1
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York AG, Skadow MH, Oh J, Qu R, Zhou QD, Hsieh WY, Mowel WK, Brewer JR, Kaffe E, Williams KJ, Kluger Y, Smale ST, Crawford JM, Bensinger SJ, Flavell RA. IL-10 constrains sphingolipid metabolism to limit inflammation. Nature 2024; 627:628-635. [PMID: 38383790 PMCID: PMC10954550 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a key anti-inflammatory cytokine that can limit immune cell activation and cytokine production in innate immune cell types1. Loss of IL-10 signalling results in life-threatening inflammatory bowel disease in humans and mice-however, the exact mechanism by which IL-10 signalling subdues inflammation remains unclear2-5. Here we find that increased saturated very long chain (VLC) ceramides are critical for the heightened inflammatory gene expression that is a hallmark of IL-10 deficiency. Accordingly, genetic deletion of ceramide synthase 2 (encoded by Cers2), the enzyme responsible for VLC ceramide production, limited the exacerbated inflammatory gene expression programme associated with IL-10 deficiency both in vitro and in vivo. The accumulation of saturated VLC ceramides was regulated by a decrease in metabolic flux through the de novo mono-unsaturated fatty acid synthesis pathway. Restoring mono-unsaturated fatty acid availability to cells deficient in IL-10 signalling limited saturated VLC ceramide production and the associated inflammation. Mechanistically, we find that persistent inflammation mediated by VLC ceramides is largely dependent on sustained activity of REL, an immuno-modulatory transcription factor. Together, these data indicate that an IL-10-driven fatty acid desaturation programme rewires VLC ceramide accumulation and aberrant activation of REL. These studies support the idea that fatty acid homeostasis in innate immune cells serves as a key regulatory node to control pathologic inflammation and suggests that 'metabolic correction' of VLC homeostasis could be an important strategy to normalize dysregulated inflammation caused by the absence of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn G York
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Mathias H Skadow
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joonseok Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Institute of Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rihao Qu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Quan D Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wei-Yuan Hsieh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Walter K Mowel
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J Richard Brewer
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eleanna Kaffe
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kevin J Williams
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Lipidomics Laboratory, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuval Kluger
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephen T Smale
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason M Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Institute of Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Steven J Bensinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- UCLA Lipidomics Laboratory, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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2
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York AG, Skadow MH, Qu R, Oh J, Mowel WK, Brewer JR, Kaffe E, Williams KJ, Kluger Y, Crawford JM, Smale ST, Bensinger SJ, Flavell RA. IL-10 constrains sphingolipid metabolism via fatty acid desaturation to limit inflammation. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.07.539780. [PMID: 37214856 PMCID: PMC10197576 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.07.539780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Unchecked chronic inflammation is the underlying cause of many diseases, ranging from inflammatory bowel disease to obesity and neurodegeneration. Given the deleterious nature of unregulated inflammation, it is not surprising that cells have acquired a diverse arsenal of tactics to limit inflammation. IL-10 is a key anti-inflammatory cytokine that can limit immune cell activation and cytokine production in innate immune cell types; however, the exact mechanism by which IL-10 signaling subdues inflammation remains unclear. Here, we find that IL-10 signaling constrains sphingolipid metabolism. Specifically, we find increased saturated very long chain (VLC) ceramides are critical for the heightened inflammatory gene expression that is a hallmark of IL-10-deficient macrophages. Genetic deletion of CerS2, the enzyme responsible for VLC ceramide production, limited exacerbated inflammatory gene expression associated with IL-10 deficiency both in vitro and in vivo , indicating that "metabolic correction" is able to reduce inflammation in the absence of IL-10. Surprisingly, accumulation of saturated VLC ceramides was regulated by flux through the de novo mono-unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) synthesis pathway, where addition of exogenous MUFAs could limit both saturated VLC ceramide production and inflammatory gene expression in the absence of IL-10 signaling. Together, these studies mechanistically define how IL-10 signaling manipulates fatty acid metabolism as part of its molecular anti-inflammatory strategy and could lead to novel and inexpensive approaches to regulate aberrant inflammation.
