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Conway SM, Al-Hasani R. Comorbidities Are Complex: The Dynorphin/Kappa Opioid Receptor System in a Preclinical Model of Stress and Alcohol. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:1000-1002. [PMID: 35654556 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sineadh M Conway
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ream Al-Hasani
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
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2
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Bowen MT, George O, Muskiewicz DE, Hall FS. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE ESCALATION OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 132:730-756. [PMID: 34839930 PMCID: PMC8892842 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding factors that contribute to the escalation of alcohol consumption is key to understanding how an individual transitions from non/social drinking to AUD and to providing better treatment. In this review, we discuss how the way ethanol is consumed as well as individual and environmental factors contribute to the escalation of ethanol consumption from intermittent low levels to consistently high levels. Moreover, we discuss how these factors are modelled in animals. It is clear a vast array of complex, interacting factors influence changes in alcohol consumption. Some of these factors act early in the acquisition of ethanol consumption and initial escalation, while others contribute to escalation of ethanol consumption at a later stage and are involved in the development of alcohol dependence. There is considerable need for more studies examining escalation associated with the formation of dependence and other hallmark features of AUD, especially studies examining mechanisms, as it is of considerable relevance to understanding and treating AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Bowen
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia,The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia,Corresponding Author: Michael T. Bowen, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia,
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Dawn E. Muskiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacology and Pharmacological Science, University of Toledo, OH, USA
| | - F. Scott Hall
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacology and Pharmacological Science, University of Toledo, OH, USA
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3
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Bloodgood DW, Hardaway JA, Stanhope CM, Pati D, Pina MM, Neira S, Desai S, Boyt KM, Palmiter RD, Kash TL. Kappa opioid receptor and dynorphin signaling in the central amygdala regulates alcohol intake. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:2187-2199. [PMID: 32099099 PMCID: PMC8124770 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0690-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Excessive alcohol drinking has been shown to modify brain circuitry to predispose individuals for future alcohol abuse. Previous studies have implicated the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) as an important site for mediating the somatic symptoms of withdrawal and for regulating alcohol intake. In addition, recent work has established a role for both the Kappa Opioid Receptor (KOR) and its endogenous ligand dynorphin in mediating these processes. However, it is unclear whether these effects are due to dynorphin or KOR arising from within the CeA itself or other input brain regions. To directly examine the role of preprodynorphin (PDYN) and KOR expression in CeA neurons, we performed region-specific conditional knockout of these genes and assessed the effects on the Drinking in the Dark (DID) and Intermittent Access (IA) paradigms. Conditional gene knockout resulted in sex-specific responses wherein PDYN knockout decreased alcohol drinking in both male and female mice, whereas KOR knockout decreased drinking in males only. We also found that neither PDYN nor KOR knockout protected against anxiety caused by alcohol drinking. Lastly, a history of alcohol drinking did not alter synaptic transmission in PDYN neurons in the CeA of either sex, but excitability of PDYN neurons was increased in male mice only. Taken together, our findings indicate that PDYN and KOR signaling in the CeA plays an important role in regulating excessive alcohol consumption and highlight the need for future studies to examine how this is mediated through downstream effector regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Bloodgood
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, Curriculum in Neuroscience, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J Andrew Hardaway
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christina M Stanhope
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dipanwita Pati
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Melanie M Pina
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sofia Neira
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, Curriculum in Neuroscience, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shivani Desai
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina College of Arts and Sciences, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristen M Boyt
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Richard D Palmiter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas L Kash
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, Curriculum in Neuroscience, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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4
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Maiya R, Pomrenze MB, Tran T, Tiwari GR, Beckham A, Paul MT, Mayfield RD, Messing RO. Differential regulation of alcohol consumption and reward by the transcriptional cofactor LMO4. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:2175-2186. [PMID: 32144357 PMCID: PMC7558853 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0706-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Repeated alcohol exposure leads to changes in gene expression that are thought to underlie the transition from moderate to excessive drinking. However, the mechanisms by which these changes are integrated into a maladaptive response that leads to alcohol dependence are not well understood. One mechanism could involve the recruitment of transcriptional co-regulators that bind and modulate the activity of transcription factors. Our results indicate that the transcriptional regulator LMO4 is one such candidate regulator. Lmo4-deficient mice (Lmo4gt/+) consumed significantly more and showed enhanced preference for alcohol in a 24 h intermittent access drinking procedure. shRNA-mediated knockdown of Lmo4 in the nucleus accumbens enhanced alcohol consumption, whereas knockdown in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) decreased alcohol consumption and reduced conditioned place preference for alcohol. To ascertain the molecular mechanisms that underlie these contrasting phenotypes, we carried out unbiased transcriptome profiling of these two brain regions in wild type and Lmo4gt/+ mice. Our results revealed that the transcriptional targets of LMO4 are vastly different between the two brain regions, which may explain the divergent phenotypes observed upon Lmo4 knockdown. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that Oprk1 and genes related to the extracellular matrix (ECM) are important transcriptional targets of LMO4 in the BLA. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that LMO4 bound Oprk1 promoter elements. Consistent with these results, disruption of the ECM or infusion of norbinaltorphimine, a selective kappa opioid receptor antagonist, in the BLA reduced alcohol consumption. Hence our results indicate that an LMO4-regulated transcriptional network regulates alcohol consumption in the BLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Maiya
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA. .,Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA. .,Department of Neurology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Matthew B. Pomrenze
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA,Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Thi Tran
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Gayatri R. Tiwari
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Andrea Beckham
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Madison T. Paul
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - R. Dayne Mayfield
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA,Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Robert O. Messing
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA,Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA,Department of Neurology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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5
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Rimondini R, Campana G. Induction of a High Alcohol Consumption in Rats and Mice: Role of Opioid Receptors in Rats and Mice. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2201:247-251. [PMID: 32975805 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0884-5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol dependence continues to be an important health concern and animal models are critical to furthering our understanding of this complex disease. A hallmark feature of alcoholism is a significant increase in alcohol drinking over time. While several different animal models of excessive alcohol (ethanol) drinking exist for mice and rats, a growing number of laboratories are using a model that combines chronic ethanol exposure procedures with voluntary ethanol drinking with mice as experimental subjects. In the last years several experimental evidences have shown an involvement of opioid system in alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rimondini
- Medical and Surgical Sciences Department (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Campana
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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6
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Haun HL, Griffin WC, Lopez MF, Becker HC. Kappa opioid receptors in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis regulate binge-like alcohol consumption in male and female mice. Neuropharmacology 2020; 167:107984. [PMID: 32023486 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.107984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Binge drinking is the most common pattern of excessive alcohol consumption and is a significant contributor to the development of Alcohol Use Disorder and dependence. Previous studies demonstrated involvement of kappa opioid receptors (KOR) in binge-like drinking in mice using the Drinking-in-the-Dark model. The current studies examined the role of KOR specifically in the bed nucleus of the stria terminals (BNST) in binge-like alcohol consumption in male and female mice. Direct administration of the long lasting KOR antagonist, nor-BNI, into the BNST decreased binge-like alcohol consumption and blood alcohol concentrations in male and female C57BL/6J mice. Similarly, direct nor-BNI administration into the BNST modestly reduced sucrose consumption and the suppression of fluid intake was not related to reduced locomotor activity. To further determine the role of KOR within the BNST on binge-like alcohol consumption, the KOR agonist U50,488 was administered systemically which resulted in a robust increase in alcohol intake. Microinjection of nor-BNI into the BNST blocked the high level of alcohol intake after systemic U50,488 challenge reducing intake and resultant blood alcohol concentrations. Together, these data suggest that KOR activity in the BNST contributes to binge-like alcohol consumption in both male and female mice. This article is part of the special issue on 'Neuropeptides'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold L Haun
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - William C Griffin
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Marcelo F Lopez
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Howard C Becker
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; RHJ Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
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7
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Neasta J, Darcq E, Jeanblanc J, Carnicella S, Ben Hamida S. GPCR and Alcohol-Related Behaviors in Genetically Modified Mice. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:17-42. [PMID: 31919661 PMCID: PMC7007453 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00828-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest class of cell surface signaling receptors and regulate major neurobiological processes. Accordingly, GPCRs represent primary targets for the treatment of brain disorders. Several human genetic polymorphisms affecting GPCRs have been associated to different components of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Moreover, GPCRs have been reported to contribute to several features of alcohol-related behaviors in animal models. Besides traditional pharmacological tools, genetic-based approaches mostly aimed at deleting GPCR genes provided substantial information on how key GPCRs drive alcohol-related behaviors. In this review, we summarize the alcohol phenotypes that ensue from genetic manipulation, in particular gene deletion, of key GPCRs in rodents. We focused on GPCRs that belong to fundamental neuronal systems that have been shown as potential targets for the development of AUD treatment. Data are reviewed with particular emphasis on alcohol reward, seeking, and consumption which are behaviors that capture essential aspects of AUD. Literature survey indicates that in most cases, there is still a gap in defining the intracellular transducers and the functional crosstalk of GPCRs as well as the neuronal populations in which their signaling regulates alcohol actions. Further, the implication of only a few orphan GPCRs has been so far investigated in animal models. Combining advanced pharmacological technologies with more specific genetically modified animals and behavioral preclinical models is likely necessary to deepen our understanding in how GPCR signaling contributes to AUD and for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Neasta
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, University of Montpellier, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Darcq
- Douglas Hospital Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Jérôme Jeanblanc
- Research Group on Alcohol and Pharmacodependences-INSERM U1247, University of Picardie Jules Verne, 80025, Amiens, France
| | - Sebastien Carnicella
- INSERM U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), University of Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sami Ben Hamida
- Douglas Hospital Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada.
