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Kodet O, Kučera J, Strnadová K, Dvořánková B, Štork J, Lacina L, Smetana K. Cutaneous melanoma dissemination is dependent on the malignant cell properties and factors of intercellular crosstalk in the cancer microenvironment (Review). Int J Oncol 2020; 57:619-630. [PMID: 32705148 PMCID: PMC7384852 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma has been steadily increasing worldwide for several decades. This phenomenon seems to follow the trend observed in many types of malignancies caused by multiple significant factors, including ageing. Despite the progress in cutaneous malignant melanoma therapeutic options, the curability of advanced disease after metastasis represents a serious challenge for further research. In this review, we summarise data on the microenvironment of cutaneous malignant melanoma with emphasis on intercellular signalling during the disease progression. Malignant melanocytes with features of neural crest stem cells interact with non‑malignant populations within this microenvironment. We focus on representative bioactive factors regulating this intercellular crosstalk. We describe the possible key factors and signalling cascades responsible for the high complexity of the melanoma microenvironment and its premetastatic niches. Furthermore, we present the concept of melanoma early becoming a systemic disease. This systemic effect is presented as a background for the new horizons in the therapy of cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Kodet
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague 2
- Department of Dermatovenereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 120 00 Prague
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kučera
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague 2
- Department of Dermatovenereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 120 00 Prague
| | - Karolína Strnadová
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague 2
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Dvořánková
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague 2
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Štork
- Department of Dermatovenereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 120 00 Prague
| | - Lukáš Lacina
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague 2
- Department of Dermatovenereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 120 00 Prague
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Smetana
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague 2
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
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Castet F, Garcia-Mulero S, Sanz-Pamplona R, Cuellar A, Casanovas O, Caminal JM, Piulats JM. Uveal Melanoma, Angiogenesis and Immunotherapy, Is There Any Hope? Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E834. [PMID: 31212986 PMCID: PMC6627065 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma is considered a rare disease but it is the most common intraocular malignancy in adults. Local treatments are effective, but the systemic recurrence rate is unacceptably high. Moreover, once metastasis have developed the prognosis is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 5%, and systemic therapies, including immunotherapy, have rendered poor results. The tumour biology is complex, but angiogenesis is a highly important pathway in these tumours. Vasculogenic mimicry, the ability of melanomas to generate vascular channels independently of endothelial cells, could play an important role, but no effective therapy targeting this process has been developed so far. Angiogenesis modulates the tumour microenvironment of melanomas, and a close interplay is established between them. Therefore, combining immune strategies with drugs targeting angiogenesis offers a new therapeutic paradigm. In preclinical studies, these approaches effectively target these tumours, and a phase I clinical study has shown encouraging results in cutaneous melanomas. In this review, we will discuss the importance of angiogenesis in uveal melanoma, with a special focus on vasculogenic mimicry, and describe the interplay between angiogenesis and the tumour microenvironment. In addition, we will suggest future therapeutic approaches based on these observations and mention ways in which to potentially enhance current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Castet
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Cancer (ICO), IDIBELL-OncoBell, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sandra Garcia-Mulero
- Clinical Research in Solid Tumors Group (CREST), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute IDIBELL-OncoBell, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Unit of Biomarkers and Susceptibility, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL-OncoBell, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rebeca Sanz-Pamplona
- Unit of Biomarkers and Susceptibility, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL-OncoBell, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Andres Cuellar
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Cancer (ICO), IDIBELL-OncoBell, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Oriol Casanovas
- Tumor Angiogenesis Group, ProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL-OncoBell, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep Maria Caminal
- Ophthalmology Department; University Hospital of Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep Maria Piulats
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Cancer (ICO), IDIBELL-OncoBell, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Clinical Research in Solid Tumors Group (CREST), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute IDIBELL-OncoBell, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Cheng Y, Ma XL, Wei YQ, Wei XW. Potential roles and targeted therapy of the CXCLs/CXCR2 axis in cancer and inflammatory diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1871:289-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Effect of Interferon-γ on the Basal and the TNFα-Stimulated Secretion of CXCL8 in Thyroid Cancer Cell Lines Bearing Either the RET/PTC Rearrangement Or the BRAF V600e Mutation. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8512417. [PMID: 27555670 PMCID: PMC4983361 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8512417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL8 displays several tumor-promoting effects. Targeting and/or lowering CXCL8 concentrations within the tumor microenvironment would produce a therapeutic benefit. Aim of this study was to test the effect of IFNγ on the basal and TNFα-stimulated secretion of CXCL8 in TCP-1 and BCPAP thyroid cancer cell lines (harboring RET/PTC rearrangement and BRAF V600e mutation, resp.). Cells were incubated with IFNγ (1, 10, 100, and 1000 U/mL) alone or in combination with TNF-α (10 ng/mL) for 24 hours. CXCL8 and CXCL10 concentrations were measured in the cell supernatants. IFNγ inhibited in a dose-dependent and significant manner both the basal (ANOVA F: 22.759; p < 0.00001) and the TNFα-stimulated (ANOVA F: 15.309; p < 0.00001) CXCL8 secretions in BCPAP but not in TPC-1 cells (NS). On the other hand, IFNγ and IFNγ + TNF-α induced a significant secretion of CXCL10 in both BCPAP (p < 0.05) and TPC-1 (p < 0.05) cells. Transwell migration assay showed that (i) CXCL8 increased cell migration in both TPC-1 and BCPAP cells; (ii) IFNγ significantly reduced the migration only of BCPAP cells; and (iii) CXCL8 reverted the effect of IFNγ. These results constitute the first demonstration that IFNγ inhibits CXCL8 secretion and in turn the migration of a BRAF V600e mutated thyroid cell line.
