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Simovic MO, Bynum J, Liu B, Dalle Lucca JJ, Li Y. Impact of Immunopathy and Coagulopathy on Multi-Organ Failure and Mortality in a Lethal Porcine Model of Controlled and Uncontrolled Hemorrhage. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2500. [PMID: 38473750 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled hemorrhage is a major preventable cause of death in patients with trauma. However, the majority of large animal models of hemorrhage have utilized controlled hemorrhage rather than uncontrolled hemorrhage to investigate the impact of immunopathy and coagulopathy on multi-organ failure (MOF) and mortality. This study evaluates these alterations in a severe porcine controlled and uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock (HS) model. Anesthetized female swine underwent controlled hemorrhage and uncontrolled hemorrhage by partial splenic resection followed with or without lactated Ringer solution (LR) or Voluven® resuscitation. Swine were surveyed 6 h after completion of splenic hemorrhage or until death. Blood chemistry, physiologic variables, systemic and tissue levels of complement proteins and cytokines, coagulation parameters, organ function, and damage were recorded and assessed. HS resulted in systemic and local complement activation, cytokine release, hypocoagulopathy, metabolic acidosis, MOF, and no animal survival. Resuscitation with LR and Voluven® after HS improved hemodynamic parameters (MAP and SI), metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, and survival but resulted in increased complement activation and worse coagulopathy. Compared with the LR group, the animals with hemorrhagic shock treated with Voluven® had worse dilutional anemia, coagulopathy, renal and hepatic dysfunction, increased myocardial complement activation and renal damage, and decreased survival rate. Hemorrhagic shock triggers early immunopathy and coagulopathy and appears associated with MOF and death. This study indicates that immunopathy and coagulopathy are therapeutic targets that may be addressed with a high-impact adjunctive treatment to conventional resuscitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milomir O Simovic
- US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - James Bynum
- US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | | | - Yansong Li
- US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Fortea JI, Zipprich A, Fernandez-Mena C, Puerto M, Bosoi CR, Almagro J, Hollenbach M, Bañares J, Rodríguez-Sánchez B, Cercenado E, Clément MA, Rose CF, Bañares R, Vaquero J, Ripoll C. Enoxaparin does not ameliorate liver fibrosis or portal hypertension in rats with advanced cirrhosis. Liver Int 2018; 38:102-112. [PMID: 28665498 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Recent studies suggest that heparins reduce liver fibrosis and the risk of decompensation of liver disease. Here, we evaluated the effects of enoxaparin in several experimental models of advanced cirrhosis. METHODS Cirrhosis was induced in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by: (i) Oral gavage with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4ORAL ), (ii) Bile duct ligation (BDL) and (iii) CCl4 inhalation (CCl4INH ). Rats received saline or enoxaparin s.c. (40 IU/Kg/d or 180 IU/Kg/d) following various protocols. Blood biochemical parameters, liver fibrosis, endothelium- and fibrosis-related genes, portal pressure, splenomegaly, bacterial translocation, systemic inflammation and survival were evaluated. Endothelial dysfunction was assessed by in situ bivascular liver perfusions. RESULTS Enoxaparin did not ameliorate liver function, liver fibrosis, profibrogenic gene expression, portal hypertension, splenomegaly, ascites development and infection, serum IL-6 levels or survival in rats with CCl4ORAL or BDL-induced cirrhosis. Contrarily, enoxaparin worsened portal pressure in BDL rats and decreased survival in CCl4ORAL rats. In CCl4INH rats, enoxaparin had no effects on hepatic endothelial dysfunction, except for correcting the hepatic arterial dysfunction when enoxaparin was started with the CCl4 exposure. In these rats, however, enoxaparin increased liver fibrosis and the absolute values of portal venous and sinusoidal resistance. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not support a role of enoxaparin for improving liver fibrosis, portal hypertension or endothelial dysfunction in active disease at advanced stages of cirrhosis. These disease-related factors and the possibility of a limited therapeutic window should be considered in future studies evaluating the use of anticoagulants in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José I Fortea
- Laboratorio Investigación Hepatología y Gastroenterología, HGU Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexander Zipprich
- Innere Medizin I, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Carolina Fernandez-Mena
- Laboratorio Investigación Hepatología y Gastroenterología, HGU Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Puerto
- Laboratorio Investigación Hepatología y Gastroenterología, HGU Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina R Bosoi
- Hepato-neuro laboratory, CRCHUM, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jorge Almagro
- Laboratorio Investigación Hepatología y Gastroenterología, HGU Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcus Hollenbach
- Innere Medizin I, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Juan Bañares
- Laboratorio Investigación Hepatología y Gastroenterología, HGU Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.,Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, HGU Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia Cercenado
- Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.,Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, HGU Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc-André Clément
- Hepato-neuro laboratory, CRCHUM, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Christopher F Rose
- Hepato-neuro laboratory, CRCHUM, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Rafael Bañares
