed in species of the medicinally and economically valuable Boraginaceae. A key step in the shikonin biosynthetic pathway, namely the C-3'' hydroxylation of the prenylated phenolic intermediate geranylhydroquinone, is expected to be catalyzed by a cytochrome P450. To identify cytochrome P450 candidates with transcription profiles similar to those of genes known to be involved in shikonin biosynthesis, we carried out coexpression analysis of transcriptome data sets of shikonin-proficient and shikonin-deficient cell lines and examined the spatial expression of candidate genes in different organs of Arnebia euchroma In biochemical assays using geranylhydroquinone as the substrate, CYP76B74 exhibited geranylhydroquinone 3''-hydroxylase activity and produced 3''-hydroxy-geranylhydroquinone. In CYP76B74 RNA interference A. euchroma hairy roots, shikonin derivative accumulation decreased dramatically, which demonstrated that CYP76B74 is required for shikonin biosynthesis in the plant. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that CYP76B74 belonged to the CYP76B subfamily and was most likely derived from an ancestral geraniol 10-hydroxylase. In a subcellular localization analysis, a GFP-CYP76B74 fusion localized to endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Our results demonstrate that CYP76B74 catalyzes the key hydroxylation step in shikonin biosynthesis with high efficiency. The characterization of the CYP76B74 described here paves the way for further exploration of the ring closure reactions generating the naphthoquinone skeleton as well as for the alternative metabolism of geranylhydroquinone 3''-hydroxylase to dihydroechinofuran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resources Center of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
| | - Ruishan Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resources Center of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
| | - Tan Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resources Center of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
| | - Chaogeng Lv
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resources Center of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
| | - Jiuwen Liang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resources Center of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
| | - Chuanzhi Kang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resources Center of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
| | - Liangyun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resources Center of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
| | - Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resources Center of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
| | - Guanghong Cui
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resources Center of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resources Center of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
| | - Daniele Werck-Reichhart
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Lanping Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resources Center of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resources Center of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
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Strauch MA, Tomaz MA, Monteiro-Machado M, Cons BL, Patrão-Neto FC, Teixeira-Cruz JDM, Tavares-Henriques MDS, Nogueira-Souza PD, Gomes SLS, Costa PRR, Schaeffer E, da Silva AJM, Melo PA. Lapachol and synthetic derivatives: in vitro and in vivo activities against Bothrops snake venoms. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211229. [PMID: 30689661 PMCID: PMC6349327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It is known that local tissue injuries incurred by snakebites are quickly instilled causing extensive, irreversible, tissue destruction that may include loss of limb function or even amputation. Such injuries are not completely neutralized by the available antivenins, which in general are focused on halting systemic effects. Therefore it is prudent to investigate the potential antiophidic effects of natural and synthetic compounds, perhaps combining them with serum therapy, to potentially attenuate or eliminate the adverse local and systemic effects of snake venom. This study assessed a group of quinones that are widely distributed in nature and constitute an important class of natural products that exhibit a range of biological activities. Of these quinones, lapachol is one of the most important compounds, having been first isolated in 1882 from the bark of Tabebuia avellanedae. Methodology/Principal findings It was investigated the ability of lapachol and some new potential active analogues based on the 2-hydroxi-naphthoquinone scaffold to antagonize important activities of Bothrops venoms (Bothrops atrox and Bothrops jararaca) under different experimental protocols in vitro and in vivo. The bioassays used to test the compounds were: procoagulant, phospholipase A2, collagenase and proteolytic activities in vitro, venom-induced hemorrhage, edematogenic, and myotoxic effects in mice. Proteolytic and collagenase activities of Bothrops atrox venom were shown to be inhibited by lapachol and its analogues 3a, 3b, 3c, 3e. The inhibition of these enzymatic activities might help to explain the effects of the analogue 3a in vivo, which decreased skin hemorrhage induced by Bothrops venom. Lapachol and the synthetic analogues 3a and 3b did not inhibit the myotoxic activity induced by Bothrops atrox venom. The negative protective effect of these compounds against the myotoxicity can be partially explained by their lack of ability to effectively inhibit phospholipase A2 venom activity. Bothrops atrox venom also induced edema, which was significantly reduced by the analogue 3a. Conclusions This research using a natural quinone and some related synthetic quinone compounds has shown that they exhibit antivenom activity; especially the compound 3a. The data from 3a showed a decrease in inflammatory venom effects, presumably those that are metalloproteinase-derived. Its ability to counteract such snake venom activities contributes to the search for improving the management of venomous snakebites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo A. Strauch