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8
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Khalil R, Humann J. Testosterone modulation of ethanol effects on the �‑opioid receptor kinetics in castrated rats. Biomed Rep 2019; 11:103-109. [PMID: 31423304 PMCID: PMC6684941 DOI: 10.3892/br.2019.1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of testosterone on ethanol-induced alterations of µ-opioid receptor binding kinetics in specific brain regions of castrated rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats (100-124 g) adapted to a 12-h light/dark cycle were used. Animals were castrated under pentobarbital anesthesia. After a recovery period of 14 days, ethanol [3 g/kg as 22.5% solution in saline via intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)], testosterone [2.5 mg in 0.2 ml of olive oil via subcutaneous injection (s.c.) in the dorsal neck region] or the combination of ethanol and testosterone were administered to rats at 9:00 a.m. The control group was injected i.p. with 2 ml saline and s.c. with 0.2 ml olive oil for 7 days. Animals were sacrificed by decapitation at 2 h after the final injection. The brains were immediately removed, and the cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus and midbrain were dissected. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism involved in the hormonal modulation of the effects of ethanol and testosterone on the endogenous opioid system, the binding kinetics of the µ-opioid receptors were determined. The results obtained in the present study assisted in identifying the regulatory role of testosterone on ethanol-induced changes on µ-opioid receptor binding kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaat Khalil
- Department of Biology, Florida A&M University College of Science and Technology, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Jessica Humann
- Department of Biology, Florida A&M University College of Science and Technology, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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9
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Hardaway JA, Halladay LR, Mazzone CM, Pati D, Bloodgood DW, Kim M, Jensen J, DiBerto JF, Boyt KM, Shiddapur A, Erfani A, Hon OJ, Neira S, Stanhope CM, Sugam JA, Saddoris MP, Tipton G, McElligott Z, Jhou TC, Stuber GD, Bruchas MR, Bulik CM, Holmes A, Kash TL. Central Amygdala Prepronociceptin-Expressing Neurons Mediate Palatable Food Consumption and Reward. Neuron 2019; 102:1037-1052.e7. [PMID: 31029403 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Food palatability is one of many factors that drives food consumption, and the hedonic drive to feed is a key contributor to obesity and binge eating. In this study, we identified a population of prepronociceptin-expressing cells in the central amygdala (PnocCeA) that are activated by palatable food consumption. Ablation or chemogenetic inhibition of these cells reduces palatable food consumption. Additionally, ablation of PnocCeA cells reduces high-fat-diet-driven increases in bodyweight and adiposity. PnocCeA neurons project to the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (vBNST), parabrachial nucleus (PBN), and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), and activation of cell bodies in the central amygdala (CeA) or axons in the vBNST, PBN, and NTS produces reward behavior but did not promote feeding of palatable food. These data suggest that the PnocCeA network is necessary for promoting the reinforcing and rewarding properties of palatable food, but activation of this network itself is not sufficient to promote feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrew Hardaway
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Lindsay R Halladay
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
| | - Christopher M Mazzone
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dipanwita Pati
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Daniel W Bloodgood
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michelle Kim
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jennifer Jensen
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeffrey F DiBerto
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kristen M Boyt
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ami Shiddapur
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ava Erfani
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Olivia J Hon
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sofia Neira
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christina M Stanhope
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan A Sugam
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael P Saddoris
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Greg Tipton
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zoe McElligott
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Thomas C Jhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Garret D Stuber
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas L Kash
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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10
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Park CI, Hwang SS, Kim HW, Kang JI, Lee SH, Kim SJ. Association of opioid receptor gene polymorphisms with drinking severity and impulsivity related to alcohol use disorder in a Korean population. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 26:30-38. [PMID: 31004399 PMCID: PMC6930822 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Recent evidence suggests that the opioid system is implicated in the pathophysiology of alcohol use disorder (AUD). We aimed to examine the genetic influence of opioid receptors on susceptibility to AUD and its clinical and psychological characteristics including harmful drinking behavior and various aspects of impulsivity in AUD patients. Methods Three μ‐opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) variants and two κ‐opioid receptor gene (OPRK1) variants were examined in 314 male patients with AUD and 324 male controls. We applied the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS), and Alcohol Dependence Scale. AUD patients also completed the stop‐signal task, delay discounting task, balloon analogue risk task, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version 11 (BIS‐11). Results No significant differences in genotype distributions or haplotype frequencies were found between AUD patients and controls. However, OPRK1 SNP rs6473797 was significantly related to the severity of alcohol‐related symptoms as measured by AUDIT and OCDS and a haplotype containing rs6473797 was also related to OCDS scores in AUD patients. For other psychological traits, OPRM1 SNP rs495491 was significantly associated with scores on the motor subfactor of the BIS‐11. Conclusion Genetic variations in opioid receptors may contribute to symptom severity and impulsivity in AUD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Il Park
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Syung Shick Hwang
- Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Won Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Education, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee In Kang
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hak Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Joo Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Peltier MR, Verplaetse TL, Mineur YS, Petrakis IL, Cosgrove KP, Picciotto MR, McKee SA. Sex differences in stress-related alcohol use. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 10:100149. [PMID: 30949562 PMCID: PMC6430711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rates of alcohol use disorder (AUD) have increased in women by 84% over the past ten years relative to a 35% increase in men. This substantive increase in female drinking is alarming given that women experience greater alcohol-related health consequences compared to men. Stress is strongly associated with all phases of alcohol addiction, including drinking initiation, maintenance, and relapse for both women and men, but plays an especially critical role for women. The purpose of the present narrative review is to highlight what is known about sex differences in the relationship between stress and drinking. The critical role stress reactivity and negative affect play in initiating and maintaining alcohol use in women is addressed, and the available evidence for sex differences in drinking for negative reinforcement as it relates to brain stress systems is presented. This review discusses the critical structures and neurotransmitters that may underlie sex differences in stress-related alcohol use (e.g., prefrontal cortex, amygdala, norepinephrine, corticotropin releasing factor, and dynorphin), the involvement of sex and stress in alcohol-induced neurodegeneration, and the role of ovarian hormones in stress-related drinking. Finally, the potential avenues for the development of sex-appropriate pharmacological and behavioral treatments for AUD are identified. Overall, women are generally more likely to drink to regulate negative affect and stress reactivity. Sex differences in the onset and maintenance of alcohol use begin to develop during adolescence, coinciding with exposure to early life stress. These factors continue to affect alcohol use into adulthood, when reduced responsivity to stress, increased affect-related psychiatric comorbidities and alcohol-induced neurodegeneration contribute to chronic and problematic alcohol use, particularly for women. However, current research is limited regarding the examination of sex in the initiation and maintenance of alcohol use. Probing brain stress systems and associated brain regions is an important future direction for developing sex-appropriate treatments to address the role of stress in AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yann S. Mineur
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Ismene L. Petrakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Kelly P. Cosgrove
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Marina R. Picciotto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Sherry A. McKee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
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12
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Tobin SJ, Wakefield DL, Terenius L, Vukojević V, Jovanović-Talisman T. Ethanol and Naltrexone Have Distinct Effects on the Lateral Nano-organization of Mu and Kappa Opioid Receptors in the Plasma Membrane. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:667-676. [PMID: 30418735 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex spatiotemporal organization of proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane is an important determinant of receptor function. Certain substances, such as ethanol, can penetrate into the hydrophobic regions of the plasma membrane. By altering protein-lipid and protein-protein interactions, these substances can modify the dynamic lateral organization and the function of plasma membrane receptors. To assess changes in plasma membrane receptor organization, we used photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM). This single molecule localization microscopy technique was employed to quantitatively characterize the effects of pharmacologically relevant concentrations of ethanol and naltrexone (an opioid receptor antagonist and medication used to treat alcohol use disorders) on the lateral nano-organization of mu and kappa opioid receptors (MOR and KOR, respectively). Ethanol affected the lateral organization of MOR and KOR similarly: It reduced the size and occupancy of opioid receptor nanodomains and increased the fraction of opioid receptors residing outside of nanodomains. In contrast, naltrexone affected MOR and KOR lateral organization differently. It significantly increased KOR surface density, nanodomain size, and the occupancy of KOR nanodomains. However, naltrexone marginally affected these parameters for MOR. Pretreatment with naltrexone largely protected against ethanol-induced changes in MOR and KOR lateral organization. Based on these data, we propose a putative mechanism of naltrexone action that operates in addition to its canonical antagonistic effect on MOR- and KOR-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Tobin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Devin L. Wakefield
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Lars Terenius
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Vladana Vukojević
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Tijana Jovanović-Talisman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California 91010, United States
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13
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Sneddon EA, White RD, Radke AK. Sex Differences in Binge-Like and Aversion-Resistant Alcohol Drinking in C57BL/6J Mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 43:243-249. [PMID: 30431655 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorder is characterized by compulsive alcohol intake, or drinking despite negative consequences. Previous studies have shown that female rodents have a heightened vulnerability to drug use across different stages of the addictive cycle, but no previous studies have studied females in a model of aversion-resistant alcohol intake. Here, we investigated sex differences in binge-like and aversion-resistant alcohol drinking in C57BL/6J mice using a modified drinking-in-the-dark (DID) paradigm. METHODS In Experiment 1, 24-hour aversion to quinine (0, 100, or 250 μM) was assessed. In Experiment 2, male and female adult C57BL/6J mice consumed 15% ethanol (EtOH) or water in a 2-bottle limited-access DID paradigm for 2 h/d for 15 days. The EtOH was next adulterated with quinine (0, 100, or 250 μM) over 3 consecutive drinking sessions to test aversion-resistant intake. In Experiment 3, intake of quinine-adulterated (100 μM) EtOH was assessed across all 15 drinking sessions. RESULTS Quinine was equally aversive to both sexes in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, female mice consumed significantly more alcohol than male mice during the final 6 drinking sessions. Levels of aversion-resistant intake did not differ between the sexes. In Experiment 3, quinine suppressed consumption in all mice, though females drank significantly more on the final 2 sessions. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that while female mice escalate and consume more EtOH than males, both sexes exhibit similar levels of aversion-resistant drinking. These results inform our understanding of how sex interacts with vulnerability for addiction and argue for the inclusion of females in more studies of aversion-resistant alcohol drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert D White
- Department of Psychology , Miami University, Oxford, Ohio
| | - Anna K Radke
- Department of Psychology , Miami University, Oxford, Ohio.,Center for Neuroscience and Behavior , Miami University, Oxford, Ohio
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14
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Vijay A, Cavallo D, Goldberg A, de Laat B, Nabulsi N, Huang Y, Krishnan-Sarin S, Morris ED. PET imaging reveals lower kappa opioid receptor availability in alcoholics but no effect of age. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:2539-2547. [PMID: 30188515 PMCID: PMC6224533 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Opioid receptors are implicated in alcoholism, other addictions, withdrawal, and depression, and are considered potential pharmacological targets for treatment. Our goal in the present study was to compare the availability of kappa opioid receptors (KOR) between an alcohol-dependent cohort (AD) and a healthy control cohort (HC). Sixty-four participants-36 AD and 28 HC-underwent PET scans with [11C]LY2795050, a selective kappa antagonist tracer. Partial-volume correction was applied to all PET data to correct for atrophy. Volume of distribution (VT) of the tracer was estimated regionally as a measure of KOR availability. VT values of AD versus HC were compared for 15 defined ROIs. Multivariate analysis showed a main effect of group on VT across these 15 ROIs. Post hoc tests showed that AD had significantly lower VT and thus a lower KOR availability than HC in amygdala and pallidum (corrected for multiple comparisons). Exploratory analysis of change in VT with age was conducted; VT was not found to vary significantly with age in any region. Our findings of lower VT in AD versus HC in multiple regions are in contrast to findings in the mu and delta opioid receptor systems of higher VT in AD versus HC. Although age-related decline in receptors has previously been observed in the mu opioid receptor system, we found that KOR availability does not change with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Vijay
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Dana Cavallo
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Alissa Goldberg
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Bart de Laat
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | | | - Evan D. Morris
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ,0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ,0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
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15
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Age as a factor in stress and alcohol interactions: A critical role for the kappa opioid system. Alcohol 2018; 72:9-18. [PMID: 30322483 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous kappa opioid system has primarily been shown to be involved with a state of dysphoria and aversion. Stress and exposure to drugs of abuse, particularly alcohol, can produce similar states of unease and anxiety, implicating the kappa opioid system as a target of stress and alcohol. Numerous behavioral studies have demonstrated reduced sensitivity to manipulations of the kappa opioid system in early life relative to adulthood, and recent reports have shown that the kappa opioid system is functionally different across ontogeny. Given the global rise in early-life stress and alcohol consumption, understanding how the kappa opioid system responds and adapts to stress and/or alcohol exposure differently in early life and adulthood is imperative. Therefore, the objective of this review is to highlight and discuss studies examining the impact of early-life stress and/or alcohol on the kappa opioid system, with focus on the documented neuroadaptations that may contribute to future vulnerability to stress and/or increase the risk of relapse. We first provide a brief summary of the importance of studying the effects of stress and alcohol during early life (prenatal, neonatal/juvenile, and adolescence). We then discuss the literature on the effects of stress or alcohol during early life and adulthood on the kappa opioid system. Finally, we discuss the few studies that have shown interactions between stress and alcohol on the kappa opioid system and provide some discussion about the need for studies investigating the development of the kappa opioid system.