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Jour G, Ivan D, Aung PP. Angiogenesis in melanoma: an update with a focus on current targeted therapies. J Clin Pathol 2016; 69:472-83. [PMID: 26865640 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2015-203482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in melanoma metastasis and progression. In recent years, numerous studies have investigated the prognostic and clinical significance of this phenomenon, and the development of molecular techniques has enabled us to achieve a better understanding of angiogenesis in melanoma. Herein, we review the current state of knowledge regarding angiogenesis in melanoma, including the pathophysiological, histological and immunohistochemical aspects of this phenomenon. We also review the molecular pathways involved in angiogenesis and the interplay between different components that might be manipulated in the future development of efficient targeted therapies. Recently developed targeted antiangiogenic therapies in clinical trials and included in the treatment of advanced-stage melanoma are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Jour
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Doina Ivan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Phyu P Aung
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Neagu M, Constantin C, Longo C. Chemokines in the melanoma metastasis biomarkers portrait. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2016; 36:559-66. [PMID: 25839711 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2015.1035593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Skin tumorigenesis is linked to inflammatory chemokines accumulation that can induce cancer-associated immune-suppression. Deregulation of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis was reported in melanoma tumorigenesis while also linked to BRAF mutation. Some chemokine-receptor patterns can direct the organ-specific metastasis. CXCL10 can help to prognosticate high-risk patients as it is a chemokine that differentiated patients with vs. metastasis free ones. Besides serum/plasma, chemokine identification in the cerebrospinal fluid of melanoma patients can indicate brain metastasis. Interplay between suppressed and elevated chemokines in cerebrospinal fluid can pinpoint an aggressive melanoma brain metastasis. Chemokines are gaining rapid momentum in the biomarker discovery domain aiding melanoma prognosis and high-risk patients' stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Neagu
- a Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology , Immunobiology Laboratory , Bucharest , Romania
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Sanmamed MF, Carranza-Rua O, Alfaro C, Oñate C, Martín-Algarra S, Perez G, Landazuri SF, Gonzalez A, Gross S, Rodriguez I, Muñoz-Calleja C, Rodríguez-Ruiz M, Sangro B, López-Picazo JM, Rizzo M, Mazzolini G, Pascual JI, Andueza MP, Perez-Gracia JL, Melero I. Serum interleukin-8 reflects tumor burden and treatment response across malignancies of multiple tissue origins. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:5697-707. [PMID: 25224278 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interleukin-8 (IL8) is a chemokine produced by malignant cells of multiple cancer types. It exerts various functions in shaping protumoral vascularization and inflammation/immunity. We evaluated sequential levels of serum IL8 in preclinical tumor models and in patients to assess its ability to estimate tumor burden. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IL8 levels were monitored by sandwich ELISAs in cultured tumor cells supernatants, tumor-xenografted mice serum, and in samples from 126 patients with cancer. We correlated IL8 serum levels with baseline tumor burden and with treatment-induced changes in tumor burden, as well as with prognosis. RESULTS IL8 concentrations correlated with the number of IL8-producing tumor cells in culture. In xenografted neoplasms, IL8 serum levels rapidly dropped after surgical excision, indicating an accurate correlation with tumor burden. In patients with melanoma (n = 16), renal cell carcinoma (RCC; n = 23), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC; n = 21), or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; n = 30), serum IL8 concentrations correlated with tumor burden and stage, survival (melanoma, n = 16; RCC, n = 23; HCC, n = 33), and objective responses to therapy, including those to BRAF inhibitors (melanoma, n = 16) and immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies (melanoma, n = 8). IL8 concentrations in urine (n = 18) were mainly elevated in tumors with direct contact with the urinary tract. CONCLUSIONS IL8 levels correlate with tumor burden in preclinical models and in patients with cancer. IL8 is a potentially useful biomarker to monitor changes in tumor burden following anticancer therapy, and has prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel F Sanmamed
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Omar Carranza-Rua
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Alfaro
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Oñate
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Guiomar Perez
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara F Landazuri
- Department of Biochemistry, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alvaro Gonzalez
- Department of Biochemistry, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Stefanie Gross
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Inmaculada Rodriguez
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - María Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Bruno Sangro
- Liver Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Manglio Rizzo
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Mazzolini
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Argentina
| | - Juan I Pascual
- Department of Urology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | - Ignacio Melero
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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Mittal K, Koon H, Elson P, Triozzi P, Dowlati A, Chen H, Borden EC, Rini BI. Dual VEGF/VEGFR inhibition in advanced solid malignancies: clinical effects and pharmacodynamic biomarkers. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:975-81. [PMID: 24842548 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.29187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our prior phase I study of the combination of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody, bevacizumab, and VEGF receptor (VEGFR) inhibitor, sunitinib, in advanced solid tumors identified an encouraging response evaluation. An expansion phase of this study was thus undertaken to obtain further safety data, response assessment and characterization of pharmacodynamic biomarkers in melanoma, renal, and adrenal carcinoma patients. Patients with metastatic solid tumors received sunitinib (37.5 mg/d, 4 wk on/2 wk off) and bevacizumab (5 mg/kg intravenously every 2 wk). Responses were assessed every 2 cycles. Serum levels of angiogenic molecules were measured using ELISA assays. Twenty-two patients were enrolled, including 11 melanoma, 5 renal cell carcinoma (RCC), 5 adrenal cancer, and 1 angiosarcoma. Grade 3 or higher adverse events were observed in 15 patients, including hypertension (41%), thrombocytopenia (23%), and fatigue (14%). Three RCC patients, and 1 melanoma patient developed thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). Partial response (PR) occurred in 21% patients, including melanoma (2), adrenal (1), and renal (1) carcinomas. Overall, 6 patients demonstrated some reduction in their tumor burden. Serum VEGF and several other proangiogenic proteins declined over the first 4 wk of treatment whereas the putative VEGF-resistant protein, prokineticin-2, increased over 10-fold. Occurrence of TMA related to dual VEGF/VEGFR inhibition can result from systemic or nephron specific injury even in non-renal malignancies. While the combination of sunitinib and bevacizumab was clinically efficacious in renal cell carcinoma and melanoma, the observance of microangiopathy, even in non-RCC patients, is a significant toxicity that precludes further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Mittal
- Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Henry Koon
- Case Western University; Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Paul Elson
- Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Pierre Triozzi
- Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Cleveland, OH USA
| | | | - Helen Chen
- National Cancer Institute; Rockville, MD USA
| | - Ernest C Borden
- Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Brian I Rini
- Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute; Cleveland, OH USA