- Laboratório de Farmacologia das Toxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas—Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Vital Brazil, Niterói-RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MAS); (MAT); (PAM)
| | - Marcelo Amorim Tomaz
- Laboratório de Farmacologia das Toxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas—Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MAS); (MAT); (PAM)
| | - Marcos Monteiro-Machado
- Laboratório de Farmacologia das Toxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas—Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lemos Cons
- Laboratório de Farmacologia das Toxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas—Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando Chagas Patrão-Neto
- Laboratório de Farmacologia das Toxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas—Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Jhonatha da Mota Teixeira-Cruz
- Laboratório de Farmacologia das Toxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas—Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Matheus da Silva Tavares-Henriques
- Laboratório de Farmacologia das Toxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas—Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Pâmella Dourila Nogueira-Souza
- Laboratório de Farmacologia das Toxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas—Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Sara L. S. Gomes
- Laboratório de Química Bioorgânica, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais Walter Mors-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Catálise Orgânica, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais Walter Mors-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo R. R. Costa
- Laboratório de Catálise Orgânica, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais Walter Mors-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Edgar Schaeffer
- Laboratório de Química Bioorgânica, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais Walter Mors-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Alcides J. M. da Silva
- Laboratório de Química Bioorgânica, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais Walter Mors-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo A. Melo
- Laboratório de Farmacologia das Toxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas—Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MAS); (MAT); (PAM)
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Li F, Di L, Liu Y, Xiao Q, Zhang X, Ma F, Yu H. Carbaryl biodegradation by Xylaria sp. BNL1 and its metabolic pathway. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 167:331-337. [PMID: 30359899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although ascomycetes occupy a vaster niche in soil than the well-studied basidiomycetes, they have received limited attention in studies related to bioremediation. In this study, the degradation of carbaryl by Xylaria sp. was studied in different culture conditions and its possible metabolic pathway was elucidated. In liquid culture, 99% of the added carbaryl was eliminated when cytochrome P450 (CYP450) was active, which was similar to the degradation rate of Pleurotus ostreatus, a fungus with strong bioremediation ability. Mn2+ is beneficial to the degradation of carbaryl. Compared to the 72.17% degradation rate in sterile soil, 59.0% carbaryl was eliminated in non-sterile soil, which suggested that Xylaria sp. BNL1 can resist microorganismal infection. Furthermore, the intracellular fractions containing laccase, CYP450, and carbaryl esterase efficiently degraded carbaryl. The presence of carbaryl metabolites suggested that Xylaria sp. BNL1 initiated its attack on carbaryl via carbaryl esterase to release α-naphthol, which was further degraded to 1,4-naphthoquinone and benzoic acid by CYP450 and laccase. Thus, our study highlights the potential of using Xylaria sp. for bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lin Di
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qiuyun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fuying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Hongbo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Takanashi K, Nakagawa Y, Aburaya S, Kaminade K, Aoki W, Saida-Munakata Y, Sugiyama A, Ueda M, Yazaki K. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Lithospermum erythrorhizon Reveals Regulation of a Variety of Metabolic Enzymes Leading to Comprehensive Understanding of the Shikonin Biosynthetic Pathway. Plant Cell Physiol 2019; 60:19-28. [PMID: 30169873 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a large variety of specialized (secondary) metabolites having a wide range of hydrophobicity. Shikonin, a red naphthoquinone pigment, is a highly hydrophobic metabolite produced in the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, a medicinal plant in the family Boraginaceae. The shikonin molecule is formed by the coupling of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and geranyl diphosphate, catalyzed by a membrane-bound geranyltransferase LePGT at the endoplasmic reticulum, followed by cyclization of the geranyl chain and oxidations; the latter half of this biosynthetic pathway, however, has not yet been clarified. To shed light on these steps, a proteome analysis was conducted. Shikonin production in vitro was specifically regulated by illumination and by the difference in media used to culture cells and hairy roots. In intact plants, however, shikonin is produced exclusively in the root bark of L. erythrorhizon. These features were utilized for comparative transcriptome and proteome analyses. As the genome sequence is not known for this medicinal plant, sequences from de novo RNA-seq data with 95,861 contigs were used as reference for proteome analysis. Because shikonin biosynthesis requires copper ions and is sensitive to blue light, this methodology identified strong candidates for enzymes involved in shikonin biosynthesis, such as polyphenol oxidase, cannabidiolic acid synthase-like and neomenthol dehydrogenase-like proteins. Because acetylshikonin is the main end product of shikonin derivatives, an O-acetyltransferase was also identified. This enzyme may be responsible for end product formation in these plant species. Taken together, these findings suggest a putative pathway for shikonin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Takanashi
