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Wu J, Zhang B, Zhou S, Huang Z, Xu Y, Lu X, Zheng X, Ouyang D. Associations between gut microbiota and sleep: a two-sample, bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1236847. [PMID: 37645227 PMCID: PMC10461450 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1236847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous research has reported that the gut microbiota performs an essential role in sleep through the microbiome-gut-brain axis. However, the causal association between gut microbiota and sleep remains undetermined. Methods We performed a two-sample, bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using genome-wide association study summary data of gut microbiota and self-reported sleep traits from the MiBioGen consortium and UK Biobank to investigate causal relationships between 119 bacterial genera and seven sleep-associated traits. We calculated effect estimates by using the inverse-variance weighted (as the main method), maximum likelihood, simple model, weighted model, weighted median, and MR-Egger methods, whereas heterogeneity and pleiotropy were detected and measured by the MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier method, Cochran's Q statistics, and MR-Egger regression. Results In forward MR analysis, inverse-variance weighted estimates concluded that the genetic forecasts of relative abundance of 42 bacterial genera had causal effects on sleep-associated traits. In the reverse MR analysis, sleep-associated traits had a causal effect on 39 bacterial genera, 13 of which overlapped with the bacterial genera in the forward MR analysis. Discussion In conclusion, our research indicates that gut microbiota may be involved in the regulation of sleep, and conversely, changes in sleep-associated traits may also alter the abundance of gut microbiota. These findings suggest an underlying reciprocal causal association between gut microbiota and sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Baofu Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shengjie Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taizhou Women and Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ziyi Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yindong Xu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinwu Lu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangtao Zheng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dong Ouyang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taizhou Women and Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
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McBride DA, Dorn NC, Yao M, Johnson WT, Wang W, Bottini N, Shah NJ. Short-chain fatty acid-mediated epigenetic modulation of inflammatory T cells in vitro. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:1912-1924. [PMID: 36566262 PMCID: PMC10695156 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are major metabolic products of indigestible polysaccharides in the gut and mediate the function of immune cells to facilitate homeostasis. The immunomodulatory effect of SCFAs has been attributed, at least in part, to the epigenetic modulation of immune cells through the inhibition the nucleus-resident enzyme histone deacetylase (HDAC). Among the downstream effects, SCFAs enhance regulatory T cells (Treg) over inflammatory T helper (Th) cells, including Th17 cells, which can be pathogenic. Here, we characterize the potential of two common SCFAs-butyrate and pentanoate-in modulating differentiation of T cells in vitro. We show that butyrate but not pentanoate exerts a concentration-dependent effect on Treg and Th17 differentiation. Increasing the concentration of butyrate suppresses the Th17-associated RORγtt and IL-17 and increases the expression of Treg-associated FoxP3. To effectively deliver butyrate, encapsulation of butyrate in a liposomal carrier, termed BLIPs, reduced cytotoxicity while maintaining the immunomodulatory effect on T cells. Consistent with these results, butyrate and BLIPs inhibit HDAC and promote a unique chromatin landscape in T cells under conditions that otherwise promote conversion into a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Motif enrichment analysis revealed that butyrate and BLIP-mediated suppression of Th17-associated chromatin accessibility corresponded with a marked decrease in bZIP family transcription factor binding sites. These results support the utility and further evaluation of BLIPs as an immunomodulatory agent for autoimmune disorders that are characterized by chronic inflammation and pathogenic inflammatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A McBride
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nicholas C Dorn
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mina Yao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Wade T Johnson
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nunzio Bottini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nisarg J Shah
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Chemical Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Visekruna A, Luu M. The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Bile Acids in Intestinal and Liver Function, Inflammation, and Carcinogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:703218. [PMID: 34381785 PMCID: PMC8352571 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.703218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, researchers have investigated the role of microbiota in health and disease. Recent findings support the hypothesis that commensal bacteria and in particular microbiota-derived metabolites have an impact on development of inflammation and carcinogenesis. Major classes of microbial-derived molecules such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and secondary bile acids (BAs) were shown to have immunomodulatory potential in various autoimmune, inflammatory as well as cancerous disease models and are dependent on diet-derived substrates. The versatile mechanisms underlying both beneficial and detrimental effects of bacterial metabolites comprise diverse regulatory pathways in lymphocytes and non-immune cells including changes in the signaling, metabolic and epigenetic status of these. Consequently, SCFAs as strong modulators of immunometabolism and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been investigated as therapeutic agents attenuating inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Moreover, BAs were shown to modulate the microbial composition, adaptive and innate immune response. In this review, we will discuss the recent findings in the field of microbiota-derived metabolites, especially with respect to the molecular and cellular mechanisms of SCFA and BA biology in the context of intestinal and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Visekruna