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Chung HJ, Mahalingam M. Angiogenesis, vasculogenic mimicry and vascular invasion in cutaneous malignant melanoma – implications for therapeutic strategies and targeted therapies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 14:621-39. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2014.883281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Szalontay L, Schally AV, Popovics P, Vidaurre I, Krishan A, Zarandi M, Cai RZ, Klukovits A, Block NL, Rick FG. Novel GHRH antagonists suppress the growth of human malignant melanoma by restoring nuclear p27 function. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:2790-7. [PMID: 25486366 PMCID: PMC4615138 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2015.945879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer; the treatment of advanced and recurrent forms remains a challenge. It has recently been reported that growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) receptor is involved in the pathogenesis of melanoma. Therefore, we investigated the effects of our new GHRH antagonists on a human melanoma cancer cell line. Antiproliferative effects of GHRH antagonists, MIA-602, MIA-606 and MIA-690, on the human melanoma cell line, A-375, were studied in vitro using the MTS assay. The effect of MIA-690 (5 μg/day 28 d) was further evaluated in vivo in nude mice bearing xenografts of A-375. Subcellular localization of p27 was detected with Western blot and immunofluorescent staining. MIA-690 inhibited the proliferation of A-375 cells in a dose-dependent manner (33% at 10 μM, and 19.2% at 5 μM, P < 0 .05 vs. control), and suppressed the growth of xenografted tumors by 70.45% (P < 0.05). Flow cytometric analysis of cell cycle effects following the administration of MIA-690 revealed a decrease in the number of cells in G2/M phase (from 19.7% to 12.9%, P < 0.001). Additionally, Western blot and immunofluorescent studies showed that exposure of A-375 cells to MIA-690 triggered the nuclear accumulation of p27. MIA-690 inhibited tumor growth in vitro and in vivo, and increased the translocation of p27 into the nucleus thus inhibiting progression of the cell cycle. Our findings indicate that patients with malignant melanoma could benefit from treatment regimens, which combine existing chemotherapy agents and novel GHRH-antagonists.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, one-way analysis of variance
- Abu, a-aminobutyric acid
- Ac, acetyl
- Ada, 12-aminododecanoyl
- Agm, agmatine
- Amc, 8-aminocaprylyl
- Cpa, parachlorophenylalanine
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Fpa5, pentafluoro-phenylalanine
- GH, growth hormone
- GHRH, growth hormone-releasing hormone
- GHRH-R, growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor
- Har, homoarginine
- IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor I
- MTS, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfonphenyl)-2H-tetrazolium
- Nle, norleucine
- Orn, ornithine
- Ph, phenyl
- PhAc, phenylacetyl
- SVs, splice variants
- TBS, tris-buffered saline
- Tyr(Me), O-methyltyrosine
- growth hormone-releasing hormone antagonist
- hGHRH, human growth hormone-releasing hormone
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- melanoma
- p27
- pGHRH-R, pituitary type GHRH-receptor
- targeted therapy
- xenografted mouse model
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Szalontay
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education; Miami, FL USA
| | - Andrew V Schally
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education; Miami, FL USA
- Department of Pathology; University of Miami; Miller School of Medicine; Miami, FL USA
- Divisions of Hematology/Oncology; University of Miami; Miller School of Medicine; Miami, FL USA
- Department of Endocrinology; University of Miami; Miller School of Medicine; Miami, FL USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Miami; Miller School of Medicine; Miami, FL USA
| | - Petra Popovics
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education; Miami, FL USA
- Cardiovascular Diseases; Department of Medicine; University of Miami; Miller School of Medicine; Miami, FL USA
| | - Irving Vidaurre
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education; Miami, FL USA
| | - Awtar Krishan
- Department of Pathology; University of Miami; Miller School of Medicine; Miami, FL USA
| | - Marta Zarandi
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education; Miami, FL USA
- Department of Pathology; University of Miami; Miller School of Medicine; Miami, FL USA
| | - Ren-Zhi Cai
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education; Miami, FL USA
- Department of Pathology; University of Miami; Miller School of Medicine; Miami, FL USA
| | - Anna Klukovits
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education; Miami, FL USA
- Department of Pathology; University of Miami; Miller School of Medicine; Miami, FL USA
| | - Norman L Block
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education; Miami, FL USA
- Department of Pathology; University of Miami; Miller School of Medicine; Miami, FL USA
- Divisions of Hematology/Oncology; University of Miami; Miller School of Medicine; Miami, FL USA
| | - Ferenc G Rick
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education; Miami, FL USA
- Department of Urology; Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine; Florida International University; Miami, FL, USA
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Neagu M, Constantin C, Zurac S. Immune parameters in the prognosis and therapy monitoring of cutaneous melanoma patients: experience, role, and limitations. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:107940. [PMID: 24163809 PMCID: PMC3791585 DOI: 10.1155/2013/107940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is an immune-dependent aggressive tumour. Up to our knowledge, there are no reports regarding immune parameters monitoring in longitudinal followup of melanoma patients. We report a followup for 36 months of the immune parameters of patients diagnosed in stages I-IV. The circulatory immune parameters comprised presurgery and postsurgery immune circulating peripheral cells and circulating intercommunicating cytokines. Based on our analysis, the prototype of the intratumor inflammatory infiltrate in a melanoma with good prognosis is composed of numerous T cells CD3+, few or even absent B cells CD20+, few or absent plasma cells CD138+, and present Langerhans cells CD1a+ or langerin+. Regarding circulatory immune cells, a marker that correlates with stage is CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and its decrease clearly indicates a worse prognosis of the disease. Moreover, even in advanced stages, patients that have an increased overall survival rate prove the increase of this ratio. The decrease in the circulating B lymphocytes with stage is balanced by an increase in circulating NK cells, a phenomenon observed in stage III. Out of all the tested cytokines in the followup, IL-6 level correlated with the patient's survival, while in our study, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12 did not correlate statistically in a significant way with overall survival, or relapse-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Neagu
- Immunobiology Laboratory, “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carolina Constantin
- Immunobiology Laboratory, “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sabina Zurac
- Department of Pathology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Colentina University Hospital, 21 Stefan cel Mare, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
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Madsen CV, Steffensen KD, Olsen DA, Waldstrøm M, Smerdel M, Adimi P, Brandslund I, Jakobsen A. Serial measurements of serum PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, FGF2, and VEGF in multiresistant ovarian cancer patients treated with bevacizumab. J Ovarian Res 2012; 5:23. [PMID: 22989094 PMCID: PMC3511256 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-5-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED INTRODUCTION Anti-VEGF treatment has proven effective in recurrent ovarian cancer. However, the identification of the patients most likely to respond is still pending. It is well known that the angiogenesis is regulated by several other pro-angiogenic proteins, e.g. the platelet - derived growth factor (PDGF) system and the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) system. These other signaling pathways may remain active or become upregulated during anti-VEGF treatment.The aim of the present study was to investigate if potential changes of PDGF-BB, PDGF-AA, and FGF2 before and during bevacizumab treatment had predictive value for early progression or survival. Furthermore, we wanted to investigate the importance of serum VEGF in the same cohort. METHODS This study included 106 patients with chemotherapy-resistant epithelial ovarian cancer who were treated with single agent bevacizumab as part of a biomarker protocol. Patients were evaluated for response by the Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) and/ or Gynecologic Cancer Intergroup (GCIG) CA125 criteria. Serum samples were collected at baseline and prior to each treatment. FGF2, PDGF-BB, PDGF-AA were quantified simultaneously using the Luminex system, and VEGF-A was measured by ELISA. Eighty-eight baseline samples were avaliable for FGF2, PDGF-BB, PDGF-AA analysis, and 93 baseline samples for VEGF. RESULTS High baseline serum VEGF was related to poor overall survival. Furthermore, high serum PDGF-BB and FGF2 was of prognostic significance. None of the markers showed predictive value, neither at baseline level nor during the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Vestergaard Madsen