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3
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Gatsios A, Kim CS, York AG, Flavell RA, Crawford JM. Cellular Stress-Induced Metabolites in Escherichia coli. J Nat Prod 2022; 85:2626-2640. [PMID: 36346625 PMCID: PMC9949963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli isolates commonly inhabit the human microbiota, yet the majority of E. coli's small-molecule repertoire remains uncharacterized. We previously employed erythromycin-induced translational stress to facilitate the characterization of autoinducer-3 (AI-3) and structurally related pyrazinones derived from "abortive" tRNA synthetase reactions in pathogenic, commensal, and probiotic E. coli isolates. In this study, we explored the "missing" tryptophan-derived pyrazinone reaction and characterized two other families of metabolites that were similarly upregulated under erythromycin stress. Strikingly, the abortive tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase reaction leads to a tetracyclic indole alkaloid metabolite (1) rather than a pyrazinone. Furthermore, erythromycin induced two naphthoquinone-functionalized metabolites (MK-hCys, 2; and MK-Cys, 3) and four lumazines (7-10). Using genetic and metabolite analyses coupled with biomimetic synthesis, we provide support that the naphthoquinones are derived from 4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (DHNA), an intermediate in the menaquinone biosynthetic pathway, and the amino acids homocysteine and cysteine. In contrast, the lumazines are dependent on a flavin intermediate and α-ketoacids from the aminotransferases AspC and TyrB. We show that one of the lumazine members (9), an indole-functionalized analogue, possesses antioxidant properties, modulates the anti-inflammatory fate of isolated TH17 cells, and serves as an aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist. These three systems described here serve to illustrate that new metabolic branches could be more commonly derived from well-established primary metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gatsios
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Institute of Biomolecular Design & Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Chung Sub Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Institute of Biomolecular Design & Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Autumn G. York
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jason M. Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Institute of Biomolecular Design & Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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4
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Cho W, York AG, Wang R, Wyche TP, Piizzi G, Flavell RA, Crawford JM. N-Acyl Amides from Neisseria meningitidis and Their Role in Sphingosine Receptor Signaling. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200490. [PMID: 36112057 PMCID: PMC9762135 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that is responsible for causing human diseases with high mortality, such as septicemia and meningitis. The molecular mechanisms N. meningitidis employ to manipulate the immune system, translocate the mucosal and blood-brain barriers, and exert virulence are largely unknown. Human-associated bacteria encode a variety of bioactive small molecules with growing evidence for N-acyl amides as being important signaling molecules. However, only a small fraction of these metabolites has been identified from the human microbiota thus far. Here, we heterologously expressed an N-acyltransferase encoded in the obligate human pathogen N. meningitidis and identified 30 N-acyl amides with representative members serving as agonists of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) S1PR4. During this process, we also characterized two mammalian N-acyl amides derived from the bovine medium. Both groups of metabolites suppress anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 signaling in human macrophage cell types, but they also suppress the pro-inflammatory interleukin-17A+ population in TH 17-differentiated CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooyoung Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Institute of Biomolecular Design & Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Autumn G. York
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rurun Wang
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas P. Wyche
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Grazia Piizzi
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jason M. Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Institute of Biomolecular Design & Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- correspondence,
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5
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Bielecki P, Riesenfeld SJ, Hütter JC, Triglia ET, Kowalczyk MS, Ricardo-Gonzalez RR, Lian M, Vesely MCA, Kroehling L, Xu H, Slyper M, Muus C, Ludwig LS, Christian E, Tao L, Kedaigle AJ, Steach HR, York AG, Skadow MH, Yaghoubi P, Dionne D, Jarret A, McGee HM, Porter CBM, Licona-Limón P, Bailis W, Jackson R, Gagliani N, Gasteiger G, Locksley RM, Regev A, Flavell RA. Skin-resident innate lymphoid cells converge on a pathogenic effector state. Nature 2021; 592:128-132. [PMID: 33536623 PMCID: PMC8336632 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03188-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) help sustain barrier function and respond to local signals. ILCs are traditionally classified as ILC1, ILC2 or ILC3 on the basis of their expression of specific transcription factors and cytokines1. In the skin, disease-specific production of ILC3-associated cytokines interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22 in response to IL-23 signalling contributes to dermal inflammation in psoriasis. However, it is not known whether this response is initiated by pre-committed ILCs or by cell-state transitions. Here we show that the induction of psoriasis in mice by IL-23 or imiquimod reconfigures a spectrum of skin ILCs, which converge on a pathogenic ILC3-like state. Tissue-resident ILCs were necessary and sufficient, in the absence of circulatory ILCs, to drive pathology. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) profiles of skin ILCs along a time course of psoriatic inflammation formed a dense transcriptional continuum-even at steady state-reflecting fluid ILC states, including a naive or quiescent-like state and an ILC2 effector state. Upon disease induction, the continuum shifted rapidly to span a mixed, ILC3-like subset also expressing cytokines characteristic of ILC2s, which we inferred as arising through multiple trajectories. We confirmed the transition potential of quiescent-like and ILC2 states using in vitro experiments, single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (scATAC-seq) and in vivo fate mapping. Our results highlight the range and flexibility of skin ILC responses, suggesting that immune activities primed in healthy tissues dynamically adapt to provocations and, left unchecked, drive pathological remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bielecki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Celsius Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Samantha J. Riesenfeld
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142, USA, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Correspondence to: A.R , R.A.F , P.B , and S.J.R
| | - Jan-Christian Hütter
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142, USA
| | - Elena Torlai Triglia
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142, USA
| | - Monika S. Kowalczyk
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142, USA
| | - Roberto R. Ricardo-Gonzalez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA, Department of Medicine, Sandler Asthma Research Center University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mi Lian
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria C. Amezcua Vesely
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Lina Kroehling
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Michal Slyper
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142, USA
| | - Christoph Muus
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142, USA, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Leif S. Ludwig
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142, USA
| | - Elena Christian
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142, USA
| | - Liming Tao
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142, USA
| | - Amanda J. Kedaigle
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142, USA
| | - Holly R. Steach
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Autumn G. York
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mathias H. Skadow
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Parastou Yaghoubi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Danielle Dionne
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142, USA
| | - Abigail Jarret
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Heather M. McGee
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA, NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Caroline B. M. Porter
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142, USA
| | - Paula Licona-Limón
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA, Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City 04510
| | - Will Bailis
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA, Division of Protective Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA., Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruaidhrí Jackson
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA, Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georg Gasteiger
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany
| | - Richard M. Locksley
- Department of Medicine, Sandler Asthma Research Center University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Aviv Regev
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA. .,Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Correspondence to: A.R , R.A.F , P.B , and S.J.R
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6
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Hsieh WY, Zhou QD, York AG, Williams KJ, Scumpia PO, Kronenberger EB, Hoi XP, Su B, Chi X, Bui VL, Khialeeva E, Kaplan A, Son YM, Divakaruni AS, Sun J, Smale ST, Flavell RA, Bensinger SJ. Toll-Like Receptors Induce Signal-Specific Reprogramming of the Macrophage Lipidome. Cell Metab 2020; 32:128-143.e5. [PMID: 32516576 PMCID: PMC7891175 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages reprogram their lipid metabolism in response to activation signals. However, a systems-level understanding of how different pro-inflammatory stimuli reshape the macrophage lipidome is lacking. Here, we use complementary "shotgun" and isotope tracer mass spectrometry approaches to define the changes in lipid biosynthesis, import, and composition of macrophages induced by various Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammatory cytokines. "Shotgun" lipidomics data revealed that different TLRs and cytokines induce macrophages to acquire distinct lipidomes, indicating their specificity in reshaping lipid composition. Mechanistic studies showed that differential reprogramming of lipid composition is mediated by the opposing effects of MyD88- and TRIF-interferon-signaling pathways. Finally, we applied these insights to show that perturbing reprogramming of lipid composition can enhance inflammation and promote host defense to bacterial challenge. These studies provide a framework for understanding how inflammatory stimuli reprogram lipid composition of macrophages while providing a knowledge platform to exploit differential lipidomics to influence immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yuan Hsieh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Quan D Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Autumn G York
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kevin J Williams