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Maik Luu
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Szentirmai É, Millican NS, Massie AR, Kapás L. Butyrate, a metabolite of intestinal bacteria, enhances sleep. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7035. [PMID: 31065013 PMCID: PMC6504874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43502-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the intestinal microbiota is a source of sleep-promoting signals. Bacterial metabolites and components of the bacterial cell wall are likely to provide important links between the intestinal commensal flora and sleep-generating mechanisms in the brain. Butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid produced by the intestinal bacteria by the fermentation of nondigestible polysaccharides. We tested the hypothesis that butyrate may serve as a bacterial-derived sleep-promoting signal. Oral gavage administration of tributyrin, a butyrate pro-drug, elicited an almost 50% increase in non-rapid-eye movement sleep (NREMS) in mice for 4 hours after the treatment. Similarly, intraportal injection of butyrate led to prompt and robust increases in NREMS in rats. In the first 6 hours after the butyrate injection, NREMS increased by 70%. Both the oral and intraportal administration of butyrate led to a significant drop in body temperature. Systemic subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection of butyrate did not have any significant effect on sleep or body temperature. The results suggest that the sleep-inducing effects of butyrate are mediated by a sensory mechanism located in the liver and/or in the portal vein wall. Hepatoportal butyrate-sensitive mechanisms may play a role in sleep modulation by the intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Szentirmai
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, United States of America.
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, United States of America.
| | - Nicklaus S Millican
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ashley R Massie
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, United States of America
| | - Levente Kapás
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, United States of America
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, United States of America
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Cakiroglu D, Meral Y, Pekmezci D, Onuk E, Kabak Y. Effects of Yeast Culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on Humoral and Cellular Immunity of Jersey Cows in Early Lactation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/javaa.2010.1534.1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Opanasopit P, Nishikawa M, Yamashita F, Takakura Y, Hashida M. Pharmacokinetic analysis of lectin-dependent biodistribution of fucosylated bovine serum albumin: a possible carrier for Kupffer cells. J Drug Target 2002; 9:341-51. [PMID: 11770704 DOI: 10.3109/10611860108998770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To examine the potential utility of fucosylation of drug carriers for targeted drug delivery to Kupffer cells, the pharmacokinetics of (111)In-labeled fucosylated bovine serum albumin (Fuc-BSA) with different numbers of fucose residues (11, 16, 25, 31 or 41) was studied. After intravenous injection in mice, all (111)In-Fuc-BSAs were mainly delivered to the liver and their hepatic uptake became saturated when the dose was increased. Of these derivatives, only (111)In-Fuc41-BSA showed a slow plasma elimination at low doses, suggesting an interaction with blood components. Examination of binding conditions as well as electrophoretic analysis of the binding components indicated that the serum-type mannan binding protein (MBP) is responsible. Kupffer cells, which possess fucose receptors, showed the highest uptake of (111)In-Fuc41-BSA, followed by endothelial cells and hepatocytes. The hepatic uptake of (111)In-Fuc41-BSA was inhibited by co-injection of Gal42-BSA, but not by Man46-BSA. On the other hand, excess Fuc41-BSA inhibited the hepatic uptake of (111)In-Man46-BSA, while (111)In-Gal42-BSA did not: These findings suggest that not only the fucose receptors on Kupffer cells but also other lectins are involved in the biodistribution of Fuc-BSAs. To understand how the degree of fucose modification affects the binding affinity of Fuc-BSA with hepatic lectins and serum MBP, a pharmacokinetic analysis was performed based on a physiological model. The Michaelis constant of the hepatic uptake of (111)In-Fuc-BSA decreased with an increasing number of fucose units, and the intrinsic hepatic clearance of (111)In-Fuc25-, (111)In-Fuc31- and (111)In-Fuc41-BSAs was close to, or much greater than, the hepatic plasma flow rate, indicating efficient hepatic uptake of these derivatives. These results suggest that fucosylation is a potentially useful method making drug carriers selective for Kupffer cells, although extensive modification might result in retarded delivery due to binding to other lectins like MBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Opanasopit
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