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
- Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yukimi Nakagawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | | | - Kenta Kaminade
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Wataru Aoki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuka Saida-Munakata
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Akifumi Sugiyama
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Ueda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
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Kim DW, Cho JY. NQO1 is Required for β-Lapachone-Mediated Downregulation of Breast-Cancer Stem-Cell Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123813. [PMID: 30513573 PMCID: PMC6321092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) exhibit self-renewal activity and give rise to other cell types in tumors. Due to the infinite proliferative potential of CSCs, drugs targeting these cells are necessary to completely inhibit cancer development. The β-lapachone (bL) compound is widely used to treat cancer development; however, its effect on cancer stem cells remain elusive. Thus, we investigated the effect of bL on mammosphere formation using breast-cancer stem-cell (BCSC) marker-positive cells, MDA-MB-231. MDA-MB-231 cells, which are negative for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H):quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) expression, were constructed to stably express NQO1 (NQO1 stable cells). The effect of bL on these cells was evaluated by wound healing and Transwell cell-culture chambers, ALDEFLUOR assay, and mammosphere formation assay. Here, we show that bL inhibited the proliferative ability of mammospheres derived from BCSC marker-positive cells, MDA-MB-231, in an NQO1-dependent manner. The bL treatment efficiently downregulated the expression level of BCSC markers cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A1 (ALDH1A1), and discs large (DLG)-associated protein 5 (DLGAP5) that was recently identified as a stem-cell proliferation marker in both cultured cells and mammosphered cells. Moreover, bL efficiently downregulated cell proliferation and migration activities. These results strongly suggest that bL could be a therapeutic agent for targeting breast-cancer stem-cells with proper NQO1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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Westphal KR, Wollenberg RD, Herbst FA, Sørensen JL, Sondergaard TE, Wimmer R. Enhancing the Production of the Fungal Pigment Aurofusarin in Fusarium graminearum. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10110485. [PMID: 30469367 PMCID: PMC6266765 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for products from natural sources, which includes a growing market for naturally-produced colorants. Filamentous fungi produce a vast number of chemically diverse pigments and are therefore explored as an easily accessible source. In this study we examine the positive regulatory effect of the transcription factor AurR1 on the aurofusarin gene cluster in Fusarium graminearum. Proteomic analyses showed that overexpression of AurR1 resulted in a significant increase of five of the eleven proteins belonging to the aurofusarin biosynthetic pathway. Further, the production of aurofusarin was increased more than threefold in the overexpression mutant compared to the wild type, reaching levels of 270 mg/L. In addition to biosynthesis of aurofusarin, several yet undescribed putative naphthoquinone/anthraquinone analogue compounds were observed in the overexpression mutant. Our results suggest that it is possible to enhance the aurofusarin production through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Reinhard Wimmer
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
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Reveglia P, Savocchia S, Billones-Baaijens R, Masi M, Cimmino A, Evidente A. Diploquinones A and B, Two New Phytotoxic Tetrasubstituted 1,4-Naphthoquinones from Diplodia mutila, a Causal Agent of Grapevine Trunk Disease. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:11968-11973. [PMID: 30360617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two new phytotoxic tetrasubstituted 1,4-naphthoquinones, named diploquinones A and B, were isolated together with vanillic acid from Diplodia mutila (DAR78993), a grapevine pathogen involved in Botryosphaeria dieback in Australia. Diploquinones A and B were characterized as 6,7-dihydroxy-2-methoxy-5-methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione and 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-methoxynaphthalene-1,4-dione using spectroscopic methods (essentially 1D and 2D 1H and 13C NMR and HR ESIMS). The already known vanillic acid was isolated for the first time as fungal phytotoxin and as metabolite of D. mutila. The three compounds were assayed on detached grapevine leaves ( Vitis vinifera cv. Shiraz) at concentrations of 10-3 M and 2.5 × 10-3 M. Vanillic acid showed the highest phytotoxic effect on grapevine leaves irrespective of the tested concentration, while diploquinones A and B showed varying degrees of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Reveglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo , Via Cintia 4 , 80126 Napoli , Italy