- Department of Oncology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute for Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Oncology, Vejle Hospital, Kabbeltoft 25, DK 7100, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Karina Dahl Steffensen
- Department of Oncology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute for Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Marianne Waldstrøm
- Department of Pathology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute for Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maja Smerdel
- Department of Oncology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Parvin Adimi
- Department of Oncology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Ivan Brandslund
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute for Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Jakobsen
- Department of Oncology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute for Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Mimeault M, Batra SK. Novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for optimizing the therapeutic management of melanomas. World J Clin Oncol 2012; 3:32-42. [PMID: 22442756 PMCID: PMC3309891 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v3.i3.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer with an extremely poor survival rate for the patients diagnosed with locally invasive and metastatic disease states. Intensive research has led in last few years to an improvement of the early detection and curative treatment of primary cutaneous melanomas that are confined to the skin by tumor surgical resection. However, locally advanced and disseminated melanomas are generally resistant to conventional treatments, including ionizing radiation, systemic chemotherapy, immunotherapy and/or adjuvant stem cell-based therapies, and result in the death of patients. The rapid progression of primary melanomas to locally invasive and/or metastatic disease states remains a major obstacle for an early effective diagnosis and a curative therapeutic intervention for melanoma patients. Importantly, recent advances in the melanoma research have led to the identification of different gene products that are often implicated in the malignant transformation of melanocytic cells into melanoma cells, including melanoma stem/progenitor cells, during melanoma initiation and progression to locally advanced and metastatic disease states. The frequent deregulated genes products encompass the oncogenic B-RafV600E and N-RasQ61R mutants, different receptor tyrosine kinases and developmental pathways such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), stem cell-like factor (SCF) receptor KIT, hedgehog, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXC chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGFR receptor. These growth factors can cooperate to activate distinct tumorigenic downstream signaling elements and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated molecules, including phosphatidylinositol 3’-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/ molecular target of rapamycin (mTOR), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1), vimentin, snail and twist. Of therapeutic relevance, these deregulated signal transduction components constitute new potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets of great clinical interest for improving the efficacy of current diagnostic and prognostic methods and management of patients diagnosed with locally advanced, metastatic and/or relapsed melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Mimeault
- Murielle Mimeault, Surinder K Batra, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, United States
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Orlikova B, Tasdemir D, Golais F, Dicato M, Diederich M. The aromatic ketone 4′-hydroxychalcone inhibits TNFα-induced NF-κB activation via proteasome inhibition. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:620-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ning Y, Manegold PC, Hong YK, Zhang W, Pohl A, Lurje G, Winder T, Yang D, LaBonte MJ, Wilson PM, Ladner RD, Lenz HJ. Interleukin-8 is associated with proliferation, migration, angiogenesis and chemosensitivity in vitro and in vivo in colon cancer cell line models. Int J Cancer 2011. [PMID: 20648559 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25562.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a chemokine with a defining CXC amino acid motif, is known to possess tumorigenic and proangiogenic properties. Overexpression of IL-8 has been detected in many human tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC), and is associated with poor prognosis. The goal of our study was to determine the role of IL-8 overexpression in CRC cells in vitro and in vivo. We stably transfected the IL-8 cDNA into two human colon cancer cell lines, HCT116 and Caco2, and selected IL-8-secreting transfectants. Real-time RT-PCR confirmed that IL-8 mRNA was overexpressed in IL-8 transfectants with 45- to 85-fold higher than parental cells. The IL-8-transfected clones secreted 19- to 28-fold more IL-8 protein than control and parental cells as detected by ELISA. The IL-8 transfectants demonstrated increased cellular proliferation, cell migration and invasion based on functional assays. Growth inhibition studies showed that IL-8 overexpression lead to a significant resistance to oxaliplatin (p < 0.0001). Inhibition of IL-8 overexpression with small interfering RNA reversed the observed increases in tumorigenic functions and oxaliplatin resistance, suggesting that IL-8 not only provides a proliferative advantage but also promotes the metastatic potential of colon cancer cells. Using a tumor xenograft model, IL-8-expressing cells formed significantly larger tumors than the control cells with increased microvessel density. Together, these findings indicate that overexpression of IL-8 promotes tumor growth, metastasis, chemoresistance and angiogenesis, implying IL-8 to be an important therapeutic target in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ning
- Division of Medical Oncology, Sharon A. Carpenter Laboratory, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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16
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Ning Y, Manegold PC, Hong YK, Zhang W, Pohl A, Lurje G, Winder T, Yang D, LaBonte MJ, Wilson PM, Ladner RD, Lenz HJ. Interleukin-8 is associated with proliferation, migration, angiogenesis and chemosensitivity in vitro and in vivo in colon cancer cell line models. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:2038-49. [PMID: 20648559 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a chemokine with a defining CXC amino acid motif, is known to possess tumorigenic and proangiogenic properties. Overexpression of IL-8 has been detected in many human tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC), and is associated with poor prognosis. The goal of our study was to determine the role of IL-8 overexpression in CRC cells in vitro and in vivo. We stably transfected the IL-8 cDNA into two human colon cancer cell lines, HCT116 and Caco2, and selected IL-8-secreting transfectants. Real-time RT-PCR confirmed that IL-8 mRNA was overexpressed in IL-8 transfectants with 45- to 85-fold higher than parental cells. The IL-8-transfected clones secreted 19- to 28-fold more IL-8 protein than control and parental cells as detected by ELISA. The IL-8 transfectants demonstrated increased cellular proliferation, cell migration and invasion based on functional assays. Growth inhibition studies showed that IL-8 overexpression lead to a significant resistance to oxaliplatin (p < 0.0001). Inhibition of IL-8 overexpression with small interfering RNA reversed the observed increases in tumorigenic functions and oxaliplatin resistance, suggesting that IL-8 not only provides a proliferative advantage but also promotes the metastatic potential of colon cancer cells. Using a tumor xenograft model, IL-8-expressing cells formed significantly larger tumors than the control cells with increased microvessel density. Together, these findings indicate that overexpression of IL-8 promotes tumor growth, metastasis, chemoresistance and angiogenesis, implying IL-8 to be an important therapeutic target in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ning
- Division of Medical Oncology, Sharon A. Carpenter Laboratory, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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17
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IL-8 and cathepsin B as melanoma serum biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:1505-18. [PMID: 21673904 PMCID: PMC3111615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12031505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma accounts for only a small portion of skin cancer but it is associated with high mortality. Melanoma serum biomarkers that may aid early diagnosis or guide therapy are needed clinically. However, studies of serum biomarkers have often been hampered by the serum interference that causes false readouts in immunological tests. Here we show that, after using a special buffer to eliminate the serum interference, IL-8 and cathepsin B levels were significantly elevated in melanoma patients (p < 0.05). More importantly, the combination of IL-8 and cathepsin B were also studied as a prognosis marker for melanoma mortality. Our study provides a novel approach to examine serum biomarkers.