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16
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Domi E, Barbier E, Augier E, Augier G, Gehlert D, Barchiesi R, Thorsell A, Holm L, Heilig M. Preclinical evaluation of the kappa-opioid receptor antagonist CERC-501 as a candidate therapeutic for alcohol use disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:1805-1812. [PMID: 29463912 PMCID: PMC6046052 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prior work suggests a role of kappa-opioid signaling in the control of alcohol drinking, in particular when drinking is escalated due to alcohol-induced long-term neuroadaptations. Here, we examined the small molecule selective kappa antagonist CERC-501 in rat models of alcohol-related behaviors, with the objective to evaluate its potential as a candidate therapeutic for alcohol use disorders. We first tested the effect of CERC-501 on acute alcohol withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior. CERC-501 was then tested on basal as well as escalated alcohol self-administration induced by 20% alcohol intermittent access. Finally, we determined the effects of CERC-501 on relapse to alcohol seeking triggered by both stress and alcohol-associated cues. Control experiments were performed to confirm the specificity of CERC-501 effects on alcohol-related behaviors. CERC-501 reversed anxiety-like behavior induced by alcohol withdrawal. It did not affect basal alcohol self-administration but did dose-dependently suppress self-administration that had escalated following long-term intermittent access to alcohol. CERC-501 blocked relapse to alcohol seeking induced by stress, but not when relapse-like behavior was triggered by alcohol-associated cues. The effects of CERC-501 were observed in the absence of sedative side effects and were not due to effects on alcohol metabolism. Thus, in a broad battery of preclinical alcohol models, CERC-501 has an activity profile characteristic of anti-stress compounds. Combined with its demonstrated preclinical and clinical safety profile, these data support clinical development of CERC-501 for alcohol use disorders, in particular for patients with negatively reinforced, stress-driven alcohol seeking and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Domi
- 0000 0001 2162 9922grid.5640.7Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - E Barbier
- 0000 0001 2162 9922grid.5640.7Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - E Augier
- 0000 0001 2162 9922grid.5640.7Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - G Augier
- 0000 0001 2162 9922grid.5640.7Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - D Gehlert
- grid.504315.6Cerecor, Baltimore, MD (DG) and Matrix Pharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - R Barchiesi
- 0000 0001 2162 9922grid.5640.7Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - A Thorsell
- 0000 0001 2162 9922grid.5640.7Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - L Holm
- 0000 0001 2162 9922grid.5640.7Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - M Heilig
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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17
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Erikson CM, Wei G, Walker BM. Maladaptive behavioral regulation in alcohol dependence: Role of kappa-opioid receptors in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Neuropharmacology 2018; 140:162-173. [PMID: 30075159 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is an important emerging role for the endogenous opioid dynorphin (DYN) and the kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Evidence suggests that the DYN/KOR system in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) contributes to maladaptive behavioral regulation during withdrawal in alcohol dependence. The current experiments were designed to assess dysregulation of the BNST DYN/KOR system by evaluating alcohol dependence-induced changes in DYN/KOR gene expression (Pdyn and Oprk1, respectively), and the sensitivity of alcohol self-administration, negative affective-like behavior and physiological withdrawal to intra-BNST KOR antagonism during acute withdrawal. Wistar rats trained to self-administer alcohol, or not trained, were subjected to an alcohol dependence induction procedure (14 h alcohol vapor/10 h air) or air-exposure. BNST micropunches from air- and vapor-exposed animals were analyzed using RT-qPCR to quantify dependence-induced changes in Pdyn and Oprk1 mRNA expression. In addition, vapor- and air-exposed groups received an intra-BNST infusion of a KOR antagonist or vehicle prior to measurement of alcohol self-administration. A separate cohort of vapor-exposed rats was assessed for physiological withdrawal and negative affective-like behavior signs following intra-BNST KOR antagonism. During acute withdrawal, following alcohol dependence induction, there was an upregulation in Oprk1 mRNA expression in alcohol self-administering animals, but not non-alcohol self-administering animals, that confirmed dysregulation of the KOR/DYN system within the BNST. Furthermore, intra-BNST KOR antagonism attenuated escalated alcohol self-administration and negative affective-like behavior during acute withdrawal without reliably impacting physiological symptoms of withdrawal. The results confirm KOR system dysregulation in the BNST in alcohol dependence, illustrating the therapeutic potential of targeting the KOR to treat alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe M Erikson
- Laboratory of Alcoholism and Addictions Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Program, Translational Addiction Research Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4820, USA
| | - Gengze Wei
- Laboratory of Alcoholism and Addictions Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Program, Translational Addiction Research Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4820, USA
| | - Brendan M Walker
- Laboratory of Alcoholism and Addictions Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Program, Translational Addiction Research Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4820, USA.