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Philip O Scumpia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eliza B Kronenberger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xen Ping Hoi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Baolong Su
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xun Chi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Viet L Bui
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Division of Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elvira Khialeeva
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amber Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Young Min Son
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Stephen T Smale
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Steven J Bensinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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7
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Zhou QD, Chi X, Lee MS, Hsieh WY, Mkrtchyan JJ, Feng AC, He C, York AG, Bui VL, Kronenberger EB, Ferrari A, Xiao X, Daly AE, Tarling EJ, Damoiseaux R, Scumpia PO, Smale ST, Williams KJ, Tontonoz P, Bensinger SJ. Interferon-mediated reprogramming of membrane cholesterol to evade bacterial toxins. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:746-755. [PMID: 32514064 PMCID: PMC7778040 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0695-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membranes of animal cells are enriched for cholesterol. Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) are pore-forming toxins secreted by bacteria that target membrane cholesterol for their effector function. Phagocytes are essential for clearance of CDC-producing bacteria; however, the mechanisms by which these cells evade the deleterious effects of CDCs are largely unknown. Here, we report that interferon (IFN) signals convey resistance to CDC-induced pores on macrophages and neutrophils. We traced IFN-mediated resistance to CDCs to the rapid modulation of a specific pool of cholesterol in the plasma membrane of macrophages without changes to total cholesterol levels. Resistance to CDC-induced pore formation requires the production of the oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), inhibition of cholesterol synthesis and redistribution of cholesterol to an esterified cholesterol pool. Accordingly, blocking the ability of IFN to reprogram cholesterol metabolism abrogates cellular protection and renders mice more susceptible to CDC-induced tissue damage. These studies illuminate targeted regulation of membrane cholesterol content as a host defense strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan D Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xun Chi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Min Sub Lee
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wei Yuan Hsieh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan J Mkrtchyan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - An-Chieh Feng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cuiwen He
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Autumn G York
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Viet L Bui
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eliza B Kronenberger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alessandra Ferrari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xu Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Allison E Daly
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Tarling
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Philip O Scumpia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen T Smale
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin J Williams
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven J Bensinger
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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8
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Solis AG, Bielecki P, Steach HR, Sharma L, Harman CCD, Yun S, de Zoete MR, Warnock JN, To SDF, York AG, Mack M, Schwartz MA, Cruz CSD, Palm NW, Jackson R, Flavell RA. Author Correction: Mechanosensation of cyclical force by PIEZO1 is essential for innate immunity. Nature 2019; 575:E7. [PMID: 31712625 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1755-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An Amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel G Solis
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Piotr Bielecki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Holly R Steach
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Sanguk Yun
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marcel R de Zoete
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - James N Warnock
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S D Filip To
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Autumn G York
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine II-Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin A Schwartz
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Noah W Palm
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ruaidhrí Jackson
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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9
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Solis AG, Bielecki P, Steach HR, Sharma L, Harman CCD, Yun S, de Zoete MR, Warnock JN, To SDF, York AG, Mack M, Schwartz MA, Dela Cruz CS, Palm NW, Jackson R, Flavell RA. Mechanosensation of cyclical force by PIEZO1 is essential for innate immunity. Nature 2019; 573:69-74. [PMID: 31435009 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Direct recognition of invading pathogens by innate immune cells is a critical driver of the inflammatory response. However, cells of the innate immune system can also sense their local microenvironment and respond to physiological fluctuations in temperature, pH, oxygen and nutrient availability, which are altered during inflammation. Although cells of the immune system experience force and pressure throughout their life cycle, little is known about how these mechanical processes regulate the immune response. Here we show that cyclical hydrostatic pressure, similar to that experienced by immune cells in the lung, initiates an inflammatory response via the mechanically activated ion channel PIEZO1. Mice lacking PIEZO1 in innate immune cells showed ablated pulmonary inflammation in the context of bacterial infection or fibrotic autoinflammation. Our results reveal an environmental sensory axis that stimulates innate immune cells to mount an inflammatory response, and demonstrate a physiological role for PIEZO1 and mechanosensation in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel G Solis
