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Neophytou AM, Aalborg J, Magzamen S, Moore BF, Ferrara A, Karagas MR, Trasande L, Dabelea D. Bridging Differences in Cohort Analyses of the Relationship between Secondhand Smoke Exposure during Pregnancy and Birth Weight: The Transportability Framework in the ECHO Program. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:57007. [PMID: 38771935 PMCID: PMC11108581 DOI: 10.1289/ehp13961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimates for the effects of environmental exposures on health outcomes, including secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, often present considerable variability across studies. Knowledge of the reasons behind these differences can aid our understanding of effects in specific populations as well as inform practices of combining data from multiple studies. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the presence of effect modification by measured sociodemographic characteristics on the effect of SHS exposure during pregnancy on birth weights that may drive differences observed across cohorts. We also aimed to quantify the extent to which differences in the cohort mean effects observed across cohorts in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) consortium are due to differing distributions of these characteristics. METHODS We assessed the presence of effect modification and transportability of effect estimates across five ECHO cohorts in a total of 6,771 mother-offspring dyads. We assessed the presence of effect modification via gradient boosting of regression trees based on the H-statistic. We estimated individual cohort effects using linear models and targeted maximum likelihood estimation (TMLE). We then estimated transported effects from one cohort to each of the remaining cohorts using a robust nonparametric estimation approach relying on TMLE estimators and compared them to the original effect estimates for these cohorts. RESULTS Observed effect estimates varied across the five cohorts, ranging from significantly lower birth weight associated with exposure [- 167.3 g ; 95% confidence interval (CI): - 270.4 , - 64.1 ] to higher birth weight with wide CIs, including the null (42.4 g ; 95% CI: - 15.0 , 99.8). Transported effect estimates only minimally explained differences in the point estimates for two out of the four cohort pairs. DISCUSSION Our findings of weak to moderate evidence of effect modification and transportability indicate that unmeasured individual-level and contextual factors and sources of bias may be responsible for differences in the effect estimates observed across ECHO cohorts. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13961.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M. Neophytou
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jenny Aalborg
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sheryl Magzamen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Brianna F. Moore
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Assiamira Ferrara
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Margaret R. Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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de Assis V, Giugni CS, Ros ST. Evaluation of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. Obstet Gynecol 2024; 143:645-659. [PMID: 38176012 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000005498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) affects approximately 5% of couples. Although RPL definitions vary across professional societies, an evaluation after a second clinically recognized first-trimester pregnancy loss is recommended. Good quality evidence links parental chromosomal rearrangements, uterine anomalies, and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) to RPL. In contrast, the relationship between RPL and other endocrine, hematologic, and immunologic disorders or environmental exposures is less clear. Anticoagulant therapy and low-dose aspirin are recommended for patients with RPL who have also been diagnosed with APS. Vaginal progesterone supplementation may be considered in patients experiencing vaginal bleeding during the first trimester. Surgical correction may be considered for patients with RPL in whom a uterine anomaly is identified. Evaluation and management of additional comorbidities should be guided by the patient's history rather than solely based on the diagnosis of RPL, with the goal of improving overall health to reduce complications in the event of pregnancy. Most people with RPL, including those without identifiable risk factors, are expected to achieve a live birth within 5 years from the initial evaluation. Nevertheless, clinicians should be sensitive to the psychological needs of individuals with this condition and provide compassionate and supportive care across all stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana de Assis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
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Yland JJ, Zad Z, Wang TR, Wesselink AK, Jiang T, Hatch EE, Paschalidis IC, Wise LA. Predictive models of miscarriage on the basis of data from a preconception cohort study. Fertil Steril 2024:S0015-0282(24)00235-8. [PMID: 38604264 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use self-reported preconception data to derive models that predict the risk of miscarriage. DESIGN Prospective preconception cohort study. SETTING Not applicable. PATIENTS Study participants were female, aged 21-45 years, residents of the United States or Canada, and attempting spontaneous pregnancy at enrollment during 2013-2022. Participants were followed for up to 12 months of pregnancy attempts; those who conceived were followed through pregnancy and postpartum. We restricted analyses to participants who conceived during the study period. EXPOSURE On baseline and follow-up questionnaires completed every 8 weeks until pregnancy, we collected self-reported data on sociodemographic factors, reproductive history, lifestyle, anthropometrics, diet, medical history, and male partner characteristics. We included 160 potential predictor variables in our models. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was a miscarriage, defined as pregnancy loss before 20 weeks of gestation. We followed participants from their first positive pregnancy test until miscarriage or a censoring event (induced abortion, ectopic pregnancy, loss of follow-up, or 20 weeks of gestation), whichever occurred first. We fit both survival and static models using Cox proportional hazards models, logistic regression, support vector machines, gradient-boosted trees, and random forest algorithms. We evaluated model performance using the concordance index (survival models) and the weighted F1 score (static models). RESULTS Among the 8,720 participants who conceived, 20.4% reported miscarriage. In multivariable models, the strongest predictors of miscarriage were female age, history of miscarriage, and male partner age. The weighted F1 score ranged from 73%-89% for static models and the concordance index ranged from 53%-56% for survival models, indicating better discrimination for the static models compared with the survival models (i.e., the ability of the model to discriminate between individuals with and without miscarriage). No appreciable differences were observed across strata of miscarriage history or among models restricted to ≥8 weeks of gestation. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that miscarriage is not easily predicted on the basis of preconception lifestyle characteristics and that advancing age and a history of miscarriage are the most important predictors of incident miscarriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Yland
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Zahra Zad
- Hariri Institute for Computing and Computational Science & Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Systems Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tanran R Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amelia K Wesselink
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tammy Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth E Hatch
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ioannis Ch Paschalidis
- Hariri Institute for Computing and Computational Science & Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Systems Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lauren A Wise
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Wang Q, Liu F, Tuo Y, Ma L, Feng X. Associations between obesity, smoking behaviors, reproductive traits and spontaneous abortion: a univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1193995. [PMID: 37547316 PMCID: PMC10400331 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1193995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The correlation between potential risk factors such as obesity (leg fat percentage (left), arm fat percentage (left), waist circumference, body fat percentage, trunk fat percentage), smoking behaviors (past tobacco smoking, smoking initiation, smoking/smokers in household, current tobacco smoking) and reproductive traits (age first had sexual intercourse (AFS), age at menarche (AAM), and age at first birth (AFB)) have been linked to the occurrence of spontaneous abortion (SA). However, the causal associations between these factors and SA remain unclear. Methods We conducted univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to evaluate the associations of obesity, smoking behavior and reproductive traits with SA. To select appropriate genetic instruments, we considered those that had reached the genome-wide significance level (P < 5 × 10-8) in their corresponding genome-wide association studies (GWAS) involving a large number of individuals (ranging from 29,346 to 1,232,091). SA was obtained from the FinnGen consortium, which provided summary-level data for 15,073 SA cases and 135,962 non-cases. Results Assessed individually using MR, the odds ratios (ORs) of SA were 0.728 (P = 4.3608×10-8), 1.063 (P = 0.0321), 0.926 (P = 9.4205×10-4), 1.141 (P = 7.9882×10-3), 5.154 (P = 0.0420), 1.220 (P = 0.0350), 1.228 (P = 0.0117), 0.795 (P = 0.0056), 1.126 (P = 0.0318), for one standard deviation (SD) increase in AFS, AAM, AFB, smoking initiation, smoking/smokers in household, arm fat percentage (left), leg fat percentage (left), waist circumference and body fat percentage, 0.925 (P = 0.4158) and 1.075 (P = 0.1479) for one SD increase in past tobacco smoking, trunk fat percentage for one SD increase in SA. In multivariable MR (MVMR), only AFS (OR = 0.802; P = 0.0250), smoking initiation (OR = 1.472, P = 0.0258), waist circumference (OR = 0.813, P = 0.0220) and leg fat percentage (left) (OR = 4.446, P = 0.043) retained a robust effect. Conclusion Smoking behaviors, reproductive traits and obesity-related anthropometric indicators are potential causal factors for SA. Higher leg fat percentage; smoking initiation; and lower waist circumference and AFS may increase the risk of SA. Understanding the causal relationship for SA may provide more information for SA intervention and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyi Wang
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Fanglei Liu
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yinfeng Tuo
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoling Feng
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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Houda A, Peter Michael J, Romeo M, Mohamad Eid H. Smoking and Its Consequences on Male and Female Reproductive Health. Stud Fam Plann 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.104941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Smoking contributes to the death of around one in 10 adults worldwide. Specifically, cigarettes are known to contain around 4000 toxins and chemicals that are hazardous in nature. The negative effects of smoking on human health and interest in smoking-related diseases have a long history. Among these concerns are the harmful effects of smoking on reproductive health. Thirteen percent of female infertility is due to smoking. Female smoking can lead to gamete mutagenesis, early loss of reproductive function, and thus advance the time to menopause. It has been also associated with ectopic pregnancy and spontaneous abortion. Even when it comes to assisted reproductive technologies cycles, smokers require more cycles, almost double the number of cycles needed to conceive as non-smokers. Male smoking is shown to be correlated with poorer semen parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation. Not only active smokers but also passive smokers, when excessively exposed to smoking, can have reproductive problems comparable to those seen in smokers. In this book chapter, we will approach the effect of tobacco, especially tobacco smoking, on male and female reproductive health. This aims to take a preventive approach to infertility by discouraging smoking and helping to eliminate exposure to tobacco smoke in both women and men.