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences , Charles Sturt University , Locked Bag 588 , Wagga Wagga , New South Wales 2678 , Australia
| | - Sandra Savocchia
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences , Charles Sturt University , Locked Bag 588 , Wagga Wagga , New South Wales 2678 , Australia
| | - Regina Billones-Baaijens
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences , Charles Sturt University , Locked Bag 588 , Wagga Wagga , New South Wales 2678 , Australia
| | - Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo , Via Cintia 4 , 80126 Napoli , Italy
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo , Via Cintia 4 , 80126 Napoli , Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo , Via Cintia 4 , 80126 Napoli , Italy
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Murray LAM, McKinnie SMK, Pepper HP, Erni R, Miles ZD, Cruickshank MC, López-Pérez B, Moore BS, George JH. Total Synthesis Establishes the Biosynthetic Pathway to the Naphterpin and Marinone Natural Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11009-11014. [PMID: 29935040 PMCID: PMC6248334 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The naphterpins and marinones are naphthoquinone meroterpenoids with an unusual aromatic oxidation pattern that is biosynthesized from 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene (THN). We propose that cryptic halogenation of THN derivatives by vanadium-dependent chloroperoxidase (VCPO) enzymes is key to this biosynthetic pathway, despite the absence of chlorine in these natural products. This speculation inspired a total synthesis to mimic the naphterpin/marinone biosynthetic pathway. In validation of this biogenetic hypothesis, two VCPOs were discovered that interconvert several of the proposed biosynthetic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. M. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA 5005 (Australia)
| | - Shaun M. K. McKinnie
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine Scripps Institution of Oceanograph, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA) and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA)
| | - Henry P. Pepper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA 5005 (Australia)
| | - Reto Erni
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine Scripps Institution of Oceanograph, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA) and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA)
| | - Zachary D. Miles
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine Scripps Institution of Oceanograph, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA) and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA)
| | | | - Borja López-Pérez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA 5005 (Australia)
| | - Bradley S. Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine Scripps Institution of Oceanograph, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA) and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA)
| | - Jonathan H. George
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA 5005 (Australia)
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Matsuura HN, Malik S, de Costa F, Yousefzadi M, Mirjalili MH, Arroo R, Bhambra AS, Strnad M, Bonfill M, Fett-Neto AG. Specialized Plant Metabolism Characteristics and Impact on Target Molecule Biotechnological Production. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:169-183. [PMID: 29290031 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-017-0056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolism evolved in the context of highly organized and differentiated cells and tissues, featuring massive chemical complexity operating under tight environmental, developmental and genetic control. Biotechnological demand for natural products has been continuously increasing because of their significant value and new applications, mainly as pharmaceuticals. Aseptic production systems of plant secondary metabolites have improved considerably, constituting an attractive tool for increased, stable and large-scale supply of valuable molecules. Surprisingly, to date, only a few examples including taxol, shikonin, berberine and artemisinin have emerged as success cases of commercial production using this strategy. The present review focuses on the main characteristics of plant specialized metabolism and their implications for current strategies used to produce secondary compounds in axenic cultivation systems. The search for consonance between plant secondary metabolism unique features and various in vitro culture systems, including cell, tissue, organ, and engineered cultures, as well as heterologous expression in microbial platforms, is discussed. Data to date strongly suggest that attaining full potential of these biotechnology production strategies requires being able to take advantage of plant specialized metabolism singularities for improved target molecule yields and for bypassing inherent difficulties in its rational manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio Nitta Matsuura
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology and Department of Botany, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sonia Malik
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, Bacanga, São Luís, MA, 65.080-805, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Costa
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology and Department of Botany, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Morteza Yousefzadi
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, Hormozgan University, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mirjalili