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18
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Zhou Y, Kreek MJ. Involvement of Activated Brain Stress Responsive Systems in Excessive and "Relapse" Alcohol Drinking in Rodent Models: Implications for Therapeutics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 366:9-20. [PMID: 29669731 PMCID: PMC5988024 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.245621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Addictive diseases, including addiction to alcohol, pose massive public health costs. Addiction is a chronic relapsing disease caused by both the direct effects induced by drugs and persistent neuroadaptations at the molecular, cellular, and behavioral levels. These drug-type specific neuroadaptations are brought on largely by the reinforcing effects of drugs on the central nervous system and environmental stressors. Results from animal experiments have demonstrated important interactions between alcohol and stress-responsive systems. Addiction to specific drugs such as alcohol, psychostimulants, and opioids shares some common direct or downstream effects on the brain's stress-responsive systems, including arginine vasopressin and its V1b receptors, dynorphin and the κ-opioid receptors, pro-opiomelanocortin/β-endorphin and the μ-opioid receptors, and the endocannabinoids. Further study of these systems through laboratory-based and translational research could lead to the discovery of novel treatment targets and the early optimization of interventions (for example, combination) for the pharmacologic therapy of alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Laboratory of Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory of Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
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19
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Nennig SE, Schank JR. The Role of NFkB in Drug Addiction: Beyond Inflammation. Alcohol Alcohol 2017; 52:172-179. [PMID: 28043969 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agw098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NFkB) is a ubiquitous transcription factor well known for its role in the innate immune response. As such, NFkB is a transcriptional activator of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines. It has recently been demonstrated that alcohol and other drugs of abuse can induce NFkB activity and cytokine expression in the brain. A number of reviews have been published highlighting this effect of alcohol, and have linked increased NFkB function to neuroimmune-stimulated toxicity. However, in this review we focus on the potentially non-immune functions of NFkB as possible links between NFkB and addiction. Methods An extensive review of the literature via Pubmed searches was used to assess the current state of the field. Results NFkB can induce the expression of a diverse set of gene targets besides inflammatory mediators, some of which are involved in addictive processes, such as opioid receptors and neuropeptides. NFkB mediates complex behaviors including learning and memory, stress responses, anhedonia and drug reward, processes that may lie outside the role of NFkB in the classic neuroimmune response. Conclusions Future studies should focus on these non-immune functions of NFkB signaling and their association with addiction-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Nennig
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - J R Schank
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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20
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Anderson RI, Becker HC. Role of the Dynorphin/Kappa Opioid Receptor System in the Motivational Effects of Ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:1402-1418. [PMID: 28425121 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has demonstrated that dynorphin (DYN) and the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system contribute to various psychiatric disorders, including anxiety, depression, and addiction. More recently, this endogenous opioid system has received increased attention as a potential therapeutic target for treating alcohol use disorders. In this review, we provide an overview and synthesis of preclinical studies examining the influence of alcohol (ethanol [EtOH]) exposure on DYN/KOR expression and function, as well as studies examining the effects of DYN/KOR manipulation on EtOH's rewarding and aversive properties. We then describe work that has characterized effects of KOR activation and blockade on EtOH self-administration and EtOH dependence/withdrawal-related behaviors. Finally, we address how the DYN/KOR system may contribute to stress-EtOH interactions. Despite an apparent role for the DYN/KOR system in motivational effects of EtOH, support comes from relatively few studies. Nevertheless, review of this literature reveals several common themes: (i) rodent strains genetically predisposed to consume more EtOH generally appear to have reduced DYN/KOR tone in brain reward circuitry; (ii) acute and chronic EtOH exposure typically up-regulate the DYN/KOR system; (iii) KOR antagonists reduce behavioral indices of negative affect associated with stress and chronic EtOH exposure/withdrawal; and (iv) KOR antagonists are effective in reducing EtOH consumption, but are often more efficacious under conditions that engender high levels of consumption, such as dependence or stress exposure. These results support the contention that the DYN/KOR system plays a significant role in contributing to dependence- and stress-induced elevation in EtOH consumption. Overall, more comprehensive analyses (on both behavioral and mechanistic levels) are needed to provide additional insight into how the DYN/KOR system is engaged and adapts to influence the motivation effects of EtOH. This information will be critical for the development of new pharmacological agents targeting KORs as promising novel therapeutics for alcohol use disorders and comorbid affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel I Anderson
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Howard C Becker
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Department of Neuroscience , Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,RHJ Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Charleston, South Carolina
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21
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Poznanski P, Lesniak A, Korostynski M, Szklarczyk K, Lazarczyk M, Religa P, Bujalska-Zadrozny M, Sadowski B, Sacharczuk M. Delta-opioid receptor antagonism leads to excessive ethanol consumption in mice with enhanced activity of the endogenous opioid system. Neuropharmacology 2017; 118:90-101. [PMID: 28322978 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The opioid system modulates the central reinforcing effects of ethanol and participates in the etiology of addiction. However, the pharmacotherapy of ethanol dependence targeted on the opioid system is little effective and varies due to individual patients' sensitivity. In the present study, we used two mouse lines with high (HA) and low (LA) activity of the endogenous opioid system to analyze the effect of opioid receptor blockade on ethanol drinking behavior. We found that LA and HA lines characterized by divergent magnitudes of swim stress-induced analgesia also differ in ethanol intake and preference. Downregulation of the opioid system in LA mice was associated with increased ethanol consumption. Treatment with a non-selective opioid receptor antagonist (naloxone) had no effect on ethanol intake in this line. Surprisingly, in HA mice, the blockage of opioid receptors led to excessive ethanol consumption. Moreover, naloxone selectively induced high levels of anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in HA mice which was attenuated by ethanol. With the use of specific opioid receptor antagonists we showed that the naloxone-induced increase in ethanol drinking in HA mice is mediated mainly by δ and to a lower extent by μ opioid receptors. The effect of δ-opioid receptor antagonism was abolished in HA mice carrying a C320T transition in the δ-opioid receptor gene (EU446125.1), which impairs this receptor's function. Our results indicate that high activity of the opioid system plays a protective role against ethanol dependence. Therefore, its blockage with opioid receptor antagonists may lead to a profound increase in ethanol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Poznanski
- Laboratory of Neurogenomics and Department of Animal Behaviour, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Postepu 36A Str., 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Anna Lesniak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Korostynski
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Klaudia Szklarczyk
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marzena Lazarczyk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Vascular Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Religa
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Bujalska-Zadrozny
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bogdan Sadowski
- Laboratory of Neurogenomics and Department of Animal Behaviour, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Postepu 36A Str., 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Mariusz Sacharczuk
- Laboratory of Neurogenomics and Department of Animal Behaviour, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Postepu 36A Str., 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland; Department of Pharmacodynamics, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Vascular Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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22
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Van't Veer A, Smith KL, Cohen BM, Carlezon WA, Bechtholt AJ. Kappa-opioid receptors differentially regulate low and high levels of ethanol intake in female mice. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00523. [PMID: 27688945 PMCID: PMC5036438 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies in laboratory animals and humans indicate that endogenous opioids play an important role in regulating the rewarding value of various drugs, including ethanol (EtOH). Indeed, opioid antagonists are currently a front-line treatment for alcoholism in humans. Although roles for mu- and delta-opioid receptors have been characterized, the contribution of kappa-opioid receptors (KORs) is less clear. There is evidence that changes in KOR system function can decrease or increase EtOH drinking, depending on test conditions. For example, female mice lacking preprodynorphin - the precursor to the endogenous KOR ligand dynorphin - have reduced EtOH intake. Considering that KORs can regulate dopamine (DA) transmission, we hypothesized that KORs expressed on DA neurons would play a prominent role in EtOH intake in females. METHODS We used a Cre/loxP recombination strategy to ablate KORs throughout the body or specifically on dopamine uptake transporter (DAT)-expressing neurons to investigate the role of KORs on preference for and intake of EtOH (2-bottle choice), the transition from moderate to excessive EtOH drinking (intermittent EtOH access), and binge EtOH drinking (drinking in the dark [DID]). RESULTS KOR deletion decreased preference for EtOH, although this effect was less pronounced when EtOH intake increased beyond relatively low levels. DISCUSSION Our findings indicate that KOR activation increases EtOH drinking via effects mediated, at least in part, by KORs on DA neurons. While the mechanisms of this regulation remain unknown, previous work suggests that alterations in negative reinforcement processes or sensitivity to the sensory properties of EtOH can affect preference and intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee Van't Veer
- Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School McLean Hospital Belmont MA USA; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - Karen L Smith
- Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School McLean Hospital Belmont MA USA
| | - Bruce M Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School McLean Hospital Belmont MA USA
| | - William A Carlezon
- Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School McLean Hospital Belmont MA USA
| | - Anita J Bechtholt
- Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School McLean Hospital Belmont MA USA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
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Uhari-Väänänen J, Raasmaja A, Bäckström P, Oinio V, Airavaara M, Piepponen P, Kiianmaa K. Accumbal μ-Opioid Receptors Modulate Ethanol Intake in Alcohol-Preferring Alko Alcohol Rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:2114-2123. [PMID: 27508965 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nucleus accumbens shell is a key brain area mediating the reinforcing effects of ethanol (EtOH). Previously, it has been shown that the density of μ-opioid receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell is higher in alcohol-preferring Alko Alcohol (AA) rats than in alcohol-avoiding Alko Non-Alcohol rats. In addition, EtOH releases opioid peptides in the nucleus accumbens and opioid receptor antagonists are able to modify EtOH intake, all suggesting an opioidergic mechanism in the control of EtOH consumption. As the exact mechanisms of opioidergic involvement remains to be elucidated, the aim of this study was to clarify the role of accumbal μ- and κ-opioid receptors in controlling EtOH intake in alcohol-preferring AA rats. METHODS Microinfusions of the μ-opioid receptor antagonist CTOP (0.3 and 1 μg/site), μ-opioid receptor agonist DAMGO (0.03 and 0.1 μg/site), nonselective opioid receptor agonist morphine (30 μg/site), and κ-opioid receptor agonist U50488H (0.3 and 1 μg/site) were administered via bilateral guide cannulas into the nucleus accumbens shell of AA rats that voluntarily consumed 10% EtOH solution in an intermittent, time-restricted (90-minute) 2-bottle choice access paradigm. RESULTS CTOP (1 μg/site) significantly increased EtOH intake. Conversely, DAMGO resulted in a decreasing trend in EtOH intake. Neither morphine nor U50488H had any effect on EtOH intake in the used paradigm. CONCLUSIONS The results provide further evidence for the role of accumbens shell μ-opioid receptors but not κ-opioid receptors in mediating reinforcing effects of EtOH and in regulating EtOH consumption. The results also provide support for views suggesting that the nucleus accumbens shell has a major role in mediating EtOH reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Uhari-Väänänen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Atso Raasmaja
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Bäckström
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Oinio
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Airavaara
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petteri Piepponen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kalervo Kiianmaa
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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Unique Behavioral and Neurochemical Effects Induced by Repeated Adolescent Consumption of Caffeine-Mixed Alcohol in C57BL/6 Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158189. [PMID: 27380261 PMCID: PMC4933367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of highly caffeinated products has increased dramatically in the past few years. Among these products, highly caffeinated energy drinks are the most heavily advertised and purchased, which has resulted in increased incidences of co-consumption of energy drinks with alcohol. Despite the growing number of adolescents and young adults reporting caffeine-mixed alcohol use, knowledge of the potential consequences associated with co-consumption has been limited to survey-based results and in-laboratory human behavioral testing. Here, we investigate the effect of repeated adolescent (post-natal days P35-61) exposure to caffeine-mixed alcohol in C57BL/6 mice on common drug-related behaviors such as locomotor sensitivity, drug reward and cross-sensitivity, and natural reward. To determine changes in neurological activity resulting from adolescent exposure, we monitored changes in expression of the transcription factor ΔFosB in the dopaminergic reward pathway as a sign of long-term increases in neuronal activity. Repeated adolescent exposure to caffeine-mixed alcohol exposure induced significant locomotor sensitization, desensitized cocaine conditioned place preference, decreased cocaine locomotor cross-sensitivity, and increased natural reward consumption. We also observed increased accumulation of ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens following repeated adolescent caffeine-mixed alcohol exposure compared to alcohol or caffeine alone. Using our exposure model, we found that repeated exposure to caffeine-mixed alcohol during adolescence causes unique behavioral and neurochemical effects not observed in mice exposed to caffeine or alcohol alone. Based on similar findings for different substances of abuse, it is possible that repeated exposure to caffeine-mixed alcohol during adolescence could potentially alter or escalate future substance abuse as means to compensate for these behavioral and neurochemical alterations.