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Maternal Passive Smoking, Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183674. [PMID: 36145050 PMCID: PMC9501103 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Maternal passive smoking and vitamin D deficiency might elevate risk of spontaneous abortion. The study aimed to investigate the association of co-exposure to passive smoking and vitamin D deficiency with the risk of spontaneous abortion. Methods: A population-based case-control study was performed among non-smoking women in Henan Province, China, with 293 spontaneous abortion cases and 496 liveborn controls with term, normal birthweight. Results: Compared to women without exposure to passive smoking nor vitamin D deficiency, women with deficient vitamin D alone and women with exposure to passive smoking alone had increased risk of spontaneous abortion (OR = 1.76, 95%CI: 1.08~2.89; OR = 1.73, 95%CI: 1.11~2.69, respectively). The risk of spontaneous abortion was even higher for those with co-exposure to passive smoking and vitamin D deficiency (OR = 2.50, 95%CI: 1.63~3.84). A dose-response relationship was found of an incremental risk of spontaneous abortion with rising numbers of exposures to passive smoking and vitamin D deficiency (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Co-exposure to passive smoking and vitamin D deficiency was associated with an elevated risk of spontaneous abortion, and the risk of spontaneous abortion rose with rising numbers of exposures. Intervention programs need to specifically target the vulnerable groups of pregnant women with both malnutrition and unfavorable environmental exposure.
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Bortoletto P, Prabhu M. Impact of Tobacco and Marijuana on Infertility and Early Reproductive Wastage. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2022; 65:360-375. [PMID: 35125388 DOI: 10.1097/grf.0000000000000689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reducing exposure to tobacco and marijuana during preconception and early pregnancy is a critical area of intervention for obstetricians, gynecologists, and other reproductive health care professionals. Beyond the deleterious personal health effects, both substances have been extensively associated with short-term and long-term detrimental effects to gametogenesis, fecundity, as well as tissue level effects in the reproductive tracts. When tobacco and marijuana do not impair the ability to achieve pregnancy, an increasing body of literature suggests either may be associated with increased risk of early pregnancy loss and reproductive wastage. In this review, we will discuss what is known about how tobacco and marijuana affect the male and female reproductive systems and highlight how these consequences may impair attempts at successful conception and pregnancy continuation beyond the first trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Bortoletto
- Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine
| | - Malavika Prabhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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Liu H, Chen H. The effects of thirdhand smoke on reproductive health. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:172-179. [PMID: 34462936 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke is an environmental pollutant that can cause follicle destruction and oocyte dysfunction. Thirdhand smoke (THS) is residual tobacco smoke existing in the environment long after cigarettes have been extinguished, which can react with other environmental compounds to produce secondary pollutants. THS contains a variety of toxic and harmful chemicals, such as nicotine and 1-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridinyl)-4-butanal (NNA), a logical biomarker of THS exposure. The health hazards of THS exposure and its components have been researched in recent years. In this review, we have summarized research progress on the effects of THS exposure on organs in mice and humans especially on the reproductive system. This review may help evaluate the health risks of THS, in particular reproduction and offspring health. We hope this review will guide public health education on the dangers of THS exposure and promotion of healthy living habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huage Liu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Deng Y, Gao H, Wang H, Chen L. Snail/HDAC1/2 mediate skeletal growth retardation in fetuses caused by prenatal nicotine exposure. Toxicology 2021; 459:152847. [PMID: 34245815 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous findings have confirmed that prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) leads to retarded cartilage development in the fetal growth plate. It is characterized by insufficient matrix synthesis and decreased expression of matrix phenotype genes aggrecan (ACAN) and Col2A1 in the fetal growth plate chondrocytes; however, the specific molecular mechanism is yet unclear. This study intends to clarify the specific molecular mechanism of fetal osteochondral retardation caused by PNE through animal and cellular experiments. The present study demonstrated that in male offspring of the PNE group (the pregnant rats were subcutaneously administered nicotine 1.0 mg/kg twice per day (2.0 mg/kg.d) at GD11-20), the cartilage matrix of the fetal growth plate was lightly stained, the collagen was reduced, and expression of the matrix phenotype genes, ACAN and Col2A1, was significantly decreased. It was further found that PNE decreased histone acetylation (H3K9/H3K14) levels in the ACAN and Col2A1 promoter regions. Moreover, the expression of Snail and HDAC1/2 was increased in the PNE group. in vitro, the nicotine treatment at different concentrations elevated the expression of Snail/HDAC1/2 while decreasing the H3K9/H3K14 levels in the ACAN and Col2A1 promoter regions. Snail-siRNA transfection partially abolished the nicotine-induced increase in HDAC1/2 expression and decreased the histone acetylation levels in the ACAN and Col2A1 promoter regions. Trichostatin A (TSA) treatment partially reversed the nicotine-induced changes in downstream parameters. In summary, PNE-induced decreased cartilage matrix synthesis in the fetal growth plate of male offspring is effectuated by Snail/HDAC1/2-mediated decreased H3K9/H3K14 levels in the ACAN and Col2A1 promoter regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University of School Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Liaobin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Diguisto C, Dochez V. [Consequences of Active Cigarette Smoking in Pregnancy - CNGOF-SFT Expert Report and Guidelines on the management of smoking during pregnancy]. GYNECOLOGIE, OBSTETRIQUE, FERTILITE & SENOLOGIE 2020; 48:559-566. [PMID: 32360705 DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2020.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesize knowledge on the consequences of active smoking in pregnancy. METHODS The MedLine database, the Cochrane Library and French and foreign guidelines from 1999 to 2019 have been consulted. RESULTS Active maternal smoking is associated with an increased risk of first trimester complications such as early miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy with a dose-effect relationship between smoking and those risks. Active cigarette smoking during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of certain type of birth defects, placenta abruptio, placenta previa, stillbirth and cesarean delivery. Active maternal smoking is associated with a reduced risk of pre-eclampsia. Children born to mothers who smoke are more at risk of premature birth and low birth weight with a dose-effect relationship for those two risks. CONCLUSION Apart from preeclampsia which is reduced in case of active maternal smoking, perinatal morbidity is increased among women who smoke during their pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Diguisto
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique, maternité Olympe de Gouges, université François-Rabelais, centre hospitalier universitaire de Tours, 37100 Tours, France.