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Piotr Bielecki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Holly R Steach
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Sanguk Yun
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marcel R de Zoete
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - James N Warnock
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S D Filip To
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Autumn G York
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine II-Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin A Schwartz
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Noah W Palm
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ruaidhrí Jackson
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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10
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Jackson R, Kroehling L, Khitun A, Bailis W, Jarret A, York AG, Khan OM, Brewer JR, Skadow MH, Duizer C, Harman CCD, Chang L, Bielecki P, Solis AG, Steach HR, Slavoff S, Flavell RA. The translation of non-canonical open reading frames controls mucosal immunity. Nature 2018; 564:434-438. [PMID: 30542152 PMCID: PMC6939389 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0794-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The annotation of the mammalian protein-coding genome is incomplete. Arbitrary size restriction of open reading frames (ORFs) and the absolute requirement for a methionine codon as the sole initiator of translation have constrained the identification of potentially important transcripts with non-canonical protein-coding potential1,2. Here, using unbiased transcriptomic approaches in macrophages that respond to bacterial infection, we show that ribosomes associate with a large number of RNAs that were previously annotated as 'non-protein coding'. Although the idea that such non-canonical ORFs can encode functional proteins is controversial3,4, we identify a range of short and non-ATG-initiated ORFs that can generate stable and spatially distinct proteins. Notably, we show that the translation of a new ORF 'hidden' within the long non-coding RNA Aw112010 is essential for the orchestration of mucosal immunity during both bacterial infection and colitis. This work expands our interpretation of the protein-coding genome and demonstrates that proteinaceous products generated from non-canonical ORFs are crucial for the immune response in vivo. We therefore propose that the misannotation of non-canonical ORF-containing genes as non-coding RNAs may obscure the essential role of a multitude of previously undiscovered protein-coding genes in immunity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruaidhrí Jackson
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lina Kroehling
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Will Bailis
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Abigail Jarret
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Autumn G York
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Omair M Khan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J Richard Brewer
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mathias H Skadow
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Coco Duizer
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christian C D Harman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lelina Chang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Piotr Bielecki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Angel G Solis
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Holly R Steach
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah Slavoff
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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11
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York AG, Williams KJ, Argus JP, Zhou QD, Brar G, Vergnes L, Gray EE, Zhen A, Wu NC, Yamada DH, Cunningham CR, Tarling EJ, Wilks MQ, Casero D, Gray DH, Yu AK, Wang ES, Brooks DG, Sun R, Kitchen SG, Wu TT, Reue K, Stetson DB, Bensinger SJ. Limiting Cholesterol Biosynthetic Flux Spontaneously Engages Type I IFN Signaling. Cell 2015; 163:1716-29. [PMID: 26686653 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellular lipid requirements are achieved through a combination of biosynthesis and import programs. Using isotope tracer analysis, we show that type I interferon (IFN) signaling shifts the balance of these programs by decreasing synthesis and increasing import of cholesterol and long chain fatty acids. Genetically enforcing this metabolic shift in macrophages is sufficient to render mice resistant to viral challenge, demonstrating the importance of reprogramming the balance of these two metabolic pathways in vivo. Unexpectedly, mechanistic studies reveal that limiting flux through the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway spontaneously engages a type I IFN response in a STING-dependent manner. The upregulation of type I IFNs was traced to a decrease in the pool size of synthesized cholesterol and could be inhibited by replenishing cells with free cholesterol. Taken together, these studies delineate a metabolic-inflammatory circuit that links perturbations in cholesterol biosynthesis with activation of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn G York
