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Habas E, Errayes A, Habas E, Alfitori G, Habas A, Farfar K, Rayani A, Habas A, Elzouki AN. Masked phenomenon: renal and cardiovascular complications; review and updates. Blood Press 2024; 33:2383234. [PMID: 39056371 DOI: 10.1080/08037051.2024.2383234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the in-clinic blood pressure (BP) recording setting, a sizable number of individuals with normal BP and approximately 30% of patients with chronic renal disease (CKD) exhibit elevated outpatient BP records. These individuals are known as masked hypertension (MHTN), and when they are on antihypertensive medications, but their BP is not controlled, they are called masked uncontrolled hypertension (MUHTN). The masked phenomenon (MP) (MHTN and MUHTN) increases susceptibility to end-organ damage (a two-fold greater risk for cardiovascular events and kidney dysfunction). The potential extension of the observed benefits of MP therapy, including a reduction in end-organ damage, remains questionable. AIM AND METHODS This review aims to study the diagnostic methodology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and significance of MP management in end-organs, especially the kidneys, cardiovascular system, and outcomes. To achieve the purposes of this non-systematic comprehensive review, PubMed, Google, and Google Scholar were searched using keywords, texts, and phrases such as masked phenomenon, CKD and HTN, HTN types, HTN definition, CKD progression, masked HTN, MHTN, masked uncontrolled HTN, CKD onset, and cardiovascular system and MHTN. We restricted the search process to the last ten years to search for the latest updates. CONCLUSION MHTN is a variant of HTN that can be missed if medical professionals are unaware of it. Early detection by ambulatory or home BP recording in susceptible individuals reduces end-organ damage and progresses to sustained HTN. Adherence to the available recommendations when dealing with masked phenomena is justifiable; however, further studies and recommendation updates are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmukhtar Habas
- Medical Department, Hamad General Hospital, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Almehdi Errayes
- Medical Department, Hamad General Hospital, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Eshrak Habas
- Internal Medicine, Medical Department, Tripoli Central Hospital, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Gamal Alfitori
- Medical Department, Hamad General Hospital, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ala Habas
- Medical Department, Alwakra General Hospital, Qatar University, Alwakra, Qatar
| | - Kalifa Farfar
- Medical Department, Alwakra General Hospital, Qatar University, Alwakra, Qatar
| | - Amnna Rayani
- Tripoli Children Hospital, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Aml Habas
- Tripoli Children Hospital, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
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Liu J, Li Y, Li J, Zheng D, Liu C. Sources of automatic office blood pressure measurement error: a systematic review. Physiol Meas 2022; 43. [PMID: 35952651 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ac890e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accurate and reliable blood pressure (BP) measurement is important for the prevention and treatment of hypertension. The oscillometric-based automatic office blood pressure measurement (AOBPM) is widely used in hospitals and clinics, but measurement errors are common in BP measurements. There is a lack of systematic review of the sources of measurement errors. APPROACH A systematic review of all existing research on sources of AOBPM errors. A search strategy was designed in six online databases, and all the literature published before October 2021 was selected. Those studies that used the AOBPM device to measure BP from the upper arm of subjects were included. MAIN RESULTS A total of 1365 studies were screened, and 224 studies were included in this final review. They investigated 22 common error sources with clinical AOBPM. Regarding the causes of BP errors, this review divided them into the following categories: the activities before measurement, patient's factors, measurement environment, measurement procedure, and device settings. 13 sources caused increased systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP), 2 sources caused the decrease in SBP and DBP, only 1 source had no significant effect on BPs, and the other errors had a non-uniform effect (either increase or decrease in BPs). The error ranges for SBP and DBP were -14 to 33 mmHg and -6 to 19 mmHg, respectively. SIGNIFICANCE The measurement accuracy of AOBPM is susceptible to the influence of measurement factors. Interpreting BP readings need to be treated with caution in clinical measurements. This review made comprehensive evidence for the need for standardized BP measurements and provided guidance for clinical practitioners when measuring BP with AOBPM devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Sipailou 2, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, CHINA