| | - V Dochez
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique, centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes, 44093 Nantes cedex 1, France
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Devi RE, Barman D, Sinha S, Hazarika SJ, Das S. Nicotine replacement therapy: A friend or foe. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:2615-2620. [PMID: 32984096 PMCID: PMC7491776 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_313_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention for Tobacco Control (FCTC), tobacco cessation is a primary health-care service that should be provided not only to the people having adverse habits of consuming tobacco but also to the nonconsumer, as they can also be harmed due to its deleterious effects. Tobacco has been regarded as a potential risk factor for oral diseases such as oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancers. Various aids of achieving cessation have been studied, including education of the ill effects of tobacco to the patient, behavioral counseling, and pharmacotherapy. Various pharmacological interventions are available nowadays but nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is most widely used. The various types of NRT products results in general and breakthrough craving relief with immediate release of nicotine. All of these products have different levels of efficacy and variable rates of nicotine absorption. Knowledge of these will be beneficial for the patients, the budding dentist and the nation in the upcoming days ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumari E. Devi
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Diplina Barman
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Shruti Sinha
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Suranjana J. Hazarika
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sreeparna Das
- Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Loret de Mola C, Cardoso VC, Batista R, Gonçalves H, Saraiva MCP, Menezes AMB, Santos IS, Domingues MR, da Silva AAM, Bettiol H, de Britto e Alves MTSS, Barbieri MA, Barros A, Horta BL. Maternal pregnancy smoking in three Brazilian cities: trends and differences according to education, income, and age. Int J Public Health 2020; 65:207-215. [DOI: 10.1007/s00038-019-01328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Zhang Q, Pei LG, Liu M, Lv F, Chen G, Wang H. Reduced testicular steroidogenesis in rat offspring by prenatal nicotine exposure: Epigenetic programming and heritability via nAChR/HDAC4. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 135:111057. [PMID: 31846720 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.111057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) may lead to offspring's testicular dysplasia. Here, we confirmed the intergenerational effect of PNE on testosterone synthetic function and explored its epigenetic programming mechanism. Pregnant Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with nicotine (2 mg/kg.d) from gestational day 9-20. Some dams were anesthetized to obtain fetal rats, the rest were allowed to spontaneous labor to generate F1 and F2 generation. In utero, PNE impaired testicular development and testosterone production. Meanwhile, the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) were decreased both in F1 and F2 generations. Furthermore, PNE enhanced the expression of fetal testicular nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4), while obviously weakened histone 3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) level of StAR/3β-HSD promoter from GD20 to postnatal week 12 and even in F2 generation. In vitro, nicotine increased nAChRs and HDAC4 expression, and decreased the StAR/3β-HSD H3K9ac level and expression, as well as the testosterone production in Leydig cells. Antagonism of nAChRs and inhibition of HDAC4 reversed the aforementioned changes. In conclusion, PNE programmed testicular low steroidogenesis and its heritability in male offspring rats. The underlying mechanism was associated to the low-level programming of StAR/3β-HSD H3K9ac via nAChR/HDAC4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lin-Guo Pei
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; Basic Medical College of Nanyang Medical University, Nanyang, 473041, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Feng Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Guanghui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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du Fossé N, van der Hoorn ML, Eikmans M, Heidt S, le Cessie S, Mulders A, van Lith J, Lashley E. Evaluating the role of paternal factors in aetiology and prognosis of recurrent pregnancy loss: study protocol for a hospital-based multicentre case-control study and cohort study (REMI III project). BMJ Open 2019; 9:e033095. [PMID: 31727666 PMCID: PMC6887057 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is defined as the spontaneous demise of two or more pregnancies before the fetus reaches viability. Despite investigation of multiple known maternal risk factors, in more than 50% of couples, this condition remains unexplained. Studies focusing on paternal factors in RPL are scarce, and therefore, paternal evaluation in RPL is currently very limited. However, regarding single miscarriage, there are multiple publications suggesting a contributive role of paternal factors. In this project, we aim to identify paternal factors associated with RPL and to improve couple-specific prediction of future pregnancy outcomes by developing a prediction model containing both maternal and paternal factors. METHODS AND ANALYSIS In a case-control design, the relation between unexplained RPL and paternal age, lifestyle factors, sperm DNA damage and immunomodulatory factors in peripheral blood and semen will be studied. Prospectively, 135 couples with naturally conceived unexplained RPL (cases) and 135 fertile couples without a history of pregnancy loss (controls) will be included, with collection of paternal blood and semen samples and documentation of clinical and lifestyle characteristics. In addition, 600 couples from both groups will be included retrospectively. To adjust for confounders, multivariate logistic regression will be used. The predictive value of paternal and maternal factors will be studied in the total RPL cohort consisting of approximately 735 couples. The primary outcome of the cohort study is live birth within 5 years after initial visit of the clinic. Secondary outcomes are ongoing pregnancy, time interval until next pregnancy and pregnancy complications. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This project is approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee of the Leiden University Medical Center. No risks or burden are expected from the study. The findings of this study will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and presentations at international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NL7762.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia du Fossé
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michael Eikmans
- Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Heidt
- Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia le Cessie
- Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Mulders
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van Lith
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eileen Lashley
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Mutalip SSM, Rajikin MH, Rahim SA, Khan NMN. Annatto ( Bixa orellana) δ-TCT supplementation protected against embryonic DNA damages through alterations in PI3K/ Akt-Cyclin D1 pathway. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2019; 88:16-26. [PMID: 30907699 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protective action by annatto-derived delta-tocotrienol (δ-TCT) and soy-derived alpha-tocopherol (α-TOC) through the regulation of PI3K/Akt-Cyclin D1 pathway against the nicotine-induced DNA damages is the focus of the present study. Nicotine, which has been widely reported to have numerous adverse effects on the reproductive system, was used as reproductive toxicant. 48 female balb/c mice (6-8 weeks) (23-25 g) were randomly divided into 8 groups (G1-G8; n = 6) and treated with either nicotine or/and annatto δ-TCT/soy α-TOC for 7 consecutive days. On Day 8, the females were superovulated and mated before euthanized for embryo collection (46 hours post-coitum). Fifty 2-cell embryos from each group were used in gene expression analysis using Affymetrix QuantiGene Plex2.0 assay. Findings indicated that nicotine (G2) significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the number of produced 2-cell embryos compared to control (G1). Intervention with mixed annatto δ-TCT (G3) and pure annatto δ-TCT (G4) significantly increased the number of produced 2-cell embryos by 127 % and 79 % respectively compared to G2, but these were lower than G1. Concurrent treatment with soy α-TOC (G5) decreased embryo production by 7 %. Supplementations with δ-TCT and α-TOC alone (G6-G8) significantly increased (p < 0.05) the number of produced 2-cell embryos by 50 %, 36 % and 41 % respectively, compared to control (G1). These results were found to be associated with the alterations in the PI3K/Akt-Cyclin D1 gene expressions, indicating the inhibitory effects of annatto δ-TCT and soy α-TOC against the nicotinic embryonic damages. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt on studying the benefits of annatto δ-TCT on murine preimplantation 2-cell embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Syairah Mohd Mutalip
- 1 Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor, Malaysia.,2 Maternofetal and Embryo Research Group (MatE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hamim Rajikin
- 2 Maternofetal and Embryo Research Group (MatE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia.,3 Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sg. Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharaniza Ab Rahim
- 3 Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sg. Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norashikin Mohamed Noor Khan
- 2 Maternofetal and Embryo Research Group (MatE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia.,3 Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sg. Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
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16