- Department of Agriculture, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Randolph Arroo
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Avninder S Bhambra
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Mercedes Bonfill
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arthur Germano Fett-Neto
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology and Department of Botany, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Rai A, Nakaya T, Shimizu Y, Rai M, Nakamura M, Suzuki H, Saito K, Yamazaki M. De Novo Transcriptome Assembly and Characterization of Lithospermum officinale to Discover Putative Genes Involved in Specialized Metabolites Biosynthesis. Planta Med 2018; 84:320-328. [PMID: 29843181 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-119886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Lithospermum officinale is a valuable source of bioactive metabolites with medicinal and industrial values. However, little is known about genes involved in the biosynthesis of these metabolites, primarily due to the lack of genome or transcriptome resources. This study presents the first effort to establish and characterize de novo transcriptome assembly resource for L. officinale and expression analysis for three of its tissues, namely leaf, stem, and root. Using over 4Gbps of RNA-sequencing datasets, we obtained de novo transcriptome assembly of L. officinale, consisting of 77,047 unigenes with assembly N50 value as 1524 bps. Based on transcriptome annotation and functional classification, 52,766 unigenes were assigned with putative genes functions, gene ontology terms, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. KEGG pathway and gene ontology enrichment analysis using highly expressed unigenes across three tissues and targeted metabolome analysis showed active secondary metabolic processes enriched specifically in the root of L. officinale. Using co-expression analysis, we also identified 20 and 48 unigenes representing different enzymes of lithospermic/chlorogenic acid and shikonin biosynthesis pathways, respectively. We further identified 15 candidate unigenes annotated as cytochrome P450 with the highest expression in the root of L. officinale as novel genes with a role in key biochemical reactions toward shikonin biosynthesis. Thus, through this study, we not only generated a high-quality genomic resource for L. officinale but also propose candidate genes to be involved in shikonin biosynthesis pathways for further functional characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Rai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taiki Nakaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yohei Shimizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Megha Rai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Michimi Nakamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Kazuki Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mami Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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47
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Rai A, Nakaya T, Shimizu Y, Rai M, Nakamura M, Suzuki H, Saito K, Yamazaki M. De Novo Transcriptome Assembly and Characterization of Lithospermum officinale to Discover Putative Genes Involved in Specialized Metabolites Biosynthesis. Planta Med 2018; 84:920-934. [PMID: 29843181 DOI: 10.1055/a-0630-5925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lithospermum officinale is a valuable source of bioactive metabolites with medicinal and industrial values. However, little is known about genes involved in the biosynthesis of these metabolites, primarily due to the lack of genome or transcriptome resources. This study presents the first effort to establish and characterize de novo transcriptome assembly resource for L. officinale and expression analysis for three of its tissues, namely leaf, stem, and root. Using over 4Gbps of RNA-sequencing datasets, we obtained de novo transcriptome assembly of L. officinale, consisting of 77,047 unigenes with assembly N50 value as 1524 bps. Based on transcriptome annotation and functional classification, 52,766 unigenes were assigned with putative genes functions, gene ontology terms, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. KEGG pathway and gene ontology enrichment analysis using highly expressed unigenes across three tissues and targeted metabolome analysis showed active secondary metabolic processes enriched specifically in the root of L. officinale. Using co-expression analysis, we also identified 20 and 48 unigenes representing different enzymes of lithospermic/chlorogenic acid and shikonin biosynthesis pathways, respectively. We further identified 15 candidate unigenes annotated as cytochrome P450 with the highest expression in the root of L. officinale as novel genes with a role in key biochemical reactions toward shikonin biosynthesis. Thus, through this study, we not only generated a high-quality genomic resource for L. officinale but also propose candidate genes to be involved in shikonin biosynthesis pathways for further functional characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Rai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taiki Nakaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yohei Shimizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Megha Rai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Michimi Nakamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Kazuki Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mami Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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48
