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Smyth LA, Meader L, Xiao F, Woodward M, Brady HJM, Lechler R, Lombardi G. Constitutive expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member A1 in murine endothelial cells leads to transplant tolerance. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 188:219-225. [PMID: 28120329 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-apoptotic genes, including those of the Bcl-2 family, have been shown to have dual functionality inasmuch as they inhibit cell death but also regulate inflammation. Several anti-apoptotic molecules have been associated with endothelial cell (EC) survival following transplantation; however, their exact role has yet to be elucidated in respect to controlling inflammation. In this study we created mice expressing murine A1 (Bfl-1), a Bcl-2 family member, under the control of the human intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (ICAM-2) promoter. Constitutive expression of A1 in murine vascular ECs conferred protection from cell death induced by the proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Importantly, in a mouse model of heart allograft transplantation, expression of A1 in vascular endothelium increased survival in the absence of CD8+ T cells. Better graft outcome in mice receiving an A1 transgenic heart correlated with a reduced immune infiltration, which may be related to increased EC survival and reduced expression of adhesion molecules on ECs. In conclusion, constitutive expression of the anti-apoptotic molecule Bfl1 (A1) in murine vascular ECs leads to prolonged allograft survival due to modifying inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Smyth
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK.,School of Health, Sports and Biosciences, University of East London, London, UK
| | - L Meader
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - F Xiao
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Woodward
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, King's College, London, UK
| | - H J M Brady
- Immunology and Infection Section, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - R Lechler
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - G Lombardi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
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Dorling A. Transplant accommodation--are the lessons learned from xenotransplantation pertinent for clinical allotransplantation? Am J Transplant 2012; 12:545-53. [PMID: 22050724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
"Accommodation" refers to a vascularized transplant that has acquired resistance to antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). The term was coined in 1990, but the phenomenon was first described after clinical ABO-incompatible (ABOi) renal transplantation in the 1980s and is recognized as a common outcome in this context today. Because of the absence, until recently of reliable animal models of allograft accommodation, it has been studied extensively by investigators in the xenotransplantation field. With recent advances in the ability to recognize and diagnose AMR in human organs, the growth of desensitization programmes for transplantation into sensitized recipients and the availability of therapies that have the potential to promote accommodation, it is timely to review the literature in this area, identifying lessons that may inform preclinical and clinical studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dorling
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation & Innate Immunity Section, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
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Koch CA, Khalpey ZI, Platt JL. Accommodation: preventing injury in transplantation and disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:5143-8. [PMID: 15100249 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.9.5143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Humoral immunity, as a cause of damage to blood vessels, poses a major barrier to successful transplantation of organs. Under some conditions, humoral immunity causes little or no damage to an organ graft. We have referred to this condition, in which a vascularized graft functions in the face of humoral immunity directed against it, as "accommodation." In this paper, we review changes in the graft and in the host that may account for accommodation, and we consider that what we call accommodation of organ grafts may occur widely in the context of immune responses, enabling immune responses to target infectious organisms without harming self-tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A Koch
- Transplantation Biology, and Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Dorling A. Are anti-endothelial cell antibodies a pre-requisite for the acute vascular rejection of xenografts? Xenotransplantation 2003; 10:16-23. [PMID: 12535222 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3089.2003.01134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular rejection occurring within the first few weeks after transplantation is still the major immunological barrier to the long term survival of xenografts. Currently there is no consensus about what to call this type of rejection (acute vascular rejection, delayed xenograft rejection or acute humoral xenograft rejection), nor about how to prevent or treat it. METHODS A review of published evidence to define the heterogeneity of this phase of rejection and examine the role of antibodies, complement and graft-infiltrating inflammatory cells. RESULTS i) antibodies are always involved in acute vascular rejection; ii) this antibody-mediated rejection may be complement-dependent or -independent; iii) inflammatory cells may mediate an antibody- and complement-independent phase of rejection in some small animal models (which, in its pure form cannot be called 'vascular rejection') iv) there remain significant questions about the relevance of 'accommodation' and the importance of coagulation abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS Without doubt, future research would be helped by distinguishing between these different forms of delayed xenograft rejection, using terminology to reflect the involvement of specific pathophysiological mechanisms. An updated classification of the stages of xenograft rejection is proposed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dorling
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College School of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK.
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