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18
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Neagu M, Constantin C, Tanase C. Immune-related biomarkers for diagnosis/prognosis and therapy monitoring of cutaneous melanoma. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2011; 10:897-919. [PMID: 20964610 DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Skin melanoma, a life-threatening disease, has a recently reported worldwide increase in incidence, despite primary prevention. Skin melanoma statistics emphasize the need for finding markers related to the immune response of the host. The mechanisms that are able to over-power the local immune surveillance comprise molecules that can be valuable markers for diagnosis and prognosis. This article summarizes the immune markers that can monitor the disease stage and evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Recent data regarding immunotherapy are presented in the context of tumor escape from immune surveillance and the immune molecules that are both targets and a means of monitoring. Perspectives for developing immune interventions for skin melanoma management and the position of tissue or soluble immune markers as a diagnostic/prognostic panel are evaluated. State-of-the-art technology is emphasized for developing immune molecular signatures for a complex characterization of the patient's immunological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Neagu
- Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania.
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Borden EC, Jacobs B, Hollovary E, Rybicki L, Elson P, Olencki T, Triozzi P. Gene regulatory and clinical effects of interferon β in patients with metastatic melanoma: a phase II trial. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 31:433-40. [PMID: 21235385 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-β in preclinical studies, compared to IFN-α2, bound with higher affinity to its receptor, induced to higher levels of IFN-stimulated gene products, induced more apoptosis in melanoma cells, and had antitumor effects against melanoma. A maximally tolerated dose of 12 × 10(6) international units/m(2) after 2 weeks subcutaneously daily with dose escalation to 18 × 10(6) international units/m(2) was thus used in a phase II trial of IFN-β1a in cutaneous metastatic melanoma (n = 17) and uveal melanoma (n = 4). It resulted in expected but reversible drug-related severe (grade 3) adverse events in 13/21 patients; anorexia and fatigue were mostly of mild or moderate severity and infrequently needed dose reduction. Although a single patient had a sustained regression, overall IFN-β1a did not have clinical benefit (response rate <10%; median progression-free survival 1.8 months). Effective and potent induction in peripheral blood cells and into serum of products of IFN-stimulated genes such as the pro-apoptotic cytokine, TRAIL, and the immunomodulatory and anti-angiogenic chemokines, CXCL10 and CCL8, confirmed gene regulatory actions. To probe further anti-angiogenic mechanisms, both VEGF-A and CXCL-5 were assessed; compared to before treatment, both proteins decreased. Continued improvements in understanding of antitumor mechanisms will enhance usefulness of IFNs for nodal or distant metastases from melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest C Borden
- Center for Hematology and Oncology Molecular Therapeutics, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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Ribatti D, Nico B, Perra MT, Longo V, Maxia C, Annese T, Piras F, Murtas D, Sirigu P. Erythropoietin is involved in angiogenesis in human primary melanoma. Int J Exp Pathol 2010; 91:495-9. [PMID: 20804540 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2010.00731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the extent of angiogenesis, evaluated as microvascular volume density, immunoreactivity of tumour cells to erythropoietin (Epo) and of endothelial cells to Epo receptor (EpoR) have been correlated in human primary melanoma specimens. Results showed that Epo/EpoR expression correlate with angiogenesis and tumour thickness. These findings suggest that Epo is secreted by tumour cells and it affects vascular endothelial cells via its receptor and promotes angiogenesis in a paracrine manner, playing an important role in melanoma angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
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21
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Abstract
To characterize proteins involved in melanoma dissemination, protein profiles from B16F10 and B16Bl6 cells were compared, as only B16Bl6 cells give pulmonary metastases after subcutaneous graft. As B16F10 and B16Bl6 cells had the same invasive capacities in vitro, we wondered whether their extracellular content could be different and correlate with their metastatic properties. We have shown that B16F10 and B16Bl6 culture cell supernatants have different modulatory effects on HT1080 fibrosarcoma cell invasion in Matrigel-coated chambers. B16Bl6 supernatants significantly enhanced HT1080 in vitro invasion as compared with B16F10 ones, suggesting differences in their protein profiles. Indeed, proteomic analysis allowed the identification of 18 differential proteins. Among the proteins with a higher concentration in B16Bl6 supernanants, lactate dehydrogenase B, M2 pyruvate kinase, cathepsin D, and galectin 1 were involved in the melanoma aggressiveness signature. Interestingly, several Gag retroviral proteins, as well as syntenin, were found mainly in the B16F10 secretome. Although its intracellular form is known as an aggressive melanoma marker, we show for the first time that syntenin was actively secreted and could reduce the invasion process, probably by protein interactions in the B16 model.
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Abstract
Melanoma, one of the most aggressive forms of human cancer, has undergone an alarming increase in incidence in recent years. Early detection is a prerequisite for proper diagnosis and therapy orientation. Soluble biomarkers are an important tool for early diagnosis. Markers that are associated with melanocyte functions imply the enzymes involved in melanin synthesis and the melanin-related metabolites. Proteins such as autocrine melanocyte cell growth factor and melanoma metastasis suppressor have gained attention in the biomarkers domain. The antimelanoma immune response elicited in patients can not only provide new biomarkers but important therapeutic approaches in specific treatments. All the molecules generated during the metastasis process, invasion of neighboring tissue, angiogenesis, invading lymphatic/blood vessels and establishing new tumors at a distant site, are targets for biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Neagu
- 'Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, Immunology Department, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania.
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23
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Ribatti D, Annese T, Longo V. Angiogenesis and melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:114-32. [PMID: 24281035 PMCID: PMC3827594 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis occurs in pathological conditions, such as tumors, where a specific critical point in tumor progression is the transition from the avascular to the vascular phase. Tumor angiogenesis depends mainly on the release by neoplastic cells of growth factors specific for endothelial cells, which are able to stimulate the growth of the host's blood vessels. This article summarizes the literature concerning the relationship between angiogenesis and human melanoma progression. The recent applications of antiangiogenic agents which interfere with melanoma progression are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, Policlinico 70124, Bari, Italy.