| | - Yumin Li
- School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Sipailou 2, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, CHINA
| | - Jianqing Li
- School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Sipailou road2, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, CHINA
| | - Dingchang Zheng
- Research Centre of Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, West Midlands, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Chengyu Liu
- School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Sipailou 2, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, CHINA
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Shi X, Zhang K, Wang P, Kan Q, Yang J, Wang L, Yuan H. Association of masked uncontrolled hypertension and cardiovascular diseases in treated hypertensive patients. Arch Med Sci 2020; 16:538-544. [PMID: 32399100 PMCID: PMC7212231 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.89218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the study was to evaluate the association of masked uncontrolled hypertension (MUCH) and prevalence of cardiovascular disease in treated hypertensive patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients' demographics and prior medical histories were collected. Fasting venous blood was drawn for evaluation of serum creatinine level, which was used to calculate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Clinic blood pressure (BP) and 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) measurements were performed. Based on the clinic BP and 24 h ABPM results, patients were divided into MUCH and non-masked hypertension groups. RESULTS Compared to patients without masked hypertension, MUCH patients were older (62.4 ±11.2 vs. 59.7 ±10.4 years, p < 0.05), more likely to be male (66.9% vs. 63.4%), had diabetes (33.9% vs. 29.6%), longer hypertension duration (12.4 ±5.3 vs. 9.5 ±4.5 years, p < 0.05), lower GFR (79.5 ±11.6 vs. 82.4 ±10.3 ml/min/1.73 m2, p < 0.05), treated with β-blocker (39.0% vs. 32.7%, p < 0.05) and required more antihypertensive medications (2.7 ±0.5 vs. 2.2 ±0.3, p < 0.05). MUCH patients have higher cardiovascular disease prevalence than that without masked hypertension (30.1% vs. 23.4%, p < 0.05). After adjustment for covariates, MUCH was still independently associated with higher cardiovascular disease prevalence with odds ratio 1.38 (95% confidence interval 1.17-1.62, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The MUCH is independently associated with prevalent cardiovascular disease in treated hypertensive patients. Future studies are needed to evaluate whether correction of MUCH can improve patients' outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Adult ICU, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengxu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Quane Kan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junpeng Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Limin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Masked Hypertension: A Systematic Review. Heart Lung Circ 2020; 29:102-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Muntner P, Einhorn PT, Cushman WC, Whelton PK, Bello NA, Drawz PE, Green BB, Jones DW, Juraschek SP, Margolis KL, Miller ER, Navar AM, Ostchega Y, Rakotz MK, Rosner B, Schwartz JE, Shimbo D, Stergiou GS, Townsend RR, Williamson JD, Wright JT, Appel LJ. Blood Pressure Assessment in Adults in Clinical Practice and Clinic-Based Research: JACC Scientific Expert Panel. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 73:317-335. [PMID: 30678763 PMCID: PMC6573014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The accurate measurement of blood pressure (BP) is essential for the diagnosis and management of hypertension. Restricted use of mercury devices, increased use of oscillometric devices, discrepancies between clinic and out-of-clinic BP, and concerns about measurement error with manual BP measurement techniques have resulted in uncertainty for clinicians and researchers. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health convened a working group of clinicians and researchers in October 2017 to review data on BP assessment among adults in clinical practice and clinic-based research. In this report, the authors review the topics discussed during a 2-day meeting including the current state of knowledge on BP assessment in clinical practice and clinic-based research, knowledge gaps pertaining to current BP assessment methods, research and clinical needs to improve BP assessment, and the strengths and limitations of using BP obtained in clinical practice for research and quality improvement activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Muntner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
| | - Paula T Einhorn
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William C Cushman
- Preventive Medicine Section, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Paul K Whelton