- Laboratorio Investigación Hepatología y Gastroenterología, HGU Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Vaquero
- Laboratorio Investigación Hepatología y Gastroenterología, HGU Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Ripoll
- Laboratorio Investigación Hepatología y Gastroenterología, HGU Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.,Innere Medizin I, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.,CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
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Asano S, Manne NDPK, Nandyala G, Ma B, Selvaraj V, Arvapalli R, Rice KM, Blough ER. Cecal inoculum peritonitis: An alternative model for sepsis vascular dysfunction study. Life Sci 2015; 141:108-18. [PMID: 26417684 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Sepsis is a life threatening condition that is characterized by the loss of vascular reactivity. The factor(s) responsible for the diminished vascular function seen in sepsis are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to characterize the vascular dysfunction from the rat cecal inoculum (CI) sepsis model using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) sepsis as reference models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiments were performed on isolated aorta from CI, CLP and LPS treated rats using a combination of pharmacological approaches. KEY FINDINGS Phenylephrine (PE)-induced aortic contraction was significantly decreased in each model (p<0.05) and not normalized by L-NAME or indomethacin. The vascular response elicited in the CI model for acetylcholine (Ach) was more similar to that seen in the CLP than the LPS model. The removal of the endothelial layer increased sensitivity to L-NAME (p<0.05) in aortae from CI group. Inhibition of the large conductance Ca(2+)/voltage sensitive K(+) (BKCa) channel did not normalize PE hyporesponsiveness but did abolish sepsis-induced contractile oscillation. Inhibition of the voltage dependent Kv1.5 channel was not able to reverse the vascular hyporesponsiveness, however, inhibition of the ATP dependent (KATP) channel inhibition partially restored the contractile response (p<0.05). Elevation of VCAM expression and aortic structural alternation were observed in each model. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that the CI model may be an additional tool that could be used to investigate the mechanisms of vascular hyporesponsiveness in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Asano
- Center for Diagnostic Nanosystems, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, School of Pharmacy, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA.
| | - Nandini D P K Manne
- Center for Diagnostic Nanosystems, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, School of Pharmacy, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA; Department of Public Health, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Geeta Nandyala
- Center for Diagnostic Nanosystems, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Bing Ma
- Center for Diagnostic Nanosystems, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, School of Pharmacy, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Vellaisamy Selvaraj
- Center for Diagnostic Nanosystems, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, School of Pharmacy, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | | | - Kevin M Rice
- Center for Diagnostic Nanosystems, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Eric R Blough
- Center for Diagnostic Nanosystems, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, School of Pharmacy, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
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4
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Li X, Li X, Zheng Z, Liu Y, Ma X. Unfractionated heparin suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in human microvascular endothelial cells by blocking Krüppel-like factor 5 and nuclear factor-κB pathway. Immunobiology 2014; 219:778-85. [PMID: 25023776 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH), apart from anticoagulant activities, contain a variety of biological properties such as anti-inflammatory actions possibly affecting sepsis. Chemokines are vital for promoting the movement of circulating leukocytes to the site of infection and are involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of UFH on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced chemokine production in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs). HPMECs were pretreated with UFH (0.1 U/ml and 1 U/ml), 15 min prior to stimulation with LPS (10 μg/ml). Cells were cultured under various experimental conditions for 2 h and 6 h for analysis. UFH markedly decreased LPS-induced interleukin (IL)-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) mRNA and protein expression in HPMECs. UFH also attenuated the secretion of these chemokines in culture supernatants. In addition, UFH blocked the chemotactic activities of LPS-stimulated HPMECs supernatants on monocytes migration as expected. UFH inhibited LPS-induced Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF-5) mRNA and protein levels. Concurrently, UFH reduced nuclear factor (NF)-κB nuclear translocation. Importantly, transfection with siRNA targeting KLF-5 reduced NF-κB activation and chemokines expression. These results demonstrate that interfering with KLF-5 mediated NF-κB activation might contribute to the inhibitory effects of chemokines and monocytes migration by UFH in LPS-stimulated HPMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Bei-er Road 92, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Bei-er Road 92, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Zhen Zheng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Bei-er Road 92, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Yina Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Bei-er Road 92, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Xiaochun Ma
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Bei-er Road 92, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, PR China.