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24
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Mehnert JM, McCarthy MM, Jilaveanu L, Flaherty KT, Aziz S, Camp RL, Rimm DL, Kluger HM. Quantitative expression of VEGF, VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2, and VEGF-R3 in melanoma tissue microarrays. Hum Pathol 2009; 41:375-84. [PMID: 20004943 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is required for progression and metastasis of melanoma. Analysis of angiogenic molecules in benign and malignant tissues may allow identification of markers useful for prediction of sensitivity to antiangiogenic agents. We hypothesized that differential expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2, and VEGF-R3 would be higher in melanomas than nevi and higher in advanced melanoma. Using automated quantitative analysis, we quantified VEGF, -R1, -R2 and -R3 expression in melanoma tissue microarrays composed of 540 nevi and 468 melanoma specimens (198 primaries, 270 metastases). VEGF, VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2, and VEGF-R3 expression was significantly higher in melanomas than nevi by unpaired t tests (P < .0001). VEGF-R2 expression was higher in metastatic specimens (P < .0001), but VEGF-R3 expression was higher in primaries (P < .0001). VEGF was coexpressed with all 3 receptors when assessed by Spearman's rank correlation. VEGF, VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2, and VEGF-R3 expression is higher in melanomas than nevi. Higher expression of VEGF-R2 was found in metastases versus primaries, supporting the idea that selection for an angiogenic phenotype in metastatic melanoma is conferred via up-regulation of VEGF-R2. However, higher expression of VEGF-R3 was seen on primary lesions, potentially implicating this receptor in initiation of lymphatic tumor spread. Clinical trials using antiangiogenic agents in melanoma should include correlative assays of VEGF, VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2, and VEGF-R3 as biomarkers of response to therapy, preferably using quantitative methods such as automated quantitative analysis. Such assessments could assist with evaluation of these molecules as therapeutic targets in melanoma, ultimately facilitating improved selection of patients for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice M Mehnert
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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25
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O'Hayer KM, Brady DC, Counter CM. ELR+ CXC chemokines and oncogenic Ras-mediated tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1841-7. [PMID: 19805574 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase Ras is mutated to remain in the active oncogenic state in one-third of human cancers, thereby promoting tumorigenesis. It has recently come to light that one consequence of oncogenic Ras signaling is secretion of cytokines vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin 6 (IL6), hCXCL1 (Gro-alpha) and hCXCL8 (IL8). As the latter two belong to the ELR+ Cys-X-Cys (CXC) chemokine family, we investigated whether the entire family of ELR+ CXC chemokines plays a role in oncogenic Ras-mediated tumorigenesis. We now demonstrate that oncogenic Ras induced the expression and secretion of the ELR+ CXC chemokine family in different tumorigenic human cells and that these chemokines are elevated in tumor specimens. Moreover, genetic ablation of the common receptor for these chemokines, mCXCR2, reduced oncogenic Ras-driven tumorigenesis in mice. Taken together, we suggest that oncogenic Ras induces the secretion of the ELR+ CXC chemokine family to promote tumorigenesis. This chemokine signature may identify the presence of Ras activation in cancer and perhaps even serve as targets for oncogenic Ras-driven tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M O'Hayer
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, DUMC, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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26
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Cornforth AN, Lee GJ, Fowler AW, Carbonell DJ, Dillman RO. Increases in Serum TARC/CCL17 Levels Are Associated with Progression-Free Survival in Advanced Melanoma Patients in Response to Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy. J Clin Immunol 2009; 29:657-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Caron J, Mangé A, Guillot B, Solassol J. Highly sensitive detection of melanoma based on serum proteomic profiling. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 135:1257-64. [PMID: 19288131 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-009-0567-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is no available tumor marker that can detect primary melanoma. Proteomics analysis has been proposed as a novel tool that would lead to the discovery of potential new tumor markers. METHODS We developed a serum proteomic fingerprinting approach coupled with a classification method to determine whether proteomic profiling could discriminate between melanoma and healthy volunteers. A total of 108 serum samples from 30 early-stage [American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage I or II] and 30 advanced-stage (AJCC stage III or IV) melanoma patients and 48 healthy volunteers were analyzed by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS) utilizing protein chip technology and artificial neural networks. RESULTS In a first step, a multiprotein classifier was built using a training set of 30 pathologically confirmed melanoma and 24 healthy volunteer serum samples, resulting in good classification accuracy for correct diagnosis and stage classification assignment. Subsequently, our multiprotein classifier was tested in an independent validation set of 30 melanoma and 24 non-cancer serum samples patients, maintained in a good diagnostic accuracy of 98.1% (sensitivity 96.7%, specificity 100%), and 100% stage I/II classification assignment. CONCLUSIONS Although results remain to be confirmed in larger collective patient cohorts, we could demonstrate the usefulness of proteomic profiling as a sensitive and specific assay to detect melanoma, including non-metastatic melanoma, from the serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Caron
- Department of Dermatology, CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
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Richmond A, Yang J, Su Y. The good and the bad of chemokines/chemokine receptors in melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2009; 22:175-86. [PMID: 19222802 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2009.00554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine ligand/receptor interactions affect melanoma cell growth, stimulate or inhibit angiogenesis, recruit leukocytes, promote metastasis, and alter the gene expression profile of the melanoma associated fibroblasts. Chemokine/chemokine receptor interactions can protect against tumor development/growth or can stimulate melanoma tumor progression, tumor growth and metastasis. Metastatic melanoma cells express chemokine receptors that play a major role in the specifying the organ site for metastasis, based upon receptor detection of the chemokine gradient elaborated by a specific organ/tissue. A therapeutic approach that utilizes the protective benefit of chemokines involves delivery of angiostatic chemokines or chemokines that stimulate the infiltration of cytotoxic T cells and natural killer T cells into the tumor microenvironment. An alternative approach that tackles the tumorigenic property of chemokines uses chemokine antibodies or chemokine receptor antagonists to target the growth and metastatic properties of these interactions. Based upon our current understanding of the role of chemokine-mediated inflammation in cancer, it is important that we learn to appropriately regulate the chemokine contribution to the tumorigenic 'cytokine/chemokine storm', and to metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Richmond
- Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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29
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Kornacker M, Roth A, Christensen O, Krätzschmar J, Wensing G. Quantification of vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin-8, and basic fibroblast growth factor in plasma of cancer patients and healthy volunteers - comparison of ELISA and microsphere-based multiplexed immunoassay. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008; 46:1256-64. [PMID: 18681833 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2008.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and basic fibroblast growth factor (basic FGF) are angiogenic growth factors which may be useful as biomarkers in drug development, where they could give early information on the antiangiogenic activity of novel anticancer compounds. METHODS We compared two commercially available assays, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a multiplexed bead-based immunoassay (xMAP), for the quantification of these factors in plasma samples from more than 100 cancer patients and healthy individuals. RESULTS For VEGF and IL-8, but not for basic FGF, xMAP was more sensitive than the respective ELISA. This was true for healthy subjects as well as for cancer patients. Intraassay precision was comparable between both assay formats. Linear regression analysis of VEGF concentrations demonstrated a good correlation between ELISA and xMAP. Bland-Altman analysis showed a systematic difference between both assays, with ELISA giving higher concentration values. VEGF levels were higher in female volunteers, and both assays were able to detect this difference. CONCLUSIONS Multiplexed microsphere-based immunoassays have the potential to substitute ELISA for the detection of proangiogenic growth factors in clinical studies. Their shorter assay times and their ability to quantify multiple analytes in a small sample volume are advantageous.