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25
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Fritz BM, Boehm SL. Rodent models and mechanisms of voluntary binge-like ethanol consumption: Examples, opportunities, and strategies for preclinical research. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 65:297-308. [PMID: 26021391 PMCID: PMC4668238 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Binge ethanol consumption has widespread negative consequences for global public health. Rodent models offer exceptional power to explore the neurobiology underlying and affected by binge-like drinking as well as target potential prevention, intervention, and treatment strategies. An important characteristic of these models is their ability to consistently produce pharmacologically-relevant blood ethanol concentration. This review examines the current available rodent models of voluntary, pre-dependent binge-like ethanol consumption and their utility in various research strategies. Studies have demonstrated that a diverse array of neurotransmitters regulate binge-like drinking, resembling some findings from other drinking models. Furthermore, repeated binge-like drinking recruits neuroadaptive mechanisms in mesolimbocortical reward circuitry. New opportunities that these models offer in the current context of mechanistic research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen L Boehm
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
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26
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Mayfield J, Arends MA, Harris RA, Blednov YA. Genes and Alcohol Consumption: Studies with Mutant Mice. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 126:293-355. [PMID: 27055617 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we review the effects of global null mutant and overexpressing transgenic mouse lines on voluntary self-administration of alcohol. We examine approximately 200 publications pertaining to the effects of 155 mouse genes on alcohol consumption in different drinking models. The targeted genes vary in function and include neurotransmitter, ion channel, neuroimmune, and neuropeptide signaling systems. The alcohol self-administration models include operant conditioning, two- and four-bottle choice continuous and intermittent access, drinking in the dark limited access, chronic intermittent ethanol, and scheduled high alcohol consumption tests. Comparisons of different drinking models using the same mutant mice are potentially the most informative, and we will highlight those examples. More mutants have been tested for continuous two-bottle choice consumption than any other test; of the 137 mouse genes examined using this model, 97 (72%) altered drinking in at least one sex. Overall, the effects of genetic manipulations on alcohol drinking often depend on the sex of the mice, alcohol concentration and time of access, genetic background, as well as the drinking test.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - M A Arends
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - R A Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
| | - Y A Blednov
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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27
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Crowley NA, Kash TL. Kappa opioid receptor signaling in the brain: Circuitry and implications for treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 62:51-60. [PMID: 25592680 PMCID: PMC4465498 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Kappa opioid receptors (KORs) in the central nervous system have been known to be important regulators of a variety of psychiatry illnesses, including anxiety and addiction, but their precise involvement in these disorders is complex and has yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we briefly review the pharmacology of KORs in the brain, including KOR's involvement in anxiety, depression, and drug addiction. We also review the known neuronal circuitry impacted by KOR signaling, and interactions with corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), another key peptide in anxiety-related illnesses, as well as the role of glucocorticoids. We suggest that KORs are a promising therapeutic target for a host of neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Crowley
- Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA,Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Thomas L. Kash
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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28
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Zhou L, Stahl EL, Lovell KM, Frankowski KJ, Prisinzano TE, Aubé J, Bohn LM. Characterization of kappa opioid receptor mediated, dynorphin-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding in mouse striatum for the evaluation of selective KOR ligands in an endogenous setting. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:131-41. [PMID: 26160155 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Differential modulation of kappa opioid receptor (KOR) signaling has been a proposed strategy for developing therapies for drug addiction and depression by either activating or blocking this receptor. Hence, there have been significant efforts to generate ligands with diverse pharmacological properties including partial agonists, antagonists, allosteric modulators as well as ligands that selectively activate some pathways while not engaging others (biased agonists). It is becoming increasingly evident that G protein coupled receptor signaling events are context dependent and that what may occur in cell based assays may not be fully indicative of signaling events that occur in the naturally occurring environment. As new ligands are developed, it is important to assess their signaling capacity in relevant endogenous systems in comparison to the performance of endogenous agonists. Since KOR is considered the cognate receptor for dynorphin peptides we have evaluated the selectivity profiles of dynorphin peptides in wild-type (WT), KOR knockout (KOR-KO), and mu opioid receptor knockout (MOR-KO) mice using [35S]GTPγS binding assay in striatal membrane preparations. We find that while the small molecule KOR agonist U69,593, is very selective for KOR, dynorphin peptides promiscuously stimulate G protein signaling in striatum. Furthermore, our studies demonstrate that norBNI and 5'GNTI are highly nonselective antagonists as they maintain full potency and efficacy against dynorphin signaling in the absence of KOR. Characterization of a new KOR antagonist, which may be more selective than NorBNI and 5'GNTI, is presented using this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Edward L Stahl
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Kimberly M Lovell
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Kevin J Frankowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Thomas E Prisinzano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Laura M Bohn
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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29
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Roche DJ, Ray LA. Subjective response as a consideration in the pharmacogenetics of alcoholism treatment. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:721-36. [PMID: 25950242 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently available pharmacological treatments for alcoholism have modest efficacy and high individual variability in treatment outcomes, both of which have been partially attributed to genetic factors. One path to reducing the variability and improving the efficacy associated with these pharmacotherapies may be to identify overlapping genetic contributions to individual differences in both subjective responses to alcohol and alcoholism pharmacotherapy outcomes. As acute subjective response to alcohol is highly predictive of future alcohol related problems, identifying such shared genetic mechanisms may inform the development of personalized treatments that can effectively target converging pathophysiological mechanisms that convey risk for alcoholism. The focus of this review is to revisit the association between subjective response to alcohol and the etiology of alcoholism while also describing genetic contributions to this relationship, discuss potential pharmacogenetic approaches to target subjective response to alcohol in order to improve the treatment of alcoholism and examine conceptual and methodological issues associated with these topics, and outline future approaches to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jo Roche
- 1Department of Psychology, University of California, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA
| | - Lara A Ray
- 1Department of Psychology, University of California, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA
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30
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Moriya Y, Kasahara Y, Hall FS, Sakakibara Y, Uhl GR, Tomita H, Sora I. Sex differences in the effects of adolescent social deprivation on alcohol consumption in μ-opioid receptor knockout mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1471-82. [PMID: 25363463 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3784-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Evidence based on clinical and experimental animal studies indicates that adolescent social deprivation influences alcohol consumption in a sex-dependent manner, perhaps by influencing stress responses. However, the mechanisms underlying the interaction between these phenomena remain to be elucidated. Since the μ-opioid receptor (MOP) has been reported to have key roles in social stress responses as well as the reinforcing/addictive effects of ethanol, MOP is a candidate molecule that may link adolescent social deprivation and subsequent alterations in alcohol consumption. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the involvement of MOP and social isolation-induced changes in alcohol consumption, as well as the effect of sex differences on responses to social isolation, alcohol consumption was assessed using a two-bottle home-cage consumption procedure (8 % ethanol vs. water) in MOP knockout (MOP-KO) and wild type (WT) mice of both sexes exposed to adolescent social deprivation or reared socially. RESULTS Isolation rearing had no effects upon alcohol consumption of WT mice, whereas it significantly altered alcohol consumption in both male and female MOP-KO mice. Interestingly, social isolation affected ethanol consumption differently in male and female mice. Ethanol consumption was increased in male MOP-KO mice, but decreased in female MOP-KO mice, by isolation rearing. CONCLUSION These results indicate that disturbances of MOP function influence the effects of isolation rearing on ethanol consumption in a sex-dependent manner. Consequently, this suggests the possibility that genetic variation that influences MOP function may have differential roles in alcoholism in men and women, and alcoholism treatments that target MOP function may be differentially effective in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Moriya
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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31
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Rimondini R, Campana G. Induction of a high alcohol consumption in rats and mice: role of opioid receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1230:309-312. [PMID: 25293337 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1708-2_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol dependence continues to be an important health concern and animal models are critical to furthering our understanding of this complex disease. A hallmark feature of alcoholism is a significant increase in alcohol drinking over time. While several different animal models of excessive alcohol (ethanol) drinking exist for mice and rats, a growing number of laboratories are using a model that combines chronic ethanol exposure procedures with voluntary ethanol drinking with mice as experimental subjects. In the last years several experimental evidences have shown an involvement of opioid system in alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rimondini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, Bologna, 40126, Italy,
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Nubukpo P. [Place of the opioid system in biology and treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder]. Encephale 2014; 40:457-67. [PMID: 25454364 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While the DSM 5 has formalized the terminology "Alcohol Use Disorders" (AUD) or "disorders of the use of alcohol" (UAW French translation in progress), the term "alcohol dependence" still used in ICD-10, apriority in the future ICD-11 and above in clinical practice. Addiction to alcohol is the cause of mortality and major morbidity. In terms of therapeutic strategies for its management, alongside the maintenance of abstinence after withdrawal (with a high rate of relapse), the reduction of alcohol consumption below certain thresholds of intake is emerging in order to reduce risk, improve health and regain control of consumption even be an intermediate step towards abstinence. The role of the endogenous opioid system in the modulation of the activity of dopaminergic neurons from the circuit of reward and motivation is well established. An unsteadiness of this system has been described in the alcohol dependence. Indeed, a hypofunction of the endorphin pathway and its mu receptor and a hyperactivity of the dynorphin pathway and its kappa receptor participate in the alcohol reinforcing effects (especially positive and negative). The development of active molecules in this system allows better management of alcohol dependence. Besides naltrexone (mu antagonist) allowed in the maintenance of abstinence after withdrawal, another molecule (nalmefene) with modulating properties of μ and κ opioid receptors is the first drug having obtained an MA in reducing consumption in adult patients with alcohol dependence. Its modulating original pharmacological properties by targeting both the positive but also the negative reinforcing effects of alcohol, are responsible for its development in reducing consumption in the alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nubukpo
- Pôle d'addictologie en Limousin, centre hospitalier Esquirol, 15, rue du Dr-Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; Pôle de psychiatrie adulte 23G01, centre hospitalier La Valette, 23320 Saint-Vaury, France; UMR/Inserm 1094 NET, faculté de médecine, CHU de Limoges, 2, rue du Dr-Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France.
