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Chronic Low-Level Cyanide Intoxication in an Electroplating Plant in Taiwan. J Occup Environ Med 2022; 64:777-781. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wang X, Xu XQ, Gao CH, Li LH, Liu Y, Zhang N, Xia Y, Fang X, Zhang XG. Assessing the drinking water quality in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 2014 to 2018. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2022; 20:610-619. [PMID: 35482378 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to understand the drinking water quality state in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 2014 to 2018 and to derive information that will provide a basis for improving the drinking water quality in the region. Monitoring data for drinking water from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region for 2014 to 2018 were analyzed and the results were compared with GB 5749-2006, the Standard Test Method for Drinking Water, and GB 5749-2006, the Drinking Water Quality Standards. Data for a total of 30,613 water samples were assessed. Of the data for the microbiological index, sensory trait and general chemical index, and toxicological index, 89, 80, and 69% were qualified, respectively. For the toxicological index, the fluoride and nitrate nitrogen data were the least compliant. The water quality in all the cities was generally very suitable for drinking. However, there were marked differences in the qualified rates of drinking water in different areas and the qualified rates of the data for the three indexes were lower in rural areas than in urban areas. Given the varied issues with the drinking water quality, the relevant departments of League cities should implement appropriate and effective treatment measures to improve the drinking water quality and ensure it is safe for residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Public Health College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, PR China E-mail:
| | - X Q Xu
- Public Health College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, PR China E-mail:
| | - C H Gao
- Public Health College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, PR China E-mail:
| | - L H Li
- Public Health College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, PR China E-mail:
| | - Y Liu
- Public Health College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, PR China E-mail:
| | - N Zhang
- Public Health College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, PR China E-mail:
| | - Y Xia
- Public Health College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, PR China E-mail:
| | - X Fang
- Public Health College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, PR China E-mail:
| | - X G Zhang
- Public Health College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, PR China E-mail:
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Satpute RM, Bhutia YD, Lomash V, Bhattacharya R. Efficacy assessment of co-treated alpha-ketoglutarate and N-acetyl cysteine against the subchronic toxicity of cyanide in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2019; 35:410-423. [PMID: 31244408 DOI: 10.1177/0748233719851902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyanide is an important industrial pollutant, major occupational hazard, and a potential chemical warfare agent. Its intentional or accidental exposure to humans is a big clinical problem because of its rapid mode of action. Certain plant origin foods also contain substantial amount of cyanide and cause chronic toxicity. This study explores the protective efficacy of co-treatment of alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) and an antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) against toxicity of subchronically exposed cyanide in rats. We explore the effect of AKG + NAC co-treatment on oxidative stress, inflammation, and histological changes induced due to long-term sublethal cyanide exposure. Cyanide induces oxidative stress by inhibiting metalloenzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) causing increase in lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) and decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH). It also increases the activity of cyclo-oxygenase enzymes causing oxidative stress-mediated inflammation in the brain. Cyanide exposure also causes degenerative changes in the brain as shown in histology. It also causes pathology in liver and kidney. AKG is known to form cyanohydrins with cyanide reducing the free cyanide levels, and its combination with NAC showed overall improvement in by reducing the oxidative stress and subsequent neuroinflammation. Their combination was also found to improve the histological outcome of vital tissues. AKG, an over-the-counter sport medicine, and the antioxidant NAC per se did not show any detrimental effects in any tested parameter. Hence, oral treatment with AKG and NAC can be beneficial for the treatment of chronic cyanide poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Satpute
- 1 Toxicology Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Civil Lines, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Y D Bhutia
- 2 Division of Pharmacology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - V Lomash
- 3 Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - R Bhattacharya
- 3 Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Kirman CR, Belknap AM, Webster AF, Hays SM. Biomonitoring Equivalents for cyanide. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 97:71-81. [PMID: 29885879 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to cyanide is widespread in human populations due to a variety of natural and anthropogenic sources. The potential health risks of excess cyanide exposure are dose-dependent and include effects on the thyroid, the male reproductive system, developmental effects, neuropathies and death. Many organizations have derived exposure guideline values for cyanide, which represent maximum recommended exposure levels for inhalation and oral routes of exposure. Biomonitoring Equivalents (BEs) are estimates of the average biomarker concentrations that correspond to these reference doses. Here, we determine BE values for cyanide. The literature on the pharmacokinetics of cyanide was reviewed to identify a biomarker of exposure. Despite issues with biomarker specificity, thiocyanate (SCN-) in the urine or plasma was identified as the most practical biomarker. BE values were produced that correspond to previously published critical effect levels. These BE values range from 0.0008 to 0.8 mg/L and 0.0005-2.5 mg/L for SCN- in urine and plasma, respectively. Confidence in these BE values varies, depending on route of exposure, biomarker, and health endpoint of interest. We anticipate that these BE values will be useful for lower tier (screening level) chemical risk assessment; however due to issues with biomarker specificity and uncertainty in background levels of SCN-, this approach requires refinement to be useful at higher tiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Kirman
- Summit Toxicology, LLP, Bozeman, MT, USA.