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Natalie A Bello
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Paul E Drawz
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Beverly B Green
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Daniel W Jones
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Stephen P Juraschek
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Edgar R Miller
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Yechiam Ostchega
- National Center for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland
| | | | - Bernard Rosner
- Department of Medicine, Brigham's and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph E Schwartz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Daichi Shimbo
- The Hypertension Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - George S Stergiou
- Hypertension Center STRIDE-7, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Third Department of Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Raymond R Townsend
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeff D Williamson
- Department of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jackson T Wright
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Lawrence J Appel
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Banegas JR, Ruilope LM, de la Sierra A, de la Cruz JJ, Gorostidi M, Segura J, Martell N, Garcia-Puig J, Deanfield J, Williams B. High prevalence of masked uncontrolled hypertension in people with treated hypertension. Eur Heart J 2014; 35:3304-12. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Alessi A, Brandão AA, de Paiva AMG, Nogueira ADR, Feitosa A, Gonzaga CDC, Amodeo C, Mion D, de Souza DDSM, Barbosa E, Lima Junior E, Nobre F, Fuchs FD, Chaves Junior H, Schneider JC, Gemelli J, Villela-Martin JF, Scala LCN, Gomes MAM, Malachias MVB, de Morais NS, Moreira Filho O, Passarelli Junior O, Jardim PCBV, Miranda RD, Póvoa R, Fuchs SC, Baiocchi S, Jardim TV, Barroso WKS. I Brazilian position paper on prehypertension, white coat hypertension and masked hypertension: diagnosis and management. Arq Bras Cardiol 2014; 102:110-8. [PMID: 24676366 PMCID: PMC3987343 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20140011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Alessi
- Brazilian Society of Cardiology Arterial Hypertension Department
| | | | | | | | - Audes Feitosa
- Brazilian Society of Cardiology Arterial Hypertension Department
| | | | - Celso Amodeo
- Brazilian Society of Cardiology Arterial Hypertension Department
| | - Decio Mion
- Brazilian Society of Cardiology Arterial Hypertension Department
| | | | - Eduardo Barbosa
- Brazilian Society of Cardiology Arterial Hypertension Department
| | | | - Fernando Nobre
- Brazilian Society of Cardiology Arterial Hypertension Department
| | | | | | | | - João Gemelli
- Brazilian Society of Cardiology Arterial Hypertension Department
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rui Póvoa
- Brazilian Society of Cardiology Arterial Hypertension Department
| | | | - Sergio Baiocchi
- Brazilian Society of Cardiology Arterial Hypertension Department
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Yano Y, Bakris GL. Recognition and management of masked hypertension: A review and novel approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 7:244-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Home and office blood pressure monitoring in renal transplant recipients. J Transplant 2012; 2012:702316. [PMID: 22577515 PMCID: PMC3345274 DOI: 10.1155/2012/702316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Arterial hypertension in renal transplant recipients (RTR) is associated with increased morbid mortality. In the general population, home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) was found to be superior to office blood pressure (OBP) in identifying true hypertensive patients. The aim of this study was to investigate HBPM for the assessment of blood pressure profile in RTR. Methodology and Principal Findings. We included prospectively 87 stable RTR. Sitting OBP was measured during the outpatient clinic. HBPM was performed by measuring BP every morning and night for 4 days. The accepted limits for the OBP and HBPM, were respectively, 140/90 mmHg and 135/85 mmHg. Patients were classified as “normotensive,” “uncontrolled,” “white-coat hypertensive” and “masked hypertensive”, (OBP below the limit and HBPM above). During the study, 81 patients (55 males, age 48.5 ± 14 years) were available for analysis. The mean OBP and HBP were 138/83 ± 14/10 mmHg and 133/79 ± 14/8 mmHg; 29% of patients were uncontrolled, 28% normotensive, 21% white coat, and 21% masked hypertensive. Age, glycemia, and number of antihypertensive drugs were associated with hypertension. Conclusion and Significance. In RTR, HBPM is well accepted and better define BP profile since there is 42% discrepancy between OBPM and HBPM. Whether this discrepancy is associated with worst outcome in the long term remains to be demonstrated.