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Chen Y, McKenna GJ, Ong C, Mui ALF, Chung SW. Liver nonparenchymal cells involved in hyporesponsiveness induced by portal vein injection of alloantigen. Immunol Lett 2002; 81:1-11. [PMID: 11841840 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(01)00322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intrahepatic injection of alloantigen prolongs allograft survival and inhibits T-lymphocyte release of both IL-2 and IFN-gamma but not IL-4. This suggests that intrahepatic processing of antigen lead to a predominance of Th2 cell population with inhibition of Th1 cell type. This study examines the effects of hepatic nonparenchymal cells (NPCs) on T cell function and cytokine mRNA expression profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS Following portal vein (p.v.) injection of allogeneic splenic mononuclear cells (SMNC) in mice, heterotopic cardiac allograft survival and donor-specific immune responses were assessed. The cytokine profiles were evaluated in heart grafts and spleens from transplanted mice, or in recipient lymphocytes stimulated in vitro with alloantigen. The immunoregulatory role of NPCs from p.v. injected mice was evaluated. RESULTS Transplanted mice with prolonged graft survival demonstrated increased IL-4, TGF-beta and IL-10 and/or decreased IFN-gamma and IL-2 mRNA expression within the spleen and the transplanted graft. This correlated with increased antigen-specific IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-beta expression in lymphocytes isolated from the p.v. injected mice. In mixed lymphocyte cultures using NPC from p.v. injected mice as regulatory cells, there was decreased proliferation of lymphocytes from the p.v. injected mice in response to allogeneic stimulation, associated with increased IL-4, TGF-beta and IL-10 production and decreased IFN-gamma and IL-2 production. The regulatory effects of the NPC was reversed by prostaglandin E inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS Interactions between allogeneic lymphocytes and NPCs results in an impaired Th1 response and preferential shift towards a Th2 cytokine response which may regulate allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Chen
- Department of Surgery, Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 3100-910 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4E3
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Cavaglieri CR, Martins EF, Colleone VV, Rodrigues C, Vecchia MG, Curi R. Fiber-rich diets alter rat intestinal leukocytes metabolism. J Nutr Biochem 2000; 11:555-561. [PMID: 11137892 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(00)00118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study addressed the following question: What is the effect of fermentable and nonfermentable fiber-rich diets on intestinal immune cells' function and metabolism? For this purpose, weaning rats received, for 8 weeks, two types of fiber-enriched (30%) diets with different fermentable/nonfermentable fiber ratios, that is, oat bran (0.3) and wheat bran (0.14). The results of these two experimental groups were compared with those of the low-fiber control group having a 0.22 fermentable/nonfermentable fiber ratio. The total number and proportion of leukocytes in plasma, total number of cells in the lymphoid organs, lymphocyte proliferative activity and capacity of phagocytosis, hydrogen peroxide production, and adherence of macrophages were investigated. The activities of key enzymes of glycolysis and glutaminolysis, and of the Krebs cycle of lymphocytes from the mesenteric lymph nodes and macrophages from the intraperitoneal cavity were determined. The metabolic response of lymphocytes and macrophages from rats fed the three diets to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-stimulus was also investigated. The number of lymphocytes in the mesenteric lymph nodes was lower in both fiber-rich diets than in the control but did not have any difference in the remaining lymphoid organs. Wheat bran caused a significant reduction in the phagocytosis capacity and adherence index of macrophages, whereas oat bran did not have a significant effect. The response of glucose and glutamine metabolism to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-stimulus was not altered by the diets in lymphocytes, whereas in macrophages, the increase in glutaminase and hexokinase activities was abolished.
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Affiliation(s)
- CR Cavaglieri
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Blaheta RA, Nelson K, Oppermann E, Leckel K, Harder S, Cinatl J, Weber S, Shipkova M, Encke A, Markus BH. Mycophenolate mofetil decreases endothelial prostaglandin E2 in response to allogeneic T cells or cytokines. Transplantation 2000; 69:1977-81. [PMID: 10830246 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200005150-00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a powerful endogenous immune suppressant and interferes with various T-cell functions. However, it is not known in detail whether immunosuppressive drugs influence the PGE2-driven immune response in transplant patients. Therefore, we investigated the effect of several immunosuppressive compounds, in particular the novel drug mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), on endothelial PGE2 release. METHODS Endothelial cells (HUVEC) were activated by either allogeneic CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, or by the cytokines interleukin-1 or gamma-interferon. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we analyzed PGE2 release of the activated HWEC in the presence of MMF, cyclosporine, or tacrolimus. As verapamil and mibefradil also possess immunosuppressive properties, they were included in the study as well. RESULTS Activation of HUVEC with interleukin-1 or T cells resulted in a drastic accumulation of PGE2 in the supernatant. Cyclosporine or tacrolimus had no effect on PGE2 release. However, Ca2+ channel blockers, when applied at higher dosages, caused a significant increase in PGE2. Interestingly, MMF strongly diminished the PGE2 level in the cell culture supernatant in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate an inhibitory effect of MMF on PGE2 production, which may lower the benefits of the PGE2-triggered immune response after organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Blaheta
- Department of General Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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