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Gutierrez SMV, Hazell KK, Simonsen J, Robinson SC. Description of a Naphthoquinonic Crystal Produced by the Fungus Scytalidium cuboideum. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23081905. [PMID: 30065148 PMCID: PMC6222619 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intarsia was an art form popular between the 15th⁻18th centuries that used wood pigmented by spalting fungi to create detailed landscapes, portraits, and other imagery. These fungi are still used today in art but are also finding relevance in material science as elements of solar cells, textile dyes, and paint colorants. Here we show that the spalting fungus Scytalidium cuboideum (Sacc. and Ellis) Sigler and Kang produces a red/pink pigment that forms two distinct colors of crystals (red and orange)-a very rare occurrence. In addition, a second structure of the crystal is proved through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). This is only the second instance of a stable, naphthoquinone crystal produced by a fungus. Its discovery is particularly valuable for solar cell development, as crystalline materials have a higher electrical conductivity. Other fungi in this order have shown strong potential as thin films for solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenya K Hazell
- Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - John Simonsen
- Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Seri C Robinson
- Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Mitsuoka K, Kita A, Murakami Y, Shirasuna K, Noda A, Yamanaka K, Kaneko N, Miyoshi S. Predicting response to sepantronium bromide (YM155), a survivin suppressant, by PET imaging with [ 11C]YM155. Nucl Med Biol 2018; 64-65:41-46. [PMID: 30041149 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sepantronium bromide (YM155) is a survivin suppressant that induces apoptosis in tumor cells. Although YM155 induces tumor regression in various tumor types in vivo, phase I and II studies demonstrated responding and non-responding patient populations. We investigated 11C-labeled YM155 ([11C]YM155) used as a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer to assess whether tumor uptake of [11C]YM155 correlated with its anti-tumor effect, thereby allowing identification of patients who would respond to YM155 treatment. METHODS (1) Uptake of YM155 was measured in 39 human cancer cell lines in vitro using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). (2) In vivo tumor uptake was assessed in xenografted mice and total body distribution was evaluated in a cynomolgus monkey using [11C]YM155 with PET/computed tomography (CT) (mice) and PET (monkey) imaging. RESULTS Intracellular uptake of YM155 in human cancer cell lines correlated well with its in vitro efficacy measured by GI50 (Pearson's r = -0.5709). Similarly, in vivo studies using tumor xenografted mice showed that tumors sensitive to YM155 demonstrated robust uptake of [11C]YM155, whereas insensitive tumors demonstrated low uptake. In the monkey, the biodistribution of [11C]YM155 indicated low accumulation in lung, breast, head, and neck and was only significant in organs involved with drug clearance: i.e. liver, kidneys, and bladder. CONCLUSIONS Robust uptake of [11C]YM155 by a tumor appears to be a positive predictive marker for a good response to YM155. The findings suggest the potential utility of PET/CT imaging with [11C]YM155 for selection of patients whose tumors are likely to respond to YM155. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE YM155 efficacy correlated closely with its in vitro intracellular uptake and uptake on [11C]YM155 PET imaging. [11C]YM155 PET may predict tumor sensitivity to YM155. IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE The concept that tumor response can be accurately predicted prior to chemotherapy should be exploited to improve cancer treatment outcomes through judicious patient selection. The small molecule sepantronium bromide (YM155), a survivin suppressant, has been developed for the treatment of several cancers, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer, and breast cancer. The preferentially high in vitro uptake of YM155 by YM155-sensitive cancer cells and the high in vivo uptake of [11C]YM155 in YM155-sensitive tumors demonstrated by PET imaging suggest the potential utility of performing [11C]YM155 PET to allow the identification of patients with YM155-sensitive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aya Kita
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Kenna Shirasuna
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akihiro Noda
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Naoki Kaneko
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Sosuke Miyoshi
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan.
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50
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Abstract
Vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases (VHPOs) are fascinating enzymes that facilitate electrophilic halogen incorporation into electron-rich substrates, simply requiring vanadate, a halide source, and cosubstrate hydrogen peroxide for activity. Initially characterized in fungi and red algae, VHPOs were long believed to have limited regio-, chemo-, and enantioselectivity in the production of halogenated metabolites. However, the recent discovery of homologues in the biosynthetic gene clusters of the stereoselectively halogenated meroterpenoids from marine-derived Streptomyces bacteria has revised this paradigm. Their intriguing transformations have both enhanced and contributed to the fields of synthetic organic and natural product chemistry. We, herein, describe the expression, purification, and chemical assays of two characterized vanadium-dependent chloroperoxidase enzymes (NapH1 and Mcl24), and one homologue devoid of chlorination activity (NapH3), involved in the biosyntheses of halogenated meroterpenoid products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M K McKinnie
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Zachary D Miles
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Bradley S Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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