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Bailey CP, Husbands SM. Novel approaches for the treatment of psychostimulant and opioid abuse - focus on opioid receptor-based therapies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:1333-44. [PMID: 25253272 PMCID: PMC4587358 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.964203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psychostimulant and opioid addiction are poorly treated. The majority of abstinent users relapse back to drug-taking within a year of abstinence, making 'anti-relapse' therapies the focus of much current research. There are two fundamental challenges to developing novel treatments for drug addiction. First, there are three key stimuli that precipitate relapse back to drug-taking: stress, presentation of drug-conditioned cue, taking a small dose of drug. The most successful novel treatment would be effective against all three stimuli. Second, a large number of drug users are poly-drug users: taking more than one drug of abuse at a time. The ideal anti-addiction treatment would, therefore, be effective against all classes of drugs of abuse. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss the clinical need and animal models used to uncover potential novel treatments. There is a very broad range of potential treatment approaches and targets currently being examined as potential anti-relapse therapies. These broadly fit into two categories: 'memory-based' and 'receptor-based' and the authors discuss the key targets here within. EXPERT OPINION Opioid receptors and ligands have been widely studied, and research into how different opioid subtypes affect behaviours related to addiction (reward, dysphoria, motivation) suggests that they are tractable targets as anti-relapse treatments. Regarding opioid ligands as novel 'anti-relapse' medication targets, research suggests that a 'non-selective' approach to targeting opioid receptors will be the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris P Bailey
- University of Bath, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology , Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY , UK +01225 384957 ;
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34
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Abstract
The role of the brain opioid system in alcohol dependence has been the subject of much research for over 25 years. This review explores the evidence: firstly describing the opioid receptors in terms of their individual subtypes, neuroanatomy, neurophysiology and ligands; secondly, summarising emerging data from specific neurochemical, behavioural and neuroimaging studies, explaining the characteristics of addiction with a focus on alcohol dependence and connecting the opioid system with alcohol dependence; and finally reviewing the known literature regarding opioid antagonists in clinical use for alcohol dependence. Further interrogation of how modulation of the opioid system, via use of MOP (mu), DOP (delta) and KOP (kappa) agents, restores the balance of a dysregulated system in alcohol dependence should increase our insight into this disease process and therefore guide better methods for understanding and treating alcohol dependence in the future.
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Spanagel R, Durstewitz D, Hansson A, Heinz A, Kiefer F, Köhr G, Matthäus F, Nöthen MM, Noori HR, Obermayer K, Rietschel M, Schloss P, Scholz H, Schumann G, Smolka M, Sommer W, Vengeliene V, Walter H, Wurst W, Zimmermann US, Stringer S, Smits Y, Derks EM. A systems medicine research approach for studying alcohol addiction. Addict Biol 2013; 18:883-96. [PMID: 24283978 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, about 2 billion people drink alcohol. Excessive alcohol consumption can result in alcohol addiction, which is one of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric diseases afflicting our society today. Prevention and intervention of alcohol binging in adolescents and treatment of alcoholism are major unmet challenges affecting our health-care system and society alike. Our newly formed German SysMedAlcoholism consortium is using a new systems medicine approach and intends (1) to define individual neurobehavioral risk profiles in adolescents that are predictive of alcohol use disorders later in life and (2) to identify new pharmacological targets and molecules for the treatment of alcoholism. To achieve these goals, we will use omics-information from epigenomics, genetics transcriptomics, neurodynamics, global neurochemical connectomes and neuroimaging (IMAGEN; Schumann et al. ) to feed mathematical prediction modules provided by two Bernstein Centers for Computational Neurosciences (Berlin and Heidelberg/Mannheim), the results of which will subsequently be functionally validated in independent clinical samples and appropriate animal models. This approach will lead to new early intervention strategies and identify innovative molecules for relapse prevention that will be tested in experimental human studies. This research program will ultimately help in consolidating addiction research clusters in Germany that can effectively conduct large clinical trials, implement early intervention strategies and impact political and healthcare decision makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Spanagel
- Insitute of Psychopharmacology; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Daniel Durstewitz
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience; Central Institute of Mental Health; Germany
| | - Anita Hansson
- Insitute of Psychopharmacology; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine; Central Institute of Mental Health; Germany
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry; Central Institute of Mental Health; Germany
| | - Georg Köhr
- Insitute of Psychopharmacology; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | | | - Markus M. Nöthen
- Department of Psychiatry; Charité University Medical Center; Germany
| | - Hamid R. Noori
- Insitute of Psychopharmacology; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Klaus Obermayer
- Institute of Applied Mathematics; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Centre; University of Bonn; Germany
| | - Patrick Schloss
- Neural Information Processing Group; Technical University of Berlin; Germany
| | - Henrike Scholz
- Behavioral Neurogenetics' Zoological Institute; University of Cologne; Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- MRC-SGDP Centre; Institute of Psychiatry; King's College; UK
| | - Michael Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Technical University Dresden; Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sommer
- Insitute of Psychopharmacology; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Valentina Vengeliene
- Insitute of Psychopharmacology; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine; Central Institute of Mental Health; Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics; Helmholtz Center Munich; Germany
| | - Uli S. Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Technical University Dresden; Germany
| | - Sven Stringer
- Psychiatry Department; Academic Medical Center; The Netherlands
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus; University Medical Center; The Netherlands
| | - Yannick Smits
- Psychiatry Department; Academic Medical Center; The Netherlands
| | - Eske M. Derks
- Psychiatry Department; Academic Medical Center; The Netherlands
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Gilpin NW, Roberto M, Koob GF, Schweitzer P. Kappa opioid receptor activation decreases inhibitory transmission and antagonizes alcohol effects in rat central amygdala. Neuropharmacology 2013; 77:294-302. [PMID: 24157490 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system mediates negative emotional states and considerable evidence suggests that KOR and their natural ligand, dynorphin, are involved in ethanol dependence and reward. The central amygdala (CeA) plays a major role in alcohol dependence and reinforcement. Dynorphin peptide and gene expression are activated in the amygdala during acute and chronic administration of alcohol, but the effects of activation or blockade of KOR on inhibitory transmission and ethanol effects have not been studied. We used the slice preparation to investigate the physiological role of KOR and interaction with ethanol on GABA(A) receptor-mediated synaptic transmission. Superfusion of dynorphin or U69593 onto CeA neurons decreased evoked inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect prevented by the KOR antagonist norbinaltorphimine (norBNI). Applied alone, norBNI increased GABAergic transmission, revealing a tonic endogenous activity at KOR. Paired-pulse analysis suggested a presynaptic KOR mechanism. Superfusion of ethanol increased IPSPs and pretreatment with KOR agonists diminished the ethanol effect. Surprisingly, the ethanol-induced augmentation of IPSPs was completely obliterated by KOR blockade. Our results reveal an important role of the dynorphin/KOR system in the regulation of inhibitory transmission and mediation of ethanol effects in the CeA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Gilpin
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA 70130, USA
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders & Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, SP30 2400, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - George F Koob
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders & Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, SP30 2400, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Paul Schweitzer
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders & Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, SP30 2400, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Charbogne P, Kieffer BL, Befort K. 15 years of genetic approaches in vivo for addiction research: Opioid receptor and peptide gene knockout in mouse models of drug abuse. Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt B:204-17. [PMID: 24035914 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous opioid system is expressed throughout the brain reinforcement circuitry, and plays a major role in reward processing, mood control and the development of addiction. This neuromodulator system is composed of three receptors, mu, delta and kappa, interacting with a family of opioid peptides derived from POMC (β-endorphin), preproenkephalin (pEnk) and preprodynorphin (pDyn) precursors. Knockout mice targeting each gene of the opioid system have been created almost two decades ago. Extending classical pharmacology, these mutant mice represent unique tools to tease apart the specific role of each opioid receptor and peptide in vivo, and a powerful approach to understand how the opioid system modulates behavioral effects of drugs of abuse. The present review summarizes these studies, with a focus on major drugs of abuse including morphine/heroin, cannabinoids, psychostimulants, nicotine or alcohol. Genetic data, altogether, set the mu receptor as the primary target for morphine and heroin. In addition, this receptor is essential to mediate rewarding properties of non-opioid drugs of abuse, with a demonstrated implication of β-endorphin for cocaine and nicotine. Delta receptor activity reduces levels of anxiety and depressive-like behaviors, and facilitates morphine-context association. pEnk is involved in these processes and delta/pEnk signaling likely regulates alcohol intake. The kappa receptor mainly interacts with pDyn peptides to limit drug reward, and mediate dysphoric effects of cannabinoids and nicotine. Kappa/dynorphin activity also increases sensitivity to cocaine reward under stressful conditions. The opioid system remains a prime candidate to develop successful therapies in addicted individuals, and understanding opioid-mediated processes at systems level, through emerging genetic and imaging technologies, represents the next challenging goal and a promising avenue in addiction research. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Charbogne
- IGBMC Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104 - Inserm U964, Illkirch F-67404, France; CNRS, UMR7104, Illkirch F-67404, France; UdS Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7104 - Inserm U964, Illkirch F-67404, France; Inserm U964, Illkirch F-67404, France
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38
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Kim SJ, Zheng MQ, Nabulsi N, Labaree D, Ropchan J, Najafzadeh S, Carson RE, Huang Y, Morris ED. Determination of the in vivo selectivity of a new κ-opioid receptor antagonist PET tracer 11C-LY2795050 in the rhesus monkey. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:1668-74. [PMID: 23918735 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.118877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED (11)C-LY2795050 is a novel κ-selective antagonist PET tracer. The in vitro binding affinities (Ki) of LY2795050 at the κ-opioid (KOR) and μ-opioid (MOR) receptors are 0.72 and 25.8 nM, respectively. Thus, the in vitro KOR/MOR binding selectivity is about 36:1. Our goal in this study was to determine the in vivo selectivity of this new KOR antagonist tracer in the monkey. METHODS To estimate the ED50 value (dose of a compound [or drug] that gives 50% occupancy of the target receptor) of LY2795050 at the MOR and KOR sites, 2 series of blocking experiments were performed in 3 rhesus monkeys using (11)C-LY2795050 and (11)C-carfentanil with coinjections of various doses of unlabeled LY2795050. Kinetic modeling was applied to calculate regional binding potential (BP(ND)), and 1- and 2-site binding curves were fitted to these data to measure (11)C-LY2795050 binding selectivity. RESULTS The LY2795050 ED50 at MOR was 119 μg/kg based on a 1-site model for (11)C-carfentanil. The 1-site binding model was also deemed sufficient to describe the specific binding of (11)C-LY2795050 at KOR. The ED50 at KOR estimated from the 1-site model was 15.6 μg/kg. Thus, the ED50 ratio for MOR:KOR was 7.6. CONCLUSION The in vivo selectivity of (11)C-LY2795050 for KOR over MOR is 7.6. (11)C-LY2795050 has 4.7-fold-lower selectivity at KOR over MOR in vivo as compared with in vitro. Nevertheless, on the basis of our finding in vivo, 88% of the PET-observed specific binding of (11)C-LY2795050 under baseline conditions will be due to binding of the tracer at the KOR site in a region with similar prevalence of KOR and MOR. (11)C-LY2795050 is sufficiently selective for KOR over MOR in vivo to be considered an appropriate probe for studying the KOR with PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Kim
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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Morales M, Anderson RI, Spear LP, Varlinskaya EI. Effects of the kappa opioid receptor antagonist, nor-binaltorphimine, on ethanol intake: impact of age and sex. Dev Psychobiol 2013; 56:700-12. [PMID: 23754134 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist, nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI), was used to investigate the role of the KOR system in mediating ethanol intake. On P25 (adolescent) or P67 (adult) male and female rats were individually housed and given ad libitum access to food and water. The experimental procedure was initiated on P28 or P70: animals were given 30 min/day access to a 10% ethanol/supersaccharin solution every other day (3 baseline exposures). On the day after the final baseline test, rats were injected with nor-BNI (0, 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg), with testing initiated 24 hr later (30-min access every other day, 3 test exposures). Nor-BNI (10 mg/kg) increased ethanol intake in adult males, whereas the same dose decreased intake in adult females, suggesting pronounced sex differences in KOR-associated mediation of ethanol intake in adulthood. There was no impact of nor-BNI in adolescent animals of either sex, suggesting that the KOR may play less of a role in modulating ethanol intake during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Morales
- Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, New York, 13902-6000.