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5
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Simard JM, Aldrich EF, Schreibman D, James RF, Polifka A, Beaty N. Low-dose intravenous heparin infusion in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a preliminary assessment. J Neurosurg 2013; 119:1611-9. [PMID: 24032706 DOI: 10.3171/2013.8.jns1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) predisposes to delayed neurological deficits, including stroke and cognitive and neuropsychological abnormalities. Heparin is a pleiotropic drug that antagonizes many of the pathophysiological mechanisms implicated in secondary brain injury after aSAH. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective analysis in 86 consecutive patients with Fisher Grade 3 aSAH due to rupture of a supratentorial aneurysm who presented within 36 hours and were treated by surgical clipping within 48 hours of their ictus. Forty-three patients were managed postoperatively with a low-dose intravenous heparin infusion (Maryland low-dose intravenous heparin infusion protocol: 8 U/kg/hr progressing over 36 hours to 10 U/kg/hr) beginning 12 hours after surgery and continuing until Day 14 after the ictus. Forty-three control patients received conventional subcutaneous heparin twice daily as deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis. RESULTS Patients in the 2 groups were balanced in terms of baseline characteristics. In the heparin group, activated partial thromboplastin times were normal to mildly elevated; no clinically significant hemorrhages or instances of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia or deep vein thrombosis were encountered. In the control group, the incidence of clinical vasospasm requiring rescue therapy (induced hypertension, selective intraarterial verapamil, and angioplasty) was 20 (47%) of 43 patients, and 9 (21%) of 43 patients experienced a delayed infarct on CT scanning. In the heparin group, the incidence of clinical vasospasm requiring rescue therapy was 9% (4 of 43, p = 0.0002), and no patient suffered a delayed infarct (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS In patients with Fisher Grade 3 aSAH whose aneurysm is secured, postprocedure use of a low-dose intravenous heparin infusion may be safe and beneficial.
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Han J, Ding R, Zhao D, Zhang Z, Ma X. Unfractionated heparin attenuates lung vascular leak in a mouse model of sepsis:Role of RhoA/Rho kinase pathway. Thromb Res 2013; 132:e42-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Li X, Li Z, Zheng Z, Liu Y, Ma X. Unfractionated Heparin Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Lung Inflammation by Downregulating Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling Pathway. Inflammation 2013; 36:1201-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9656-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Unfractionated heparin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response through blocking p38 MAPK and NF-κB activation on endothelial cell. Cytokine 2012; 60:114-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Li X, Zheng Z, Mao Y, Ma X. Unfractionated heparin promotes LPS-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction: A preliminary study on the roles of angiopoietin/Tie2 axis. Thromb Res 2012; 129:e223-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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Atkins JL, Barrows E, Byzek SA, Lee CH, Keesee J, Edwards A, Oliver JD. Regional citrate anticoagulation for hemorrhage experiments in rats. J Surg Res 2012; 179:e197-202. [PMID: 22504133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hemorrhage alone without concomitant trauma often results in a hypercoagulable state that makes it difficult to prevent clotting within the blood withdrawal catheters. Although systemic administration of heparin can ameliorate this problem, heparin use has many additional actions that may confound interpretation of the hemorrhage experiments. The problem can be resolved by the use of a dual lumen catheter that anticoagulates only the blood within the withdrawal circuit. We describe the design of such a catheter and evaluate its function in studies of hemorrhagic shock in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Construction directions are provided for the dual lumen catheter along with a commercial source. The catheters were connected to computer controllable infusion syringes. Either citrate or heparin was used for regional extracorporeal anticoagulation. Rats were anesthetized and hemorrhaged to 40mmHg for more than 15min through the use of a computer program written in Labview. Ionized calcium measurements were obtained pre- and posthemorrhage. RESULTS The catheters remained patent throughout the experiments. There was no significant difference in the ionized calcium whether citrate or heparin was used for extracorporeal anticoagulation. CONCLUSION The dual lumen catheters are suitable for the study of hemorrhagic shock in rats without the need for systemic anticoagulation. The catheters can be used with computer-controlled hemorrhage procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Atkins
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA.