| | - A M Belknap
- Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - A F Webster
- Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - S M Hays
- Summit Toxicology, LLP, Bozeman, MT, USA
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Leung AMR, Lu JLDP. Environmental Health and Safety Hazards of Indigenous Small-Scale Gold Mining Using Cyanidation in the Philippines. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2016; 10:125-31. [PMID: 27547035 PMCID: PMC4978203 DOI: 10.4137/ehi.s38459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This cross-sectional study aimed at the environmental health hazards at work and cyanide exposure of small-scale gold miners engaged in gold extraction from ores in a mining area in the Philippines. METHODS Methods consisted of structured questionnaire-guided interviews, work process observation tools, physical health assessment by medical doctors, and laboratory examination and blood cyanide determination in the blood samples of 34 indigenous small-scale gold miners from Benguet, Philippines. RESULTS The small-scale gold miners worked for a mean of 10.3 years, had a mean age of 36 years, with mean lifetime mining work hours of 18,564. All were involved in tunneling work (100%) while a considerable number were involved in mixing cyanide with the ore (44%). A considerable number were injured (35%) during the mining activity, and an alarming number (35%) had elevated blood cyanide level. The most prevalent hazard was exposure to chemicals, particularly to cyanide and nitric acid, which were usually handled with bare hands. CONCLUSION The small-scale gold miners were exposed to occupational and environmental hazards at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marie R. Leung
- Medical Doctor and Community Health Practitioner, Cordillera Administrative Region, Philippines
| | - Jinky Leilanie DP. Lu
- Research Professor, Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Philippines; and Affiliate Faculty, Department of Social Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila
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Shivanoor SM, David M. Subchronic cyanide toxicity on male reproductive system of albino rat. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00064a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually mature albino rats were orally treated with sodium cyanide, NaCN (0, 0.64, 1.2 and 3.2 mg kg−1BW) for 90 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiddappa M. Shivanoor
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory
- Department of Zoology
- Karnatak University
- Dharwad
- India
| | - Muniswamy David
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory
- Department of Zoology
- Karnatak University
- Dharwad
- India
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Rhaman MM, Alamgir A, Wong BM, Powell DR, Hossain MA. A highly efficient dinuclear Cu(II) chemosensor for colorimetric and fluorescent detection of cyanide in water. RSC Adv 2014; 4:54263-54267. [PMID: 28217299 PMCID: PMC5310325 DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10813b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel dinuclear copper chemosensor selectively binds cyanide over a wide range of inorganic anions, enabling it to detect cyanide in water up to 0.02 ppm which is 10 times lower than the EPA standard for drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mhahabubur Rhaman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University Jackson, MS 39212, USA
| | - Azmain Alamgir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University Jackson, MS 39212, USA
| | - Bryan M Wong
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering and Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Douglas R Powell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 7301
| | - Md Alamgir Hossain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University Jackson, MS 39212, USA
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Dhas PK, Chitra P, Jayakumar S, Mary AR. Study of the effects of hydrogen cyanide exposure in Cassava workers. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2012; 15:133-6. [PMID: 22412292 PMCID: PMC3299098 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5278.93204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen cyanide is the chemical responsible for tissue hypoxia. Chronic exposure to HCN may cause neurological, respiratory, cardiovascular and thyroid defects. Onset of symptoms depends on dose and duration of exposure. Large scale of Cassava processing could be disastrous due to discharge of hydrocyanic acid into the air. Cassava processing is the major industrial work in and around Salem. Hence the present study is taken to assess the effects of HCN exposure in Cassava workers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-nine workers from a Cassava processing unit at Salem and age-matched controls of the same economic status were taken up for this study. Clinical history was obtained with a questionnaire and their Blood sugar, lipid profile, serum total protein, urea, creatinine, AST, ALT and T(3), T(4), TSH were estimated using a fasting blood sample and AIP was calculated. Statistical analysis was done by student t test. RESULTS Our study reveals a significant increase in triglyceride in Cassava workers when compared to the control. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is statistically highly significant. A significant decrease was seen in T(4.) CONCLUSION An increase in TGL and AIP shows a higher degree of cardiovascular risk. A decrease in T4 suggests an insufficient iodine uptake by thyroid gland. Hence a periodic medical evaluation should be done on such workers for their safety and to prevent the health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Kali Dhas
- Department of Biochemistry, Penang International Dental College, Chinnaseeragapadi, Salem, India
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The Epidemiology of Environmental Perchlorate Exposure and Thyroid Function: A Comprehensive Review. J Occup Environ Med 2010; 52:653-60. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3181e31955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
This article covers the major chemicals and gases that are considered to be of the most clinical relevance to the primary care provider. The reader is referred to other comprehensive textbooks of toxicology and occupational medicine for a complete discussion of the numerous additional products found in the workplace that may result in occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Harrison
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA.
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