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Cacciolati C, Hanon O, Alperovitch A, Dufouil C, Tzourio C. Masked hypertension in the elderly: cross-sectional analysis of a population-based sample. Am J Hypertens 2011; 24:674-80. [PMID: 21415840 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2011.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Masked hypertension (MHT), defined as normal blood pressure (BP) at office associated with high BP at home, has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of vascular events. However, MHT is poorly known in the elderly, although this age segment is at high risk of hypertension-related vascular events. Our objectives were to assess frequency and determinants of MHT in the elderly. METHODS We studied MHT in a community-based sample of 1,814 participants aged 75 years or older, whose office BP and home BP measurements (HBPM) were both taken with the same device (Omron M6; Omron Healthcare, Kyoto, Japan).Hypertension was defined as a systolic BP (SBP) ≥ 140 mm Hg and/or a diastolic BP (DBP) ≥ 90 mm Hg for office BP, and SBP ≥ 135 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 85 mm Hg for HBPM. RESULTS Frequency of MHT was 16% in the overall sample and 41% in participants with a normal office BP. Multivariable analyses revealed that male subjects, >80 years of age, with diabetes, on antihypertensive medication, and with office SBP >120 mm Hg were independently associated with a higher risk of MHT. CONCLUSION MHT is frequent in the elderly and is associated with a high vascular profile. These results should encourage a more widespread use of home BP monitoring in this age segment.
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Berlowitz DR, Franklin S. The clock is ticking: the case for achieving more rapid control of hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2010; 12:323-7. [PMID: 20546372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2010.00274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kim J, Han HR, Song H, Lee J, Kim KB, Kim MT. Compliance with home blood pressure monitoring among middle-aged Korean Americans with hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2010; 12:253-60. [PMID: 20433546 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2009.00218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the level of compliance of home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) and its relation to blood pressure (BP) control among hypertensive adults in a community setting. A total of 377 middle-aged Korean Americans with high BP participated in this study. Along with structured behavioral education, the participants were instructed to measure their BP 3 times in a row upon waking and thrice again at bedtime, at least 2 or more times a week for 48 weeks. Using multivariate logistic regression, the authors examined the patterns and factors affecting HBPM and its relation to BP control status. The analyses revealed that older participants were more compliant with the HBPM instruction than were younger participants (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 5.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.77-15.81) and those with more depressive symptoms were less compliant (OR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.04-0.88). Participants who were more compliant to HBPM instruction were 4 times more likely than those who were noncompliant to have controlled their BP by the end of the intervention period (OR, 4.28; 95% CI, 1.79-10.23). These results suggest that the participants who checked their BP regularly at home had a stronger tendency to achieve BP control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Kim
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205-2110, USA
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Agarwal R, Andersen MJ, Light RP. Location not quantity of blood pressure measurements predicts mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 2007; 28:210-7. [PMID: 17960059 DOI: 10.1159/000110090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood pressure (BP) measurements obtained outside the dialysis unit are prognostically superior. Whether it is the greater number of measurements made outside the dialysis unit that correlates with prognosis or whether BPs outside dialysis units are ecologically more valid is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS A prospective cohort study was conducted in 133 patients on chronic hemodialysis. BP was measured by the patients at home for 1 week, over an interdialytic interval by ambulatory recording, and by 'routine' and standardized methods in the dialysis unit for 2 weeks. Up to 6 BPs were randomly selected from a 44-hour recording of ambulatory or 1-week recording of home BPs, such that the dialysis unit BPs were exactly matched to the number of ambulatory or home BPs. The relationship with left ventricular hypertrophy and all-cause mortality was analyzed using receiver-operating characteristic curves and Cox proportional hazards analysis, respectively. Over a median follow-up of 24 months, 46 patients (31%) died. A BP change of 10/5 mm Hg increased the risk of all-cause mortality by 1.22 (95% CI 1.07-1.38)/1.18 (95% CI 1.05-1.31) with the average of the 44-hour recording and 1.20 (95% CI 1.07-1.34)/1.15 (95% CI 1.03-1.27) when up to 6 random BPs from the same ambulatory recording were drawn and averaged. With home BPs the hazard ratios were 1.17/1.15 per 10/5 mm Hg increase in BP with the average of 1-week recording and 1.18/1.13 when up to 6 random BPs were drawn and averaged. Limited duration ambulatory BP monitoring of any 6-hour interval during the first 24 h or 4-day home BP recorded after the midweek dialysis was similarly predictive of all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS In patients on hemodialysis, the location, not the quantity, of the BP recordings obtained outside the dialysis unit is associated with target organ damage and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Agarwal
- Indiana University School of Medicine and Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Ind. 46202, USA.