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kevin J Williams
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joseph P Argus
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Quan D Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gurpreet Brar
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Gray
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Box 358059, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Anjie Zhen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Douglas H Yamada
- Immuno-Oncology Discovery Research; Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Cameron R Cunningham
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Tarling
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Moses Q Wilks
- Center for Advanced Medical Imaging Sciences, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David Casero
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David H Gray
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amy K Yu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eric S Wang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David G Brooks
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Immune Therapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ren Sun
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Scott G Kitchen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel B Stetson
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Box 358059, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Steven J Bensinger
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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12
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Abstract
York and Bensinger discuss the ongoing cross talk between sterol metabolism and the immune system, highlighting the role of oxysterols in cancer progression. Oxysterols are oxidized derivatives of cholesterol that are generated enzymatically or through autoxidation. Initially identified as important lipid signaling molecules in the context of atherosclerosis and inflammation, accumulated evidence indicates that these lipid-signaling molecules can have pleiotropic effects on the fate and function of the immune system. These effects range from the regulation of immune cell survival and proliferation to chemotaxis and antiviral immunity. New studies now indicate that tumor-derived oxysterols can serve to subvert the immune system by recruiting protumorigenic neutrophils into the tumor microenvironment. The consequence of this recruitment is the generation of proangiogenic factors and matrix metalloproteinase proteins that provide a tumor a significant growth and survival advantage. In combination with other recent studies, these data highlight the ongoing cross talk between sterol metabolism and the immune system, and they raise the intriguing possibility that targeting oxysterol pathways could serve as a novel therapeutic approach in the war on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn G York
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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13
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Ahler E, Sullivan WJ, Cass A, Braas D, York AG, Bensinger SJ, Graeber TG, Christofk HR. Doxycycline alters metabolism and proliferation of human cell lines. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64561. [PMID: 23741339 PMCID: PMC3669316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The tetracycline antibiotics are widely used in biomedical research as mediators of inducible gene expression systems. Despite many known effects of tetracyclines on mammalian cells–including inhibition of the mitochondrial ribosome–there have been few reports on potential off-target effects at concentrations commonly used in inducible systems. Here, we report that in human cell lines, commonly used concentrations of doxycycline change gene expression patterns and concomitantly shift metabolism towards a more glycolytic phenotype, evidenced by increased lactate secretion and reduced oxygen consumption. We also show that these concentrations are sufficient to slow proliferation. These findings suggest that researchers using doxycycline in inducible expression systems should design appropriate controls to account for potential confounding effects of the drug on cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Ahler
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - William J. Sullivan
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ashley Cass
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel Braas
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Autumn G. York
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Steven J. Bensinger
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas G. Graeber
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Heather R. Christofk
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Broad Stem Cell Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Williams KJ, Argus JP, Zhu Y, Wilks MQ, Marbois BN, York AG, Kidani Y, Pourzia AL, Akhavan D, Lisiero DN, Komisopoulou E, Henkin AH, Soto H, Chamberlain BT, Vergnes L, Jung ME, Torres JZ, Liau LM, Christofk HR, Prins RM, Mischel PS, Reue K, Graeber TG, Bensinger SJ. An essential requirement for the SCAP/SREBP signaling axis to protect cancer cells from lipotoxicity. Cancer Res 2013; 73:2850-62. [PMID: 23440422 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0382-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP) are key transcriptional regulators of lipid metabolism and cellular growth. It has been proposed that SREBP signaling regulates cellular growth through its ability to drive lipid biosynthesis. Unexpectedly, we find that loss of SREBP activity inhibits cancer cell growth and viability by uncoupling fatty acid synthesis from desaturation. Integrated lipid profiling and metabolic flux analysis revealed that cancer cells with attenuated SREBP activity maintain long-chain saturated fatty acid synthesis, while losing fatty acid desaturation capacity. We traced this defect to the uncoupling of fatty acid synthase activity from stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1)-mediated desaturation. This deficiency in desaturation drives an imbalance between the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid pools resulting in severe lipotoxicity. Importantly, replenishing the monounsaturated fatty acid pool restored growth to SREBP-inhibited cells. These studies highlight the importance of fatty acid desaturation in cancer growth and provide a novel mechanistic explanation for the role of SREBPs in cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Williams