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Mohd Mutalip SS, Rajikin MH, Ab Rahim S, Mohamed Noor Khan N. Annatto ( Bixa orellana) δ-TCT Supplementation Protection against Embryonic Malformations through Alterations in PI3K/Akt-Cyclin D1 Pathway. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E19. [PMID: 30634632 PMCID: PMC6358786 DOI: 10.3390/biom9010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective action by annatto-derived delta-tocotrienol (δ-TCT) and soy-derived alpha-tocopherol (α-TOC) through the regulation of the PI3K/Akt-cyclin D1 pathway against nicotine-induced DNA damage is the focus of the present study. Nicotine, which has been widely reported to have numerous adverse effects on the reproductive system, was used as a reproductive toxicant. 48 female balb/c mice (6⁻8 weeks) (23⁻25 g) were randomly divided into eight groups (Grp.1⁻Grp.8; n = 6) and treated with either nicotine or/and annatto δ-TCT/soy α-TOC for seven consecutive days. On Day 8, the females were superovulated and mated before euthanization for embryo collection (46 h post-coitum). Fifty 2-cell embryos from each group were used in gene expression analysis using Affymetrix QuantiGene Plex2.0 assay. Findings indicated that nicotine (Grp.2) significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the number of produced 2-cell embryos compared to the control (Grp.1). Intervention with mixed annatto δ-TCT (Grp.3) and pure annatto δ-TCT (Grp.4) significantly increased the number of produced 2-cell embryos by 127% and 79%, respectively compared to Grp.2, but these were lower than Grp.1. Concurrent treatment with soy α-TOC (Grp.5) decreased embryo production by 7%. Supplementations with δ-TCT and α-TOC alone (Grp.6-Grp.8) significantly increased (p < 0.05) the number of produced 2-cell embryos by 50%, 36%, and 41%, respectively, compared to control (Grp.1). These results were found to be associated with alterations in the PI3K/Akt-Cyclin D1 genes expressions, indicating the inhibitory effects of annatto δ-TCT and soy α-TOC against nicotinic embryonic damage. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt in studying the benefits of annatto δ-TCT on murine preimplantation 2-cell embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Syairah Mohd Mutalip
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor 42300, Malaysia.
- Maternofetal and Embryo Research Group (MatE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor 40450, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Hamim Rajikin
- Maternofetal and Embryo Research Group (MatE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor 40450, Malaysia.
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sg. Buloh Campus, Selangor 47000, Malaysia.
| | - Sharaniza Ab Rahim
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sg. Buloh Campus, Selangor 47000, Malaysia.
| | - Norashikin Mohamed Noor Khan
- Maternofetal and Embryo Research Group (MatE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor 40450, Malaysia.
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sg. Buloh Campus, Selangor 47000, Malaysia.
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17
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Chanomethaporn A, Chayasadom A, Wara-Aswapati N, Kongwattanakul K, Suwannarong W, Tangwanichgapong K, Sumanonta G, Matangkasombut O, Dasanayake AP, Pitiphat W. Association between periodontitis and spontaneous abortion: A case-control study. J Periodontol 2018; 90:381-390. [PMID: 30367824 DOI: 10.1002/jper.18-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous abortion, or miscarriage, is a complication of pregnancy which can severely affect women both physically and psychologically. We investigated the associations of periodontitis and periodontopathic bacteria with spontaneous abortion. METHODS We conducted a matched case-control study in two tertiary hospitals in Khon Kaen, Thailand. Cases were 85 women with spontaneous abortion at <20 weeks of gestation matched to 85 controls on age, gestational age, and hospital. Full-mouth periodontal examinations were performed. Periodontitis was defined as at least one site with probing depth ≥5 mm and clinical attachment level ≥2 mm at the same site. Subgingival plaque samples were collected to determine the levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Fusobacterium nucleatum using real time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The cases were significantly more likely to have periodontitis (50.6%) than the controls (21.2%; P = 0.007). Conditional logistic regression revealed a crude odds ratio (OR) of 4.1 for the association between periodontitis and spontaneous abortion (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.9-8.9, P = 0.001). The OR decreased, but was still significant, after controlling for previous miscarriage (OR = 3.3, 95% CI = 1.4-7.8, P = 0.006). There was no significant association between the levels of periodontopathic bacteria and spontaneous abortion. Increased levels of P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum were associated with periodontitis in both case and control groups. Association between increased T. forsythia levels and periodontitis was observed only in the case women. CONCLUSIONS Periodontitis was more common in women with spontaneous abortions as compared with matched controls. Levels of periodontopathic bacteria was not associated with spontaneous abortion in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchana Chanomethaporn
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Anek Chayasadom
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Nawarat Wara-Aswapati
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Systemic Diseases Associated with Oral Health Research Group, Khon Kaen University
| | | | - Waraporn Suwannarong
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | | | - Oranart Matangkasombut
- Department of Microbiology and Research Unit on Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ananda P Dasanayake
- Department of Epidemiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Waranuch Pitiphat
- Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Systemic Diseases Associated with Oral Health Research Group, Khon Kaen University.,Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University
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18
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Wang L, Yang Y, Liu F, Yang A, Xu Q, Wang Q, Shen H, Zhang Y, Yan D, Peng Z, He Y, Wang Y, Xu J, Zhao J, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Dai Q, Ma X. Paternal smoking and spontaneous abortion: a population-based retrospective cohort study among non-smoking women aged 20-49 years in rural China. J Epidemiol Community Health 2018; 72:783-789. [PMID: 29891638 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2017-210311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To comprehensively evaluate the association of paternal smoking and spontaneous abortion. METHODS We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study among 5 770 691 non-smoking rural Chinese women, along with their husbands, participating in the National Free Pre-Pregnancy Checkups Project, regarding outcome events that occurred in 2010-2016. The main outcome was spontaneous abortion (SA). Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate OR and 95% CI, and restricted cubic spline was used to estimate the non-linear relationship. RESULTS The multivariable-adjusted OR of exposure to paternal smoking for SA was 1.17 (95% CI 1.16 to 1.19), compared with women without exposure to paternal smoking; and corresponding OR of exposure to preconception paternal smoking for SA was 1.11 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.14), compared with women without exposure to preconception paternal smoking. The ORs of preconception paternal smoking also increased with increases in paternal smoking (pnonlinear<0.05, almost linearly shaped) and preconception paternal smoking (pnonlinear>0.05). In addition, periconception paternal smoking cessation was associated with an 18% (15%-22%) lower risk of SA. CONCLUSION Paternal smoking was associated with SA. The importance of tobacco control, specifically pertaining to paternal smoking, should be emphasised during preconception and pregnancy counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,School of Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Statistics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying Yang
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China.,National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
| | - Fangchao Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Aimin Yang
- School of Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Statistics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Qin Xu
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaomei Wang
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China.,Department of Maternal and Child Health, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the PRC, Beijing, China
| | - Haiping Shen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the PRC, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the PRC, Beijing, China
| | - Donghai Yan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the PRC, Beijing, China
| | - Zuoqi Peng
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China.,National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan He
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China.,National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China.,National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jihong Xu
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China.,National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China.,National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hongguang Zhang
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China.,National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China.,National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoyun Dai
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China.,National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Ma
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
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19