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11
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Experimental trauma models: an update. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:797383. [PMID: 21331361 PMCID: PMC3035380 DOI: 10.1155/2011/797383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of polytrauma patients remains a medical as well as socioeconomic challenge. Although diagnostics and therapy improved during the last decades, multiple injuries are still the major cause of fatalities in patients below 45 years of age. Organ dysfunction and organ failure are major complications in patients with major injuries and contribute to mortality during the clinical course. Profound understanding of the systemic pathophysiological response is crucial for innovative therapeutic approaches. Therefore, experimental studies in various animal models are necessary. This review is aimed at providing detailed information of common trauma models in small as well as in large animals.
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Abstract
The model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in rodents has been used extensively to investigate the clinical settings of sepsis and septic shock. This model produces a hyperdynamic, hypermetabolic state that can lead to a hypodynamic, hypometabolic stage, and eventual death. Blood cultures are positive for enteric organisms very early after CLP. The model has been widely used over the past 26 years and is highly versatile in adapting to a range of severity and testing objectives. It is inexpensive to prepare and technically straightforward. Aspects of sepsis research investigated using CLP include energetics, metabolism, resuscitation, antibiotic therapy, microbial factors, cardiovascular responses, immune function, mediator release, and cytokine expression patterns. The challenge of the small circulating blood volume in rodents can be overcome by using micromethods that enable analysis of small volumes, or alternatively, by using a large number of animals to obtain serial samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Hubbard
- Department of Surgery and Center for Surgical Research, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA
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13
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Baldus S, Rudolph V, Roiss M, Ito WD, Rudolph TK, Eiserich JP, Sydow K, Lau D, Szöcs K, Klinke A, Kubala L, Berglund L, Schrepfer S, Deuse T, Haddad M, Risius T, Klemm H, Reichenspurner HC, Meinertz T, Heitzer T. Heparins Increase Endothelial Nitric Oxide Bioavailability by Liberating Vessel-Immobilized Myeloperoxidase. Circulation 2006; 113:1871-8. [PMID: 16606792 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.590083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophils and monocytes are centrally linked to vascular inflammatory disease, and leukocyte-derived myeloperoxidase (MPO) has emerged as an important mechanistic participant in impaired vasomotor function. MPO binds to and transcytoses endothelial cells in a glycosaminoglycan-dependent manner, and MPO binding to the vessel wall is a prerequisite for MPO-dependent oxidation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) and impairment of endothelial function in animal models. In the present study, we investigated whether heparin mobilizes MPO from vascular compartments in humans and defined whether this translates into increased vascular NO bioavailability and function. METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma MPO levels before and after heparin administration were assessed by ELISA in 109 patients undergoing coronary angiography. Whereas baseline plasma MPO levels did not differ between patients with or without angiographically detectable coronary artery disease (CAD), the increase in MPO plasma content on bolus heparin administration was higher in patients with CAD (P=0.01). Heparin treatment also improved endothelial NO bioavailability, as evidenced by flow-mediated dilation (P<0.01) and by acetylcholine-induced changes in forearm blood flow (P<0.01). The extent of heparin-induced MPO release was correlated with improvement in endothelial function (r=0.69, P<0.01). Moreover, and consistent with this tenet, ex vivo heparin treatment of extracellular matrix proteins, cultured endothelial cells, and saphenous vein graft specimens from CAD patients decreased MPO burden. CONCLUSIONS Mobilization of vessel-associated MPO may represent an important mechanism by which heparins exert antiinflammatory effects and increase vascular NO bioavailability. These data add to the growing body of evidence for a causal role of MPO in compromised vascular NO signaling in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Baldus
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Cui X, Wu R, Zhou M, Simms HH, Wang P. Differential expression of cytochrome P450 isoforms in the lungs of septic animals. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:1186-91. [PMID: 15190971 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000124877.86743.