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
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15
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Layer BD, York AG, Varma S, Chen YH, Milchberg HM. Periodic index-modulated plasma waveguide. Opt Express 2009; 17:4263-4267. [PMID: 19293850 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.004263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a wire-obstructed cluster flow technique for making periodically modulated plasma waveguides in hydrogen, nitrogen, and argon with sharp, stable voids as short as 50 microm with a period as small as 200 microm. These gaps persist as the plasma expands for the full lifetime of the waveguide. We demonstrate guided propagation at intensities up to 2 x 10(17) W/cm(2), limited by our laser energy currently available. This technique is useful for quasi-phase matching applications where index-modulated guides are superior to diameter modulated guides.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Layer
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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16
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York AG, Milchberg HM, Palastro JP, Antonsen TM. Direct acceleration of electrons in a corrugated plasma waveguide. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:195001. [PMID: 18518453 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.195001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Historically, direct acceleration of charged particles by electromagnetic fields has been limited by diffraction, phase matching, and material damage thresholds. A recently developed plasma micro-optic [B. Layer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 035001 (2007)] removes these limitations and promises to allow high-field acceleration of electrons over many centimeters using relatively small femtosecond lasers. We present simulations that show a laser pulse power of 1.9 TW should allow an acceleration gradient larger than 80 MV/cm. A modest power of only 30 GW would still allow acceleration gradients in excess of 10 MV/cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G York
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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17
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Meyer KD, Donner AJ, Knuesel MT, York AG, Espinosa JM, Taatjes DJ. Cooperative activity of cdk8 and GCN5L within Mediator directs tandem phosphoacetylation of histone H3. EMBO J 2008; 27:1447-57. [PMID: 18418385 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2008.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The human Mediator complex is generally required for expression of protein-coding genes. Here, we show that the GCN5L acetyltransferase stably associates with Mediator together with the TRRAP polypeptide. Yet, contrary to expectations, TRRAP/GCN5L does not associate with the transcriptionally active core Mediator but rather with Mediator that contains the cdk8 subcomplex. Consequently, this derivative 'T/G-Mediator' complex does not directly activate transcription in a reconstituted human transcription system. However, within T/G-Mediator, cdk8 phosphorylates serine-10 on histone H3, which in turn stimulates H3K14 acetylation by GCN5L within the complex. Tandem phosphoacetylation of H3 correlates with transcriptional activation, and ChIP assays demonstrate co-occupancy of T/G-Mediator components at several activated genes in vivo. Moreover, cdk8 knockdown causes substantial reduction of global H3 phosphoacetylation, suggesting that T/G-Mediator is a major regulator of this H3 mark. Cooperative H3 modification provides a mechanistic basis for GCN5L association with cdk8-Mediator and also identifies a biochemical means by which cdk8 can indirectly activate gene expression. Indeed our results suggest that T/G-Mediator directs early events-such as modification of chromatin templates-in transcriptional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista D Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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18
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Palastro JP, Antonsen TM, Morshed S, York AG, Milchberg HM. Pulse propagation and electron acceleration in a corrugated plasma channel. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2008; 77:036405. [PMID: 18517531 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.77.036405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A preformed plasma channel provides a guiding structure for laser pulses unbound by the intensity thresholds of standard waveguides. The recently realized corrugated plasma channel [Layer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 035001 (2007)] allows for the guiding of laser pulses with subluminal spatial harmonics. These spatial harmonics can be phase matched to high energy electrons, making the corrugated plasma channel ideal for the acceleration of electrons. We present a simple analytic model of pulse propagation in a corrugated plasma channel and examine the laser-electron beam interaction. Simulations show accelerating gradients of several hundred MeV/cm for laser powers much lower than required by standard laser wakefield schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Palastro
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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