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Banerjee S, Pancholi S, A'hern R, Ghazoui Z, Smith IE, Dowsett M, Martin LA. The effects of neoadjuvant anastrozole and tamoxifen on circulating vascular endothelial growth factor and soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:2656-63. [PMID: 18451229 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key angiogenic factor mediating neovascularization. Soluble VEGF receptor 1 (sVEGFR-1) is an intrinsic negative counterpart of VEGF signaling and the ratio of sVEGFR-1 to VEGF has been shown to be a prognostic factor. Estrogen-bound estrogen receptor enhances VEGF expression, providing a common link between these signaling pathways that may be targeted by endocrine therapy. We investigated the effects of anastrozole and tamoxifen over time on serum VEGF and sVEGFR-1. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The Immediate Preoperative Anastrozole, Tamoxifen, or Combined with Tamoxifen (IMPACT) trial compared the preoperative use of anastrozole with tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive primary operable breast cancer over 12 weeks. Circulating VEGF and sVEGFR-1 were measured by ELISA in 106 patients treated with anastrozole or tamoxifen alone at baseline and after 2 and 12 weeks of treatment. RESULTS The increase in serum VEGF from baseline to 12 weeks was significantly different between anastrozole and tamoxifen (anastrozole versus tamoxifen, 6% versus 38%; P = 0.047). There was a significant increase in sVEGFR-1 levels after 12 weeks of anastrozole (P = 0.037). The sVEGFR-1/VEGF ratio significantly decreased in the tamoxifen arm (P = 0.013) and the change in sVEGFR-1/VEGF ratio from baseline to 12 weeks was significantly different between anastrozole and tamoxifen (anastrozole versus tamoxifen, 24% increase versus 34% decrease; P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS Treatment with anastrozole and tamoxifen resulted in differential effects on serum angiogenic markers. This may be related to the relative effectiveness of the treatments. These data provide further support for cross talk between estrogen receptor and VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Banerjee
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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Wilson C, Purcell C, Seaton A, Oladipo O, Maxwell PJ, O'Sullivan JM, Wilson RH, Johnston PG, Waugh DJJ. Chemotherapy-induced CXC-chemokine/CXC-chemokine receptor signaling in metastatic prostate cancer cells confers resistance to oxaliplatin through potentiation of nuclear factor-kappaB transcription and evasion of apoptosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 327:746-59. [PMID: 18780829 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.143826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutive activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB is linked with the intrinsic resistance of androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Interleukin-8 (CXCL8) is a transcriptional target of NF-kappaB whose expression is elevated in AIPC. This study sought to determine the significance of CXCL8 signaling in regulating the response of AIPC cells to oxaliplatin, a drug whose activity is reportedly sensitive to NF-kappaB activity. Administration of oxaliplatin to PC3 and DU145 cells increased NF-kappaB activity, promoting antiapoptotic gene transcription. In addition, oxaliplatin increased the transcription and secretion of CXCL8 and the related CXC-chemokine CXCL1 and increased the transcription and expression of CXC-chemokine receptors, especially CXC-chemokine receptor (CXCR) 2, which transduces the biological effects of CXCL8 and CXCL1. Stimulation of AIPC cells with CXCL8 potentiated NF-kappaB activation in AIPC cells, increasing the transcription and expression of NF-kappaB-regulated antiapoptotic genes of the Bcl-2 and IAP families. Coadministration of a CXCR2-selective antagonist, AZ10397767 (Bioorg Med Chem Lett 18:798-803, 2008), attenuated oxaliplatin-induced NF-kappaB activation, increased oxaliplatin cytotoxicity, and potentiated oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis in AIPC cells. Pharmacological inhibition of NF-kappaBorRNA interference-mediated suppression of Bcl-2 and survivin was also shown to sensitize AIPC cells to oxaliplatin. Our results further support NF-kappaB activity as an important determinant of cancer cell sensitivity to oxaliplatin and identify the induction of autocrine CXCR2 signaling as a novel mode of resistance to this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Wilson
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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Ancrile BB, O'Hayer KM, Counter CM. Oncogenic ras-induced expression of cytokines: a new target of anti-cancer therapeutics. Mol Interv 2008; 8:22-7. [PMID: 18332481 DOI: 10.1124/mi.8.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Ras family of small guanosine triphosphatases normally transmit signals from cell surface receptors to the interior of the cell. Stimulation of cell surface receptors leads to the activation of guanine exchange factors, which, in turn, convert Ras from an inactive GDP-bound state to an active GTP-bound state. However, in one third of human cancers, RAS is mutated and remains in the constitutively active GTP-bound state. In this oncogenic state, RAS activates a constellation of signaling that is known to promote tumorigenesis. One consequence of this oncogenic RAS signal in cancer cells is the upregulation of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and chemokine growth-regulated oncogene 1 (GRO-1). We review the evidence supporting a role for these cytokines in oncogenic RAS-driven solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke B Ancrile
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Utikal J, Schadendorf D, Ugurel S. Serologic and immunohistochemical prognostic biomarkers of cutaneous malignancies. Arch Dermatol Res 2007; 298:469-77. [PMID: 17221215 PMCID: PMC1800369 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-006-0726-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers are important tools in clinical diagnosis and prognostic classification of various cutaneous malignancies. Besides clinical and histopathological aspects (e.g. anatomic site and type of the primary tumour, tumour size and invasion depth, ulceration, vascular invasion), an increasing variety of molecular markers have been identified, providing the possibility of a more detailed diagnostic and prognostic subgrouping of tumour entities, up to even changing existing classification systems. Recently published gene expression or proteomic profiling data relate to new marker molecules involved in skin cancer pathogenesis, which may, after validation by suitable studies, represent future prognostic or predictive biomarkers in cutaneous malignancies. We, here, give an overview on currently known serologic and newer immunohistochemical biomarker molecules in the most common cutaneous malignancies, malignant melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma and cutaneous lymphoma, particularly emphasizing their prognostic and predictive significance.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Humans
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/blood
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/pathology
- Melanoma/blood
- Melanoma/diagnosis
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- Skin Neoplasms/blood
- Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Utikal
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl-University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl-University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Selma Ugurel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl-University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Vihinen P, Kallioinen M, Vuoristo MS, Ivaska J, Syrjänen KJ, Hahka-Kemppinen M, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen PL, Pyrhönen SO. Serum angiogenin levels predict treatment response in patients with stage IV melanoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 2007; 24:567-74. [PMID: 17762972 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-007-9093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This work was conducted to find out new potential serum markers and study their role as predictive factors in patients with metastatic melanoma. Serum samples from 68 patients with stage IV malignant melanoma were collected just before current treatment and screened for 79 different cytokines by using a multi-cytokine array. Angiogenin, which is a protein capable of promoting angiogenesis, was found to be markedly elevated among a sub-group of patients with progressive disease (PD) and thus was subjected to further analysis. The mean serum angiogenin level was 270 ng/ml and the median 236 ng/ml (STD 163 ng/ml). Concentrations were significantly higher among men than in women (P = 0.031), whereas patient's age, site of the primary tumour, Clark's or Breslow's classifications were not associated with angiogenin levels. Patients with only lymph node metastases had markedly lower angiogenin levels than those with metastases at other sites (P = 0.05). High angiogenin levels were significantly (P = 0.015; Kruskal-Wallis) associated with poor treatment response with chemoimmunotherapy. Treatment-related survival (TRS) was shorter (10 months) in patients with above-median values than in those with below-median levels (19 months, P = NS). Cox multivariate regression model was used to control for the confounding by the classical prognostic factors of melanoma (age, sex, disease burden, performance score, site of metastases). Disease burden was the only variable that remained in the model as a significant independent predictor of TRS (P = 0.044). These data suggest that serum angiogenin levels might be of predictive value in the evaluation of treatment response for patients with stage IV melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Vihinen
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, POB 52, Turku 20521, Finland.