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Yildiz A, Vardi N, Karaaslan MG, Ates B, Taslidere E, Esrefoglu M. The protective effect of melatonin in lungs of newborn rats exposed to maternal nicotine. Biotech Histochem 2018; 93:442-452. [PMID: 29701082 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2018.1453548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated possible healing effects of melatonin (MEL) on biochemical and histological changes in the lungs of rat offspring caused by exposure to nicotine (NT) in utero. Pregnant rats were divided randomly into five groups. The SP group was treated with physiological saline. The EA group was treated with ethyl alcohol. The MEL group was treated with MEL. The NT group was treated with NT. The NT + MEL group was treated with NT and MEL. At the end of the study, the biochemistry and histopathology of lung tissue of the offspring were examined. Reduced alveolar development and increased numbers of alveolar macrophages and mast cells were observed in the NT group compared to the SP, EA and MEL groups. We also found increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decreased total glutathione (GSH) levels in the NT group. Application of MEL ameliorated the histological and biochemical damage caused by NT. The number of alveoli was greater in the NT + MEL group than in the NT group. Also, the increased numbers of alveolar macrophages and mast cells resulting from exposure to NT were decreased following MEL treatment. We found that MEL caused a significant decrease in the level of MDA. Maternal exposure to NT caused significant structural and biochemical changes in the lungs of the offspring and administration of MEL ameliorated the changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yildiz
- a Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Inonu University , Malatya
| | - N Vardi
- a Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Inonu University , Malatya
| | - M G Karaaslan
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art , Inonu University , Malatya
| | - B Ates
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art , Inonu University , Malatya
| | - E Taslidere
- c Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Bezmialem University , İstanbul , Turkey
| | - M Esrefoglu
- c Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Bezmialem University , İstanbul , Turkey
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20
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Mohd Mutalip SS, Ab-Rahim S, Rajikin MH. Vitamin E as an Antioxidant in Female Reproductive Health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:E22. [PMID: 29373543 PMCID: PMC5836012 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E was first discovered in 1922 as a substance necessary for reproduction. Following this discovery, vitamin E was extensively studied, and it has become widely known as a powerful lipid-soluble antioxidant. There has been increasing interest in the role of vitamin E as an antioxidant, as it has been discovered to lower body cholesterol levels and act as an anticancer agent. Numerous studies have reported that vitamin E exhibits anti-proliferative, anti-survival, pro-apoptotic, and anti-angiogenic effects in cancer, as well as anti-inflammatory activities. There are various reports on the benefits of vitamin E on health in general. However, despite it being initially discovered as a vitamin necessary for reproduction, to date, studies relating to its effects in this area are lacking. Hence, this paper was written with the intention of providing a review of the known roles of vitamin E as an antioxidant in female reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharaniza Ab-Rahim
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sg. Buloh Campus, Selangor 42300, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Hamim Rajikin
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sg. Buloh Campus, Selangor 42300, Malaysia.
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21
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The association between psychological stress and miscarriage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1731. [PMID: 28496110 PMCID: PMC5431920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01792-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to investigate whether maternal psychological stress and recent life events are associated with an increased risk of miscarriage. A literature search was conducted to identify studies reporting miscarriage in women with and without history of exposure to psychological stress (the only exposure considered). The search produced 1978 studies; 8 studies were suitable for analysis. A meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model with effect sizes weighted by the sampling variance. The risk of miscarriage was significantly higher in women with a history of exposure to psychological stress (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.19–1.70). These findings remained after controlling for study type (cohort and nested case-control study OR 1.33 95% CI 1.14–1.54), exposure types (work stress OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.10–1.47), types of controls included (live birth OR 2.82 95% CI: 1.64–4.86). We found no evidence that publication bias or study heterogeneity significantly influenced the results. Our finding provides the most robust evidence to date, that prior psychological stress is harmful to women in early pregnancy.
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22
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Akpak YK, Çekmez Y, Erdoğan Çakır A, Karaca N, Batmaz G, Gülşen S, Tuştaş Haberal E. An animal model of effects of nicotine exposure on endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation in pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 30:2818-2823. [PMID: 27884089 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1265499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims at evaluating the endometrial receptivity in uterus of pregnant rats exposed to nicotine via examination of integrin expression by immunohistochemical effect. METHODS In this study, 16 healthy pregnant rats were divided into two groups of control and study groups each comprising eight rats. The rats randomised to study group were given a certain amount of nicotine before and during the pregnancy. Integrin expression was detected in uterus of all rats by immunohistochemical staining. The effect of nicotine exposure on embryo implantation and the endometrial receptivity were immunohistochemically and pathologically evaluated. RESULTS Comparison of both groups revealed no difference in living, viable foetuses. Intensity and universality of immunohistochemical staining of Integrin β3 for endometrial epithelium and endometrial stroma were detected to be identical between the groups. CONCLUSION No immunochemical effect was observed on integrin expression, which is a very important part of receptivity in an animal model created with pregnant rats that were transdermally exposed to nicotine. Our study demonstrated that the harmful effect of nicotine use before and pregnancy on implantation is limited at the level of integrin expression, in a dose-dependent manner and also by considering the method of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaşam Kemal Akpak
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Yasemin Çekmez
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Umraniye Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Aslı Erdoğan Çakır
- c Department of Pathology , Medipol University Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Nilay Karaca
- d Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Bezmialem University Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Gonca Batmaz
- d Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Bezmialem University Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Serdar Gülşen
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Umraniye Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Esra Tuştaş Haberal
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Umraniye Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
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23
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Jackson C, Huque R, Satyanarayana V, Nasreen S, Kaur M, Barua D, Bhowmik PN, Guha M, Dherani M, Rahman A, Siddiqi K, Chandra PS. "He Doesn't Listen to My Words at All, So I Don't Tell Him Anything"-A Qualitative Investigation on Exposure to Second Hand Smoke among Pregnant Women, Their Husbands and Family Members from Rural Bangladesh and Urban India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13111098. [PMID: 27834841 PMCID: PMC5129308 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13111098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Second hand smoke (SHS) exposure during pregnancy is associated with poor pregnancy and fetal outcomes. To design interventions to reduce exposure, an in depth understanding of social and cultural factors of smoking behavior at home is important, especially in South Asia where SHS exposure is high. This study aimed to explore pregnant women's, their husbands' and other family members' knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding home SHS exposure. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 33 participants in Comilla, Bangladesh and 31 in Bangalore, India (36 pregnant women, 18 husbands, and 10 family members). Data were analyzed using the Framework approach. Husbands smoked in various living areas inside the home, often in the presence of their pregnant wives. Most had never tried to stop smoking at home. Knowledge of the risks was generally poor. Most women had repeatedly asked their husband to smoke outside with little success and only few family members had reprimanded the husbands. Husbands who had stopped did so because of requests from children and their mother. Potential strategies to decrease SHS exposure at home were educating the husband about risks and supporting the pregnant women in negotiation. Interventions must also enlist family support to enhance the woman's self-efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cath Jackson
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Rumana Huque
- ARK Foundation, House 130, Road 21, New DOHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1206, Bangladesh.
| | - Veena Satyanarayana
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India.
| | - Shammi Nasreen
- ARK Foundation, House 130, Road 21, New DOHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1206, Bangladesh.