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sepsis is characterized by an early, hyperdynamic phase and a late, hypodynamic phase. Although studies have shown that cytochrome P450 (CYP) plays an important role in the regulation of vascular reactivity, alterations of vascular CYP isoforms in sepsis remain unknown. Since CYP2C11 and CYP2J4 convert arachidonic acid to vasodilative epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, and CYP4A3 metabolizes arachidonic acid to both epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and vasoconstrictive 19,20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, the aim of this study was to examine the expression of these isoforms in sepsis and their association with hemodynamic changes. DESIGN Prospective, controlled, and randomized animal study. SETTING An institute research laboratory. SUBJECTS Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected either to polymicrobial sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture or to sham operation followed by the administration of normal saline solution (i.e., fluid resuscitation). INTERVENTIONS At 5 hrs (early sepsis) or 20 hrs (late sepsis) after cecal ligation and puncture, blood vessel-rich tissues (i.e., lungs) were harvested. The expression of CYP isoforms at both messenger RNA and protein levels was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis (CYP2C11), respectively. Hemodynamic variables were measured by radioactive microspheres. MAIN RESULTS The results indicate that the gene expression of CYP2C11 and CYP2J4 was significantly down-regulated at 20 hrs after cecal ligation and puncture, whereas the expression of CYP4A3 was markedly up-regulated at 5 hrs. The protein concentrations of CYP2C11 also decreased significantly at 20 hrs after cecal ligation and puncture. Although total peripheral resistance markedly increased, mean arterial pressure did not change significantly at 20 hrs after the onset of sepsis. In contrast, cardiac output and pulmonary perfusion markedly decreased in late sepsis. CONCLUSIONS Since the up-regulated CYP4A3 is associated with the early, hyperdynamic phase of sepsis and the down-regulated CYP2C11 and CYP2J4 are associated with the late, hypodynamic phase, vascular CYP isoforms that metabolize arachidonic acid may be involved in regulating the cardiovascular response during the progression of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Cui
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES a) To review endothelial properties and to establish how these unperturbed properties contribute to the maintenance of endothelium anticoagulant activity; b) to better understand the relative contributions of endothelial cells and monocytes in sepsis-induced altered coagulation. DATA SOURCES A summary of published literature from MEDLINE search files and other original articles and reviews published on endothelial cell and monocyte functions and modifications owing to sepsis. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Unperturbed endothelial cells provide anticoagulant properties; exposure to inflammatory and/or septic stimuli can rapidly lead to procoagulant behavior. Sepsis alters endothelial cell surface and induces tissue factor synthesis at the endothelial and subendothelial levels. During endotoxemia, endothelial cells generate adhesion molecules that bind leukocytes and monocytes, increasing local procoagulant reactions. Tissue factor expression is also increased at the level of the monocyte; the relative importance of endothelial injury and monocyte activation in coagulation disorders was recently assessed. Endothelium protection before induction of septic shock was not associated with any reduction in monocyte tissue factor expression, suggesting that altered coagulation was present despite normal endothelial cell function. On the other hand, decreased monocyte tissue factor expression was associated with a marked reduction in endothelial injury, increased endothelium-derived relaxation, and improved survival rate in treated animals. CONCLUSIONS This review suggests that monocyte activation and tissue factor expression may be of paramount importance in sepsis-associated injuries and that coagulation activation may contribute to the endothelial cell injury observed during sepsis. Endothelial injury, in turn, exacerbates sepsis-induced coagulation abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vallet
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Lille University Hospital, Fance
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16
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Tyrrell DJ, Horne AP, Holme KR, Preuss JM, Page CP. Heparin in inflammation: potential therapeutic applications beyond anticoagulation. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1999; 46:151-208. [PMID: 10332503 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter we have described anti-inflammatory functions of heparin distinct from its traditional anticoagulant activity. We have presented in vivo data showing heparin's beneficial effects in various preclinical models of inflammatory disease as well as discussed some clinical studies showing that the anti-inflammatory activities of heparin may translate into therapeutic uses. In vivo models that use low-anticoagulant heparins indicate that the anticoagulant activity can be distinguished from heparin's anti-inflammatory properties. In certain cases such as hypovolemic shock, the efficacy of a low-anticoagulant heparin derivative (GM1892) exceeds heparin. Data also suggest that nonconventional delivery of heparin, specifically via inhalation, has therapeutic potential in improving drug pharmacokinetics (as determined by measuring blood coagulation parameters) and in reducing the persistent concerns of systemic hemorrhagic complications. Results from larger clinical trials with heparin and LMW heparins are eagerly anticipated and will allow us to assess our predictions on the effectiveness of this drug class to treat a variety of human inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Tyrrell
- Glycomed Incorporated, Alameda, California 94501, USA
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