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Terheyden P, Hofmann MA, Weininger M, Bröcker EB, Becker JC. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody bevacizumab in conjunction with chemotherapy in metastasising melanoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2007; 133:897-901. [PMID: 17583821 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-007-0251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The combination of the antiangiogenic antibody bevacizumab with standard chemotherapy has improved the prognosis in patients with metastastic colorectal cancer and other advanced cancers. The role of combined anti-VEGF and chemotherapy in metastastic melanoma is just starting to be elucidated. METHODS We tested this notion in three patients with advanced and therapy-refractory melanoma. RESULTS Interestingly, two patients achieved objective regressions after three courses of therapy; the third patient, albeit progressing demonstrated a pronounced liquid necrosis in bulky lymphnode metastasis. CONCLUSION Further studies are warranted to scrutinize these impressive therapeutic effects on the combination of bevacizumab and chemotherapy in melanoma.
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Pollack VA, Alvarez E, Tse KF, Torgov MY, Xie S, Shenoy SG, MacDougall JR, Arrol S, Zhong H, Gerwien RW, Hahne WF, Senter PD, Jeffers ME, Lichenstein HS, LaRochelle WJ. Treatment parameters modulating regression of human melanoma xenografts by an antibody–drug conjugate (CR011-vcMMAE) targeting GPNMB. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 60:423-35. [PMID: 17541593 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-007-0490-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the pharmacological properties of the CR011-vcMMAE fully human antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), such as dose titrations, quantitation of the time (days) to complete regression, pharmacokinetics, and schedule dependency. Our prior study characterized a fully human antibody to GPNMB covalently linked to monomethylauristatin E, CR011-vcMMAE, and further demonstrated cell surface staining of melanoma lines susceptible to the immunoconjugate's cytotoxicity (Clin Cancer Res 2005; 12(4): 1373-1382). METHODS The human SK-MEL-2 and SK-MEL-5 melanoma xenografts were used in athymic mice to assess anti-tumor efficacy. After s.c. implantation, tumors became established (60-100 mg), and treatment commenced by i.v. injection of the immunoconjugate or vinblastine or paclitaxel. Short-term anti-tumor effects (inhibition of tumor growth) and long-term effects (complete regression) were observed. RESULTS CR011-vcMMAE induced regression of established human SK-MEL-2 and SK-MEL-5 xenografts at doses from 1.25 to 80 mg/kg treatment when administered intravenously every 4 days (4 treatments); strikingly, regressions were not associated with re-growth during the observation period (200 days). The disappearance rate of implants was dose dependent (minimum time, 18.5 days). Detectable serum CR011-vcMMAE >or=1 microg/mL (approximately 0.01 microM) was observed for >30 days post-dose; CR011-vcMMAE showed an elimination half-life of 10.3 days. A low volume of distribution suggested that CR011-vcMMAE was confined to blood and interstitial fluid. CR011-vcMMAE could be delivered by either a single bolus dose or by intermittent dosing (i.e., every 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 days) with no discernible differences in the proportion of tumor-free survivors, indicating a lack of schedule dependency. The antibody-drug conjugate produced complete regressions, but the equivalent doses of free monomethylauristatin E or unconjugated antibody did not show anti-tumor effects. In addition, decreases in plasma tumor-derived human interleukin-8 coincided with tumor nodule disappearance. CONCLUSIONS Short-term anti-tumor effects and long-term effects (complete regression) were observed with CR011-vcMMAE, but not with the reference agents. These results suggest that CR011-vcMMAE may provide therapeutic benefit in malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent A Pollack
- Department of Preclinical Development, CuraGen Corporation, 322 E. Main St, Branford, CT 06405, USA.
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Vairaktaris E, Yapijakis C, Serefoglou Z, Derka S, Vassiliou S, Nkenke E, Vylliotis A, Wiltfang J, Avgoustidis D, Critselis E, Neukam FW, Patsouris E. The interleukin-8 (-251A/T) polymorphism is associated with increased risk for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2006; 33:504-7. [PMID: 17174061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS In light of recently found contribution of angiogenic and inflammation-related factors to malignancies, this study investigated the possible association of interleukin-8 gene (IL-8) to increased risk of oral cancer. METHODS The IL-8 (-251 A/T) polymorphism, which influences IL-8 gene expression, was evaluated by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in DNA samples of 158 German and Greek patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and 156 healthy controls of equivalent sex, ethnicity and age. RESULTS Significant increase of mutant (A-251) allele, which results in higher IL-8 gene expression, was observed in all patients in comparison to normal controls (P<0.001). The A/T heterozygotes had a two-fold greater risk (odds ratio 1.76, CI 1.11-2.79) for developing oral cancer compared to normal TT homozygotes. Furthermore, significantly increased values of mutant allele frequencies compared to controls were observed in all patients as well as in subgroups of patients with or without positive history of cancer (P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively) and with or without positive history of thrombophilia (P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In light to known observations of elevated plasma levels of IL-8 in several types of cancer including oral squamous cell carcinoma, the findings of this study suggest that the mutant allele of the (-251 A/T) polymorphism may be a major contributing genetic factor to risk for oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vairaktaris
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Athens Medical School, Vas. Sofias 93 and Dim. Soutsou 1, GR-11521 Athens, Greece
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Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer that is notoriously resistant to current cancer therapies. In human melanoma, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) is upregulated, leading to the deregulation of gene transcription. In this review, we discuss (i) the relationship between gene alteration in melanoma and upregulation of NF-kappaB, (ii) mechanisms by which activated NF-kappaB switch from pro-apoptotic to anti-apoptotic functions in melanoma and (iii) autocrine mechanisms that promote constitutive activation of NF-kappaB in metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Ueda
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ann Richmond
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA
- Address correspondence to Ann Richmond, e-mail:
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