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Abstract
The prevalence and clinical significance of masked hypertension (MHT) in diabetics have infrequently been described. The authors assessed the association of MHT (defined using a clinic blood pressure [BP] <140/90 mm Hg and daytime ambulatory BP > or = 135/85 mm Hg) with microvascular and macrovascular end organ damage in 81 clinically normotensive Japanese diabetic persons. The prevalence of silent cerebral infarcts (SCIs), increased left ventricular mass, and albuminuria were evaluated. Of 81 patients, 38 (46.9%) were classified as having MHT and showed significantly more SCIs (mean +/- SE: 2.5+/-0.5 vs 1.1+/-0.2; P=.017), and more albuminuria (39% vs 16%; P=.025), but no increase in left ventricular mass index, than the normotensive persons in office and on ambulatory BP monitoring group. The prevalence of MHT in this diabetic population was high (47%). Diabetic patients with MHT showed evidence of brain and kidney damage. Hence, out-of-office monitoring of BP may be indicated in diabetics whose BP is normal in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Pickering
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Division of General Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York 10032, USA.
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Qureshi G, Lazar JM, Javaid H, Weber M, Salciccioli L. Self–measured (blood pressure) arterial stiffness index: A promising new measure of arterial stiffness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 1:347-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Masked hypertension (blood pressure that is normal in the physicians' office but elevated elsewhere) is a common phenomenon as prevalence among studies varies from 8 to 45% and is seen at all ages. large discrepancies, however, exist between studies that have dealt with masked hypertension. It is of high clinical importance as it is associated with higher target organ damage as compared with sustained normotension. Therefore more research should be determined. This paper provides an overview of current literature to improve knowledge about masked hypertension and about the cause of this phenomenon. In addition it provides some questions, which need to be answered for performing appropriate research into this subject in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem J Verberk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Early diagnosis of hypertension is one benefit of home blood pressure monitoring. Home measurement may also be used for the detection of masked hypertension. Home blood pressure readings have a strong correlation with risk, and the method has many advantages over office measurement in the management of hypertension, especially in patients with chronic kidney disease or diabetes. The present article provides practical advice on incorporating home blood pressure monitoring into practice. Patient education and training are discussed, as are tips to aid in the selection of devices for blood pressure measurement at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald W McKay
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.