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India.
| | - Deepa Barua
- ARK Foundation, House 130, Road 21, New DOHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1206, Bangladesh.
| | | | - Mithila Guha
- ARK Foundation, House 130, Road 21, New DOHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1206, Bangladesh.
| | - Mukesh Dherani
- Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK.
| | - Atif Rahman
- Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK.
| | - Kamran Siddiqi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Prabha S Chandra
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India.
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Morales-Suárez-Varela M, Nohr EA, Bech BH, Wu C, Olsen J. Smoking, physical exercise, BMI and late foetal death: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Eur J Epidemiol 2016; 31:999-1009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10654-016-0190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Ji B, Zhao GZ, Sakurai R, Cao Y, Zhang ZJ, Wang D, Yan MN, Rehan VK. Effect of Maternal Electroacupuncture on Perinatal Nicotine Exposure-Induced Lung Phenotype in Offspring. Lung 2016; 194:535-46. [PMID: 27179524 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-016-9899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pregnant women exposed to tobacco smoke predispose the offspring to many adverse consequences including an altered lung development and function. There is no effective therapeutic intervention to block the effects of smoke exposure on the developing lung. Clinical and animal studies demonstrate that acupuncture can modulate a variety of pathophysiological processes, including those involving the respiratory system; however, whether acupuncture affects the lung damage caused by perinatal smoke exposure is not known. METHODS To determine the effect of acupuncture on perinatal nicotine exposure on the developing lung, pregnant rat dams were administered (1) saline, (2) nicotine, or (3) nicotine + electroacupuncture (EA). Nicotine was administered (1 mg/kg subcutaneously) once a day and EA was applied to both "Zusanli" (ST 36) points. Both interventions were administered from gestational day 6 to postnatal day 21 (PND21), following which pups were sacrificed. Lungs, blood, and brain were collected to examine markers of lung injury, repair, and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. RESULTS Concomitant EA application blocked nicotine-induced changes in lung morphology, lung peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and wingless-int signaling, two key lung developmental signaling pathways, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (hypothalamic corticotropic releasing hormone and lung glucocorticoid receptor levels), and plasma β-endorphin levels. CONCLUSIONS Electroacupuncture blocks the nicotine-induced changes in lung developmental signaling pathways and the resultant myogenic lung phenotype, known to be present in the affected offspring. We conclude that EA is a promising novel intervention against the smoke exposed lung damage to the developing lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ji
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | | | - Reiko Sakurai
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Yu Cao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zi-Jian Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ming-Na Yan
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Virender K Rehan
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA.
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Polen KND, Sandhu PK, Honein MA, Green KK, Berkowitz JM, Pace J, Rasmussen SA. Knowledge and attitudes of adults towards smoking in pregnancy: results from the HealthStyles© 2008 survey. Matern Child Health J 2015; 19:144-54. [PMID: 24825031 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-014-1505-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Smoking during pregnancy is causally associated with many adverse health outcomes. Quitting smoking, even late in pregnancy, improves some outcomes. Among adults in general and reproductive-aged women, we sought to understand knowledge and attitudes towards prenatal smoking and its effects on pregnancy outcomes. Using data from the 2008 HealthStyles© survey, we assessed knowledge and attitudes about prenatal smoking and smoking cessation. We classified respondents as having high knowledge if they gave ≥ 5 correct responses to six knowledge questions regarding the health effects of prenatal smoking. We calculated frequencies of correct responses to assess knowledge about prenatal smoking and estimated relative risk to examine knowledge by demographic and lifestyle factors. Only 15 % of all respondents and 23 % of reproductive-aged women had high knowledge of the adverse effects of prenatal smoking on pregnancy outcomes. Preterm birth and low birth weight were most often recognized as adverse outcomes associated with prenatal smoking. Nearly 70 % of reproductive-aged women smokers reported they would quit smoking if they became pregnant without any specific reasons from their doctor. Few respondents recognized the benefits of quitting smoking after the first trimester of pregnancy. Our results suggest that many women lack knowledge regarding the increased risks for adverse outcomes associated with prenatal smoking. Healthcare providers should follow the recommendations provided by the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, which include educating women about the health risks of prenatal smoking and the benefits of quitting. Healthcare providers should emphasize quitting smoking even after the first trimester of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara N D Polen
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS E-86, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA,
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Moridi M, Ziaei S, Kazemnejad A. Exposure to ambient air pollutants and spontaneous abortion. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2015; 40:743-8. [PMID: 24738119 DOI: 10.1111/jog.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between ambient concentrations of air pollutants and first-trimester spontaneous abortion. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a retrospective case–control study, which was conducted on 296 women from June 2010 to February 2011 in Tehran, Iran. Cases were 148 women who experienced a spontaneous abortion before 14 weeks of gestation while the controls were 148 pregnant women after 14 weeks of gestation and groups were matched on sociodemographics and obstetrics characteristics. The samples were recruited randomly from 10 hospitals. In total, pollutants concentrations were collected at 29 stations hourly throughout the study area. We estimated the mean exposure for each participant and investigated the association between spontaneous abortion and ambient pollutants. RESULTS Findings demonstrated that the average of ambient air pollutants in the cases was significantly higher than in the controls (P < 0.05). The odd ratios of abortion in the areas with higher concentrations of CO, NO₂, O₃ and PM₁₀ were 1.98, 0.96, 0.94 and 1.01, respectively (P < 0.05). Also, the model showed that there was no significant association between prenatal exposures to SO₂ and abortion (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that pregnant women exposed to ambient air pollutants may be at increased risk of spontaneous abortion. Confirmation by further research is needed.
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Maternal nicotine exposure leads to impaired disulfide bond formation and augmented endoplasmic reticulum stress in the rat placenta. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122295. [PMID: 25811377 PMCID: PMC4374683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal nicotine exposure has been associated with many adverse fetal and placental outcomes. Although underlying mechanisms remain elusive, recent studies have identified that augmented endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is linked to placental insufficiency. Moreover, ER function depends on proper disulfide bond formation—a partially oxygen-dependent process mediated by protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and ER oxidoreductases. Given that nicotine compromised placental development in the rat, and placental insufficiency has been associated with poor disulfide bond formation and ER stress, we hypothesized that maternal nicotine exposure leads to both placental ER stress and impaired disulfide bond formation. To test this hypothesis, female Wistar rats received daily subcutaneous injections of either saline (vehicle) or nicotine bitartrate (1 mg/kg) for 14 days prior to mating and during pregnancy. Placentas were harvested on embryonic day 15 for analysis. Protein and mRNA expression of markers involved in ER stress (e.g., phosphorylated eIF2α, Grp78, Atf4, and CHOP), disulfide bond formation (e.g., PDI, QSOX1, VKORC1), hypoxia (Hif1α), and amino acid deprivation (GCN2) were quantified via Western blot and/or Real-time PCR. Maternal nicotine exposure led to increased expression of Grp78, phosphorylated eIF2α, Atf4, and CHOP (p<0.05) in the rat placenta, demonstrating the presence of augmented ER stress. Decreased expression of PDI and QSOX1 (p<0.05) reveal an impaired disulfide bond formation pathway, which may underlie nicotine-induced ER stress. Finally, elevated expression of Hif1α and GCN2 (p<0.05) indicate hypoxia and amino acid deprivation in nicotine-exposed placentas, respectively, which may also cause impaired disulfide bond formation and augmented ER stress. This study is the first to link maternal nicotine exposure with both placental ER stress and disulfide bond impairment in vivo, providing novel insight into the mechanisms underlying nicotine exposure during pregnancy on placental health.