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D'Addario C, Caputi FF, Rimondini R, Gandolfi O, Del Borrello E, Candeletti S, Romualdi P. Different alcohol exposures induce selective alterations on the expression of dynorphin and nociceptin systems related genes in rat brain. Addict Biol 2013; 18:425-33. [PMID: 21507157 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms of adaptive transformations caused by alcohol exposure on opioid dynorphin and nociceptin systems have been investigated in the rat brain. Alcohol was intragastrically administered to rats to resemble human drinking with several hours of exposure: water or alcohol (20% in water) at a dose of 1.5 g/kg three times daily for 1 or 5 days. The development of tolerance and dependence were recorded daily. Brains were dissected 30 minutes (1- and 5-day groups) or 1, 3 or 7 days after the last administration for the three other 5-day groups (groups under withdrawal). Specific alterations in opioid genes expression were ascertained. In the amygdala, an up-regulation of prodynorphin and pronociceptin was observed in the 1-day group; moreover, pronociceptin and the kappa opioid receptor mRNAs in the 5-day group and both peptide precursors in the 1-day withdrawal group were also up-regulated. In the prefrontal cortex, an increase in prodynorhin expression in the 1-day group was detected. These data indicate a relevant role of the dynorphinergic system in the negative hedonic states associated with multiple alcohol exposure. The pattern of alterations observed for the nociceptin system appears to be consistent with its role of functional antagonism towards the actions of ethanol associated with other opioid peptides. Our findings could help to the understanding of how alcohol differentially affects the opioid systems in the brain and also suggest the dynorphin and nociceptin systems as possible targets for the treatment and/or prevention of alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D'Addario
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, Bologna, Italy.
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Kang-Park M, Kieffer BL, Roberts AJ, Siggins GR, Moore SD. κ-Opioid receptors in the central amygdala regulate ethanol actions at presynaptic GABAergic sites. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 346:130-7. [PMID: 23587526 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.202903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and animal studies indicate that κ-opioid receptors (KORs) are involved in ethanol drinking and dependence (Xuei et al., 2006; Walker and Koob, 2008; Walker et al., 2011). Using in vitro single-cell recording techniques in mouse brain slices, we examined the physiologic effects of KOR activation in the central amygdala (CeA) on GABAergic neurotransmission and its interaction with acute ethanol. A selective KOR agonist (U69593, 1 μM) diminished evoked GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) by 18% (n = 10), whereas blockade of KORs with a selective antagonist (nor-binaltorphimine, 1 μM) augmented the baseline evoked GABAergic IPSCs by 14% (P < 0.01; n = 34), suggesting that the KOR system contributes to tonic inhibition of GABAergic neurotransmission in the CeA. In addition, the enhancement by acute ethanol of GABAergic IPSC amplitudes was further augmented by pharmacologic blockade of KORs, from 14% (n = 36) to 27% (n = 26; P < 0.01), or by genetic deletion of KORs, from 14% in wild-type mice (n = 19) to 34% in KOR knockout mice (n = 13; P < 0.01). Subsequent experiments using tetrodotoxin to block activity-dependent neurotransmission suggest that KORs regulate GABA release at presynaptic sites. Our data support the idea that KORs modulate GABAergic synaptic responses and ethanol effects as one of multiple opioid system-dependent actions of ethanol in the CeA, possibly in a circuit-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maenghee Kang-Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, and Research Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
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42
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Osterndorff-Kahanek E, Ponomarev I, Blednov YA, Harris RA. Gene expression in brain and liver produced by three different regimens of alcohol consumption in mice: comparison with immune activation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59870. [PMID: 23555817 PMCID: PMC3612084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronically available alcohol escalates drinking in mice and a single injection of the immune activator lipopolysaccharide can mimic this effect and result in a persistent increase in alcohol consumption. We hypothesized that chronic alcohol drinking and lipopolysaccharide injections will produce some similar molecular changes that play a role in regulation of alcohol intake. We investigated the molecular mechanisms of chronic alcohol consumption or lipopolysaccharide insult by gene expression profiling in prefrontal cortex and liver of C57BL/6J mice. We identified similar patterns of transcriptional changes among four groups of animals, three consuming alcohol (vs water) in different consumption tests and one injected with lipopolysaccharide (vs. vehicle). The three tests of alcohol consumption are the continuous chronic two bottle choice (Chronic), two bottle choice available every other day (Chronic Intermittent) and limited access to one bottle of ethanol (Drinking in the Dark). Gene expression changes were more numerous and marked in liver than in prefrontal cortex for the alcohol treatments and similar in the two tissues for lipopolysaccharide. Many of the changes were unique to each treatment, but there was significant overlap in prefrontal cortex for Chronic-Chronic Intermittent and for Chronic Intermittent-lipopolysaccharide and in liver all pairs showed overlap. In silico cell-type analysis indicated that lipopolysaccharide had strongest effects on brain microglia and liver Kupffer cells. Pathway analysis detected a prefrontal cortex-based dopamine-related (PPP1R1B, DRD1, DRD2, FOSB, PDNY) network that was highly over-represented in the Chronic Intermittent group, with several genes from the network being also regulated in the Chronic and lipopolysaccharide (but not Drinking in the Dark) groups. Liver showed a CYP and GST centered metabolic network shared in part by all four treatments. We demonstrate common consequences of chronic alcohol consumption and immune activation in both liver and brain and show distinct genomic consequences of different types of alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Osterndorff-Kahanek
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Colleges of Natural Science and Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Igor Ponomarev
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Colleges of Natural Science and Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yuri A. Blednov
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Colleges of Natural Science and Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - R. Adron Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Colleges of Natural Science and Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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43
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Abstract
κ opioid receptors (KORs) belong to the G-protein-coupled class of receptors (GPCRs). They are activated by the endogenous opioid peptide dynorphin (DYN) and expressed at particularly high levels within brain areas implicated in modulation of motivation, emotion, and cognitive function. Chronic activation of KORs in animal models has maladaptive effects including increases in behaviors that reflect depression, the propensity to engage in drug-seeking behavior, and drug craving. The fact that KOR activation has such a profound influence on behaviors often triggered by stress has led to interest in selective KOR antagonists as potential therapeutic agents. This Perspective provides a description of preclinical research conducted in the development of several different classes of selective KOR antagonists, a summary of the clinical studies conducted thus far, and recommendations for the type of work needed in the future to determine if these agents would be useful as pharmacotherapies for neuropsychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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44
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Morganstern I, Liang S, Ye Z, Karatayev O, Leibowitz SF. Disturbances in behavior and cortical enkephalin gene expression during the anticipation of ethanol in rats characterized as high drinkers. Alcohol 2012; 46:559-68. [PMID: 22703995 PMCID: PMC3571704 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The process of ethanol anticipation is a particularly important phenomenon that can determine subsequent drug-taking behavior. Recent studies suggest that systems within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), during anticipation, may contribute to the goal-directed seeking of ethanol. The current investigation examined the possibility that the opioid peptide enkephalin (ENK), known to mediate some of the reinforcing properties of ethanol, may function in the mPFC during the anticipation of ethanol access. Using a limited access (3 h/d) paradigm for 10 days with 20% ethanol, Sprague-Dawley rats were first identified either as low drinkers (LD, <1.0 g/kg/3 h) or as high drinkers (HD, >2.0 g/kg/3 h) that exhibited a long-term phenotype of high ethanol consumption and a significant ethanol deprivation effect. During the anticipation period immediately preceding daily ethanol access, the HD rats compared to LD or Control animals with ad libitum ethanol access exhibited increased anticipatory behaviors, including greater exploratory behavior in a novel open field as revealed by significantly more time spent in the rearing position (+53-65%, p < 0.05) and increased number of rears made (+33-44%, p < 0.05) and greater novelty-seeking behavior in a hole-board apparatus revealed by an increase in total (+50-52%, p < 0.05) and novel nose pokes (+45-48%, p < 0.05). In the HD rats, analysis of the mPFC using real-time quantitative PCR showed significantly greater mRNA levels of ENK (p < 0.05) and the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) (p < 0.05), but not delta-opioid receptor (DOR), and this increase in ENK expression was found, using in situ hybridization, to occur specifically in the prelimbic (PrL) subregion of the mPFC. When injected into the PrL during the anticipation period, a MOR agonist but not DOR agonist significantly increased consumption of 20% ethanol (p < 0.05). These findings support the role of ENK, acting through MOR within the PrL to promote the anticipation and excessive consumption of ethanol.