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Márquez Contreras E, Casado Martínez JJ, Pardo Alvarez J, Vázquez I, Guevara B, Rodríguez J. [Prevalence of white-coat hypertension and masked hypertension in the general population, through home blood pressure measurement]. Aten Primaria 2007; 38:392-8. [PMID: 17173814 PMCID: PMC7676172 DOI: 10.1016/s0212-6567(06)70531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of white-coat hypertension (WCH) and masked hypertension (MH) in the general population, by means of home blood pressure measurement (HBPM). DESIGN Cross-sectional, descriptive study. SETTING Four primary care centres. PARTICIPANTS A sample of 1400 individuals over 18 years old, selected from the Municipal Register of Inhabitants (Huelva, Spain) and randomised and stratified by age and gender. MAIN MEASUREMENTS Two blood pressure (BP) measurements in clinic (CBP) and 12 measurements in a week of BP by HBPM were performed (OMRON 705-CP). Pressure was seen as normal when CBP means were <140/90 mm Hg and HBPM was <135/85 mm Hg. WCH was defined as when CBP was >140/90 mm Hg and HBPM <135/85 mm Hg, and hypertension when CBP was >140 mm Hg and HBPM >135/85 mm Hg or patients were in treatment for hypertension. MH was when CBP was <140/90 mm Hg and at home was >135 mm Hg and/or 85 mm Hg. RESULTS A total of 1153 individuals (82.35% of the sample) with mean age of 45.4 (SD, 16.1) were included: 560 men and 593 women. The prevalence of MH was 8.9% (CI+/-1.6) in the general population and 9.8% (CI+/-3.2) in individuals with hypertension. WCH prevalence was 3.6% (CI+/-1.05) overall and 12.8% (CI+/-3.6) in hypertense patients, with its prevalence increasing steadily as age groups rose (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of WCH in the general population is low, whereas the prevalence of MH is high.
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McKay DW, Myers MG, Bolli P, Chockalingam A. Masked hypertension: a common but insidious presentation of hypertension. Can J Cardiol 2006; 22:617-20. [PMID: 16755318 PMCID: PMC2560871 DOI: 10.1016/s0828-282x(06)70285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A patient has masked hypertension when his office blood pressure is less than 140/90 mmHg but his ambulatory or home blood pressure readings are in the hypertensive range. Several recent studies have demonstrated that cardiovascular risk is similar between those with masked hypertension and those with sustained hypertension. The prevalence of masked hypertension in Canada is not known, but data from other countries suggest rates greater than 8%. Physicians need to use careful clinical judgment to identify and treat subjects with masked hypertension. The present review discusses masked hypertension, its importance to clinical practice and some aspects of patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W McKay
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
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22
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Touyz RM. Highlights and summary of the 2006 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations. Can J Cardiol 2006; 22:565-71. [PMID: 16755311 PMCID: PMC2560863 DOI: 10.1016/s0828-282x(06)70278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present paper summarizes and highlights key messages of the 2006 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management and diagnosis of hypertension. An important message in the 2006 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations is to improve patient adherence to antihypertensive therapy by incorporating a number of techniques. These new recommendations still need to be incorporated into what remain as the older but still important considerations for the diagnosis, management and treatment of the patient with hypertension, namely, to assess blood pressure in all adults at all appropriate visits, to expedite the diagnosis of hypertension, to assess and manage global cardiovascular risk, to emphasize that lifestyle modifications are the cornerstone of antihypertensive therapy, to treat to target, and to use combinations of antihypertensive medications and lifestyles to achieve recommended targets. Minor changes in pharmacological therapies are discussed, and potentially important aspects related to home and self-monitoring, particularly with respect to patients with masked hypertension (blood pressure controlled in the office but not at home), are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Touyz
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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23
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From measurement to profiles, phenomena and indices: a workshop of the European Society of Hypertension. Blood Press Monit 2005. [DOI: 10.1097/00126097-200512000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Obara T, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Asayama K, Metoki H, Inoue R, Oikawa T, Komai R, Murai K, Horikawa T, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Imai Y. Prevalence of masked uncontrolled and treated white-coat hypertension defined according to the average of morning and evening home blood pressure value: from the Japan Home versus Office Measurement Evaluation Study. Blood Press Monit 2005; 10:311-6. [PMID: 16496446 DOI: 10.1097/00126097-200512000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of masked uncontrolled and treated white-coat hypertension defined according to the average of morning and evening home blood pressure values. METHODS The study population consisted of 3303 essential hypertensive outpatients receiving antihypertensive treatment in Japan. Information on the characteristics of the patients was collected by a physician's self-administrated questionnaire. The office blood pressure value was calculated as the average of the four readings in two visits. All patients were asked to measure their blood pressure once every morning and once every evening. In the study, we included patients with at least three measurements in the morning and in the evening, respectively. The average of all home blood pressure values was taken as the home blood pressure value. RESULTS The mean value of home systolic/diastolic blood pressure was 136.8/79.3 mmHg, and the mean value of office systolic/diastolic blood pressure was 142.8/80.6 mmHg. Of the 3303 patients, 758 (23.0%) had controlled hypertension (home <135/85 mmHg and office <140/90 mmHg), 628 (19.0%) had masked uncontrolled hypertension (home > or =135/85 mmHg and office <140/90 mmHg), 640 (19.4%) had treated white-coat hypertension (home <135/85 mmHg and office > or =140/90 mmHg), and 1277 (38.7%) had uncontrolled hypertension (home > or =135/85 mmHg and office > or =140/90 mmHg). CONCLUSIONS Treated white-coat hypertension and masked uncontrolled hypertension were often observed in clinical settings. Physicians need to understand the prevalence of such patients to prevent inadequate diagnosis and treatment in them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takua Obara
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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Blicklé JF. Management of hypertension in elderly diabetic patients. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2005; 31 Spec No 2:5S82-5S91. [PMID: 16415770 DOI: 10.1016/s1262-3636(05)73656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a major vascular risk factor in the elderly diabetic. The benefit of proper management is well recognized, even if treatment has no influence on overall mortality or might even tend to increase it in very elderly subjects. Globally, the efficacy of the major classes of antihypertensive drugs, diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, or angiotensin II receptor antagonists appears to be equivalent so that the therapeutic choice depends on the type of hypertension, systolic or systolic-diastolic, and the rapidity of the desired effect, co-morbid conditions, particularly coronary or renal disease, or drug tolerance. Blood pressure goals are similar to those in middle-aged persons, except in very old, frail or sick subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Blicklé
- Service de Médecine Interne, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Manning G, Donnelly R. Use of home blood-pressure monitoring in the detection, treatment and surveillance of hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2005; 14:573-8. [PMID: 16205478 DOI: 10.1097/01.mnh.0000182531.02945.de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Use of home blood-pressure monitoring is increasing but the technique and the equipment have limitations. We provide an overview of recent evidence in this rapidly evolving field. RECENT FINDINGS Home blood-pressure monitoring is an acceptable method for screening patients for hypertension. There is increasing evidence supporting the predictive power of home blood pressure for stroke risk even in the general population. The identification of white-coat and masked hypertension remains an important role for home blood-pressure monitoring. Unvalidated equipment and poor patient technique are major concerns. The purchase of devices needs to be linked to a simple patient-education programme, which is perhaps an opportunity for collaboration between healthcare providers and commercial companies. Devices that store the blood-pressure measurements in the memory are preferred to ensure accuracy of reporting. Data-transmission systems providing automatic storage, transmission and reporting of blood pressure, direct involvement of the patient and potentially a reduced number of hospital/general practitioner visits, offer significant advantages. To reduce patient anxiety, overuse of home blood-pressure monitoring should be avoided but there is the potential for self-modification of treatment, subject to certain safeguards. SUMMARY Self-monitoring of blood pressure is developing rapidly, linked to increasing awareness of the impact of reducing high blood pressure on public health and the marketing/advertising strategies used to sell automatic devices. Home blood-pressure monitoring has a role in the detection and management of blood pressure, but not at the expense of careful blood-pressure measurement in the office and adherence to national guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Manning
- School of Medical & Surgical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, and Derby Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, UK.
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Proceedings from the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring Scientific Workshop: What's New in Blood Pressure Measurement? June 2004, Paris, France. Blood Press Monit 2004; 9:281-325. [PMID: 15564979 DOI: 10.1097/00126097-200412000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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