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Xu XK, Wang YA, Li Z, Lui K, Sullivan EA. Risk factors associated with preterm birth among singletons following assisted reproductive technology in Australia 2007-2009--a population-based retrospective study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14:406. [PMID: 25481117 PMCID: PMC4266897 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-014-0406-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preterm birth, a leading cause of neonatal death, is more common in multiple births and thus there has being an increasing call for reducing multiple births in ART. However, few studies have compared risk factors for preterm births amongst ART and non-ART singleton birth mothers. Methods A population-based study of 393,450 mothers, including 12,105 (3.1%) ART mothers, with singleton gestations born between 2007 and 2009 in 5 of the 8 jurisdictions in Australia. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were conducted to evaluate socio-demographic, medical and pregnancy factors associated with preterm births in contrasting ART and non-ART mothers. Results Ten percent of singleton births to ART mothers were preterm compared to 6.8% for non-ART mothers (P < 0.01). Compared with non-ART mothers, ART mothers were older (mean 34.0 vs 29.7 yr respectively), less socio-economically disadvantaged (12.4% in the lowest quintile vs 20.7%), less likely to be smokers (3.8% vs 19.4%), more likely to be first time mothers (primiparous 62.4% vs 40.5%), had more preexisting hypertension and complications during pregnancy. Irrespective of the mode of conception, preexisting medical and pregnancy complications of hypertension, diabetes and antepartum hemorrhages were consistently associated with preterm birth. In contrast, socio-demographic variables, namely young and old maternal age (<25 and >34), socioeconomic disadvantage (most disadvantaged quintile Odds Ratio (OR) 0.95, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.77–1.17), smoking (OR 1.12, 95%CI: 0.79–1.61) and priminarity (OR 1.19, 95% CI: 1.05–1.35, AOR not significant) shown to be associated with elevated risk of preterm birth for non-ART mothers were not demonstrated for ART mothers, even after adjusting for potential confounders. Nonetheless, in multivariable analysis, the association between ART and the elevated risk for singleton preterm birth persisted after controlling for all included confounding medical, pregnancy and socio-economic factors (AOR 1.51, 95% CI: 1.42–1.61). Conclusions Preterm birth rate is approximately one-and-a-half-fold higher in ART mothers than non-ART mothers albeit for singleton births after controlling for confounding factors. However, ART mothers were less subject to the adverse influence from socio-demographic factors than non-ART mothers. This has implications for counselling prospective parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu K Xu
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington Campus, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Yueping A Wang
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick Hospitals Campus, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia. .,Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, City Campus, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Zhuoyang Li
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick Hospitals Campus, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia. .,Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, City Campus, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Kei Lui
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick Hospitals Campus, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia. .,Department of Newborn Care, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth A Sullivan
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick Hospitals Campus, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia. .,Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, City Campus, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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Wilde JJ, Petersen JR, Niswander L. Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental contributions to neural tube closure. Annu Rev Genet 2014; 48:583-611. [PMID: 25292356 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120213-092208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The formation of the embryonic brain and spinal cord begins as the neural plate bends to form the neural folds, which meet and adhere to close the neural tube. The neural ectoderm and surrounding tissues also coordinate proliferation, differentiation, and patterning. This highly orchestrated process is susceptible to disruption, leading to neural tube defects (NTDs), a common birth defect. Here, we highlight genetic and epigenetic contributions to neural tube closure. We describe an online database we created as a resource for researchers, geneticists, and clinicians. Neural tube closure is sensitive to environmental influences, and we discuss disruptive causes, preventative measures, and possible mechanisms. New technologies will move beyond candidate genes in small cohort studies toward unbiased discoveries in sporadic NTD cases. This will uncover the genetic complexity of NTDs and critical gene-gene interactions. Animal models can reveal the causative nature of genetic variants, the genetic interrelationships, and the mechanisms underlying environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Wilde
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045;
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Brown HK, Wilk P. Changes in Smoking During Pregnancy in Ontario, 1995 to 2010: Results From the Canadian Community Health Survey. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2014; 36:878-884. [DOI: 10.1016/s1701-2163(15)30436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Enkhmaa D, Warburton N, Javzandulam B, Uyanga J, Khishigsuren Y, Lodoysamba S, Enkhtur S, Warburton D. Seasonal ambient air pollution correlates strongly with spontaneous abortion in Mongolia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14:146. [PMID: 24758249 PMCID: PMC4024019 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Air pollution is a major health challenge worldwide and has previously been strongly associated with adverse reproductive health. This study aimed to examine the association between spontaneous abortion and seasonal variation of air pollutants in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Methods Monthly average O3, SO2, NO2, CO, PM10 and PM2.5 levels were measured at Mongolian Government Air Quality Monitoring stations. The medical records of 1219 women admitted to the hospital due to spontaneous abortion between 2009–2011 were examined retrospectively. Fetal deaths per calendar month from January-December, 2011 were counted and correlated with mean monthly levels of various air pollutants by means of regression analysis. Results Regression of ambient pollutants against fetal death as a dose–response toxicity curve revealed very strong dose–response correlations for SO2 r > 0.9 (p < 0.001) while similarly strongly significant correlation coefficients were found for NO2 (r > 0.8), CO (r > 0.9), PM10 (r > 0.9) and PM2.5 (r > 0.8), (p < 0.001), indicating a strong correlation between air pollution and decreased fetal wellbeing. Conclusion The present study identified alarmingly strong statistical correlations between ambient air pollutants and spontaneous abortion. Further studies need to be done to examine possible correlations between personal exposure to air pollutants and pregnancy loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Warburton
- The Lifespan Environmental Pollution Global Impact Center at The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard MS35, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
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Pineles BL, Park E, Samet JM. Systematic review and meta-analysis of miscarriage and maternal exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 179:807-23. [PMID: 24518810 PMCID: PMC3969532 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to characterize the relationship between smoking and miscarriage. We searched the PubMed database (1956-August 31, 2011) using keywords and conducted manual reference searches of included articles and reports of the US Surgeon General. The full text of 1,706 articles was reviewed, and 98 articles that examined the association between active or passive smoking and miscarriage were included in the meta-analysis. Data were abstracted by 2 reviewers. Any active smoking was associated with increased risk of miscarriage (summary relative risk ratio = 1.23, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16, 1.30; n = 50 studies), and this risk was greater when the smoking exposure was specifically defined as during the pregnancy in which miscarriage risk was measured (summary relative risk ratio = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.44; n = 25 studies). The risk of miscarriage increased with the amount smoked (1% increase in relative risk per cigarette smoked per day). Secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy increased the risk of miscarriage by 11% (95% CI: 0.95, 1.31; n = 17 studies). Biases in study publication, design, and analysis did not significantly affect the results. This finding strengthens the evidence that women should not smoke while pregnant, and all women of reproductive age should be warned that smoking increases the risk of miscarriage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan M. Samet
- Correspondence to Dr. Jonathan M. Samet, Soto Street Building, Suite 330A, 2001 North Soto Street, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9239 (e-mail:)