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MESH Headings
- Alcohol Drinking/metabolism
- Animals
- Anticipation, Psychological/physiology
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-/pharmacology
- Enkephalin, Methionine/analogs & derivatives
- Enkephalin, Methionine/pharmacology
- Enkephalins/biosynthesis
- Enkephalins/genetics
- Ethanol/metabolism
- Exploratory Behavior/drug effects
- Exploratory Behavior/physiology
- Male
- Prefrontal Cortex/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Morganstern
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sherry Liang
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zhiyu Ye
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Olga Karatayev
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sarah F. Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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45
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Walker BM, Valdez GR, McLaughlin JP, Bakalkin G. Targeting dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor systems to treat alcohol abuse and dependence. Alcohol 2012; 46:359-70. [PMID: 22459870 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This review represents the focus of a symposium that was presented at the "Alcoholism and Stress: A Framework for Future Treatment Strategies" conference in Volterra, Italy on May 3-6, 2011 and organized/chaired by Dr. Brendan M. Walker. The primary goal of the symposium was to evaluate and disseminate contemporary findings regarding the emerging role of kappa-opioid receptors (KORs) and their endogenous ligands dynorphins (DYNs) in the regulation of escalated alcohol consumption, negative affect and cognitive dysfunction associated with alcohol dependence, as well as DYN/KOR mediation of the effects of chronic stress on alcohol reward and seeking behaviors. Dr. Glenn Valdez described a role for KORs in the anxiogenic effects of alcohol withdrawal. Dr. Jay McLaughlin focused on the role of KORs in repeated stress-induced potentiation of alcohol reward and increased alcohol consumption. Dr. Brendan Walker presented data characterizing the effects of KOR antagonism within the extended amygdala on withdrawal-induced escalation of alcohol self-administration in dependent animals. Dr. Georgy Bakalkin concluded with data indicative of altered DYNs and KORs in the prefrontal cortex of alcohol dependent humans that could underlie diminished cognitive performance. Collectively, the data presented within this symposium identified the multifaceted contribution of KORs to the characteristics of acute and chronic alcohol-induced behavioral dysregulation and provided a foundation for the development of pharmacotherapeutic strategies to treat certain aspects of alcohol use disorders.
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46
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Schank JR, Goldstein AL, Rowe KE, King CE, Marusich JA, Wiley JL, Carroll FI, Thorsell A, Heilig M. The kappa opioid receptor antagonist JDTic attenuates alcohol seeking and withdrawal anxiety. Addict Biol 2012; 17:634-47. [PMID: 22515275 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of kappa-opioid receptors (KOR) in the regulation of alcohol-related behaviors is not completely understood. For example, alcohol consumption has been reported to increase following treatment with KOR antagonists in rats, but was decreased in mice with genetic deletion of KOR. Recent studies have further suggested that KOR antagonists may selectively decrease alcohol self-administration in rats following a history of dependence. We assessed the effects of the KOR antagonist JDTic on alcohol self-administration, reinstatement of alcohol seeking induced by alcohol-associated cues or stress, and acute alcohol withdrawal-induced anxiety ('hangover anxiety'). JDTic dose-dependently reversed hangover anxiety when given 48 hours prior to testing, a time interval corresponding to the previously demonstrated anxiolytic efficacy of this drug. In contrast, JDTic decreased alcohol self-administration and cue-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking when administered 2 hours prior to testing, but not at longer pre-treatment times. For comparison, we determined that the prototypical KOR antagonist nor-binaltorphimine can suppress self-administration of alcohol at 2 hours pre-treatment time, mimicking our observations with JDTic. The effects of JDTic were behaviorally specific, as it had no effect on stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking, self-administration of sucrose, or locomotor activity. Further, we demonstrate that at a 2 hours pre-treatment time JDTic antagonized the antinociceptive effects of the KOR agonist U50,488H but had no effect on morphine-induced behaviors. Our results provide additional evidence for the involvement of KOR in regulation of alcohol-related behaviors and provide support for KOR antagonists, including JDTic, to be evaluated as medications for alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse R Schank
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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47
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Femenía T, Manzanares J. Increased ethanol intake in prodynorphin knockout mice is associated to changes in opioid receptor function and dopamine transmission. Addict Biol 2012; 17:322-37. [PMID: 21966993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the prodynorphin gene in alcohol sensitivity, preference and vulnerability to alcohol consumption. Handling-induced convulsion (HIC) associated to alcohol, alcohol-induced loss of righting reflex (LORR), hypothermic effects in response to acute ethanol challenge, blood ethanol levels (BELs), conditioned place preference, voluntary ethanol consumption and preference, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine transporter (DAT) and proenkephalin (PENK) gene expression, and µ-, δ- and κ-opioid agonist-stimulated [S(35) ]- guanosine 5'-triphosphate-binding autoradiography were studied in prodynorphin knockout (PDYN KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. There were no differences in HIC, LORR or the decrease in body temperature in response to acute ethanol challenge between PDYN KO and WT mice. PDYN KO mice presented higher BEL, higher ethanol-conditioned place preference and more ethanol consumption and preference in a two-bottle choice paradigm than WT mice. These findings were associated with lower TH and higher DAT gene expression in the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra, and with lower PENK gene expression in the caudate-putamen (CPu), accumbens core (AcbC) and accumbens shell (AcbSh) in PDYN KO. The functional activity of the µ-opioid receptor was lower in the CPu, AcbC, AcbSh and cingulate cortex (Cg) of PDYN KO mice. In contrast, δ- and κ-opioid receptor-binding autoradiographies were increased in the CPu and Cg (δ), and in the CPu, AcbC and Cg (κ) of PDYN KO. These results suggest that deletion of the PDYN gene increased vulnerability for ethanol consumption by altering, at least in part, PENK, TH and DAT gene expression, and µ-, δ- and κ-opioid receptor functional activity in brain areas closely related to ethanol reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Femenía
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
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48
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Gilpin NW, Roberto M. Neuropeptide modulation of central amygdala neuroplasticity is a key mediator of alcohol dependence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:873-88. [PMID: 22101113 PMCID: PMC3325612 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders are characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking, loss of control in limiting intake, and withdrawal syndrome in the absence of drug. The central amygdala (CeA) and neighboring regions (extended amygdala) mediate alcohol-related behaviors and chronic alcohol-induced plasticity. Acute alcohol suppresses excitatory (glutamatergic) transmission whereas chronic alcohol enhances glutamatergic transmission in CeA. Acute alcohol facilitates inhibitory (GABAergic) transmission in CeA, and chronic alcohol increases GABAergic transmission. Electrophysiology techniques are used to explore the effects of neuropeptides/neuromodulators (CRF, NPY, nociceptin, dynorphin, endocannabinoids, galanin) on inhibitory transmission in CeA. In general, pro-anxiety peptides increase, and anti-anxiety peptides decrease CeA GABAergic transmission. These neuropeptides facilitate or block the action of acute alcohol in CeA, and chronic alcohol produces plasticity in neuropeptide systems, possibly reflecting recruitment of negative reinforcement mechanisms during the transition to alcohol dependence. A disinhibition model of CeA output is discussed in the context of alcohol dependence- and anxiety-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Gilpin
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Lam MP, Gianoulakis C. Effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonists on the ethanol-induced increase of dynorphin A1-8 release in the rat central amygdala. Alcohol 2011; 45:621-30. [PMID: 21840158 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurons in the central amygdala (CeA) co-express dynorphin and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). Moreover, the activity of both the CRH and dynorphin systems in CeA is altered by alcohol treatments, effects suggesting interactions between the CRH and dynorphin systems. Thus, the objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects of (1) activating CRH receptors (CRHRs) by microinjection of CRH in CeA and (2) blocking CRHRs by local microinjections of CRHR antagonists in the CeA on the alcohol-induced changes in the extracellular concentrations of dynorphin A1-8 with in vivo microdialysis experiments. Microdialysis probes with a microinjection port were implanted in the CeA of alcohol-naïve Sprague-Dawley rats. Microinjections of CRH or antalarmin, a CRH receptor type 1 (CRHR1) antagonist, or anti-sauvagine-30, a CRH receptor type 2 (CRHR2) antagonist, at the level of CeA were followed by an intraperitoneal injection of either saline or 2.8 g ethanol/kg body weight. The content of dynorphin A1-8 was determined in dialyzate samples obtained prior to and following the various treatments using a specific radioimmunoassay. Activation of CRHRs in CeA induced an increase in the extracellular concentrations of dynorphin A1-8. Moreover, acute alcohol administration increased the extracellular concentrations of dynorphin A1-8 in CeA, an effect that was attenuated by blocking CRHR2 with anti-sauvagine-30 microinjection but not blocking CRHR1 with antalarmin microinjection. Therefore, the findings suggest an interaction between the CRH and dynorphin A1-8 systems at the level of CeA in response to acute alcohol exposure.
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Nguyen K, Tseng A, Marquez P, Hamid A, Lutfy K. The role of endogenous dynorphin in ethanol-induced state-dependent CPP. Behav Brain Res 2011; 227:58-63. [PMID: 22074899 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the role of the endogenous dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor (DYN/KOP) system in ethanol-induced state-dependent conditioned place preference (CPP). To this end, mice lacking the pro-DYN gene and their wild-type littermates/controls were tested for baseline place preference on day 1, received 15-min morning and afternoon conditionings with saline or ethanol (2g/kg) each day for three consecutive days and were then tested for CPP under a drug-free state on day 5 and following a saline or ethanol (1 or 2g/kg) challenge on day 8. Given that compensatory developmental changes may occur in knockout mice, the effect of nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI), a KOP antagonist, on state-dependent CPP induced by ethanol was also studied in wild-type mice. On day 1, mice were tested for baseline place preference and, 4h later, treated with saline or nor-BNI (10mg/kg). On days 2-4, mice received 15-min morning and afternoon conditionings and were tested for CPP under a drug-free state on day 5 and following an ethanol (1g/kg) challenge on day 8. A comparable CPP was observed in mice lacking the pro-DYN gene and their wild-type littermates/controls as well as in wild-type mice treated with nor-BNI and their saline-treated controls. However, these mice compared to their respective controls exhibited a greater CPP response following an ethanol (1g/kg) challenge, suggesting that the endogenous DYN/KOP system may negatively regulate ethanol-induced state-dependent CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, United States
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