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Shinjo A, Ventura W, Koide K, Hori K, Yotsumoto J, Matsuoka R, Ichizuka K, Sekizawa A. Maternal Smoking and Placental Expression of a Panel of Genes Related to Angiogenesis and Oxidative Stress in Early Pregnancy. Fetal Diagn Ther 2014; 35:289-95. [DOI: 10.1159/000357704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hyland A, Piazza KM, Hovey KM, Ockene JK, Andrews CA, Rivard C, Wactawski-Wende J. Associations of lifetime active and passive smoking with spontaneous abortion, stillbirth and tubal ectopic pregnancy: a cross-sectional analysis of historical data from the Women's Health Initiative. Tob Control 2014; 24:328-35. [PMID: 24572626 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the associations between tobacco exposure and adverse pregnancy outcomes using quantitative measures of lifetime active smoking and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. METHODS Historical reproductive data on 80 762 women who participated in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study were examined with a cross-sectional analysis. We assessed self-reported lifetime active and passive tobacco smoke exposure, self-reported spontaneous abortions, stillbirths and ectopic pregnancies. RESULTS When compared with never-smoking women, participants who were ever active smokers during their reproductive years had ORs (OR) of 1.16 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.26) for 1 or more spontaneous abortions, 1.44 (95% CI 1.20 to 1.73) for 1 or more stillbirths, and 1.43 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.86) for 1 or more ectopic pregnancies. Never-smoking women participants with the highest levels of lifetime SHS exposure, including childhood >10 years, adult home >20 years and adult work exposure >10 years, when compared with never-smoking women with no SHS exposure had adjusted ORs of 1.17 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.30) for spontaneous abortion, 1.55 (95% CI 1.21 to 1.97) for stillbirth, and 1.61 (95% CI 1.16 to 2.24) for ectopic pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Women who were ever-smokers during their reproductive years had significantly greater estimates of risk for spontaneous abortion, stillbirth and tubal ectopic pregnancy. Never-smoking women with the highest levels of lifetime exposure to SHS had significantly increased estimates of risk for spontaneous abortion, stillbirth and tubal ectopic pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hyland
- Department of Health Behavior, Division of Cancer Prevention & Population Sciences, Buffalo, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, USA
| | - Kenneth M Piazza
- Department of Health Behavior, Division of Cancer Prevention & Population Sciences, Buffalo, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, USA
| | - Kathleen M Hovey
- Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, University at Buffalo School of Public Health & Health Professions, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Judith K Ockene
- Division of Preventive & Behavioral Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher A Andrews
- University at Buffalo School of Public Health & Health Professions, Department of Biostatistics, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Cheryl Rivard
- Department of Health Behavior, Division of Cancer Prevention & Population Sciences, Buffalo, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, USA
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, University at Buffalo School of Public Health & Health Professions, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Prenatal nicotine exposure increases anxiety and modifies sensorimotor integration behaviors in adult female mice. Neurosci Res 2014; 79:41-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Correlation between Abortion and Infertility among Nonsmoking Women with a History of Passive Smoking in Childhood and Adolescence. Int J Reprod Med 2014; 2014:678530. [PMID: 25763404 PMCID: PMC4334057 DOI: 10.1155/2014/678530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the correlation of exposing to the cigarette smoke in childhood and adolescence with infertility and abortion in women. This case-control study evaluated 178 women who had been attended to at the Amir-al-Momenin Hospital in Tehran in 2012-2013. Seventy-eight women with chief complaint of abortion, infertility, and missed abortion and 100 healthy women were considered as case and control groups, respectively. The tool was a questionnaire with two parts. In the first part demographic information was gathered and in the second part the information regarding the history of passive smoking in childhood and adolescence period, abortion, and infertility was gathered. The mean age in case and control groups was 26.24 ± 3.1 and 27.3 ± 4.2 years, respectively. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 25.74 ± 1.38 Kg/m2. Abortion rates among passive smoker and nonpassive smoker patients were statistically significant (P = 0.036). Based on findings of this study, the experience of being a passive smoker in childhood and adolescence in women will increase the risk of abortion and infertility in the future, which could be the reason to encourage the society to step back from smoking cigarettes.
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Slama R, Cordier S. Impact des facteurs environnementaux physiques et chimiques sur le déroulement et les issues de grossesse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 42:413-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Tobacco exposure increases mortality and morbidity of the fetus, the child, the adolescent, and their children in turn. Nearly half the children in the world are exposed. Smoking is not merely personal choice or personal responsibility; those subtle phrases undermine those who have no choice in the matter. Tobacco control must take a multi-pronged attack. Smoking cessation by adults in childbearing years must take center stage of these efforts, because it is the only way to ensure a smoke-free environment for children. Smoke-free parents provide a role model for smoke-free young people, and erode the image of smoking as a desirable adult behavior to emulate. Pediatricians and pediatric pulmonologists have a key role to play here. This goal will reduce morbidity and mortality among adults and children. Legislation regarding taxation, environments, tobacco constituents, product placement and display, packaging, and media education are all key to this core goal. Smoke-free policy must be protected from attack based on trade agreements. Research is needed into more effective ways to attract and help people give up smoking, and into educating and re-deploying tobacco industry workers in emerging and developed countries.
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Santiago SE, Huffman KJ. Postnatal effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on body weight, brain size and cortical connectivity in mice. Neurosci Res 2012; 73:282-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Dendana M, Messaoudi S, Hizem S, Jazia KB, Almawi WY, Gris JC, Mahjoub T. Endothelial protein C receptor 1651C/G polymorphism and soluble endothelial protein C receptor levels in women with idiopathic recurrent miscarriage. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2012; 23:30-4. [PMID: 22036807 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e328349cae5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
High levels of soluble endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) induce coagulation dysfunction by inhibiting protein C activation, and activated protein C (APC) activity. We tested whether EPCR 1651C/G promoter variant and changes in plasma soluble EPCR levels are risk factors for idiopathic recurrent spontaneous miscarriage (RSM). A case-control study involving 283 RSM cases and 380 age and BMI-matched control women. EPCR 1651C/G genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP method. Plasma-soluble EPCR levels were measured with ELISA. The 1651G allele frequency and C/G genotype were significantly higher in RSM cases than controls; none of the cases or control participants was a 1651G/G homozygote. Lower soluble EPCR levels were seen in RSM cases compared to controls, and higher soluble EPCR levels were seen in 1651C/G compared to 1651C/C carriers in cases and controls. Lower soluble EPCR levels were seen in cases, both in 1651C/C (P = 0.0046) and 1651C/G (P = 0.0032) genotype carriers. Multivariate analysis demonstrated strong association of EPCR 1651C/G [P = 0.011; adjusted odds ratio (aOR) (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.13 (1.31-7.60)], but not soluble EPCR plasma levels [P = 0.067; aOR (95% CI) = 1.01 (1.00-1.10)], with increased RSM risk. In addition, smoking was independently associated with increased RSM risk [P = 0.002; aOR (95% CI) = 2.86 (1.48-5.52)]. EPCR 1651C/G polymorphism and elevated soluble EPCR levels but low soluble EPCR levels increase the risk of idiopathic RSM. Replication studies on other racial groups, and other EPCR gene variants, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Dendana
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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Khalki H, Khalki L, Aboufatima R, Ouachrif A, Mountassir M, Benharref A, Chait A. Prenatal exposure to tobacco extract containing nicotinic alkaloids produces morphological and behavioral changes in newborn rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 101:342-7. [PMID: 22306748 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco exposure is not only a health concern for adults but has also been shown to exert deleterious effects on the health of the fetus, newborn, child, and adolescent. Decreased cognitive function, lower Intellectual Quotient (IQ) and deficits in learning and memory in children have been associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy. In this study, we have studied the effect of a tobacco plant extract on the growth and development in the rat. The extract contained relative proportions of alkaloids, including nicotine, purified by chemical separation. Pregnant rats received oral doses of either control (NaCl) or tobacco extract during the entire gestational period. Offspring length and body weight were measured. Each day, the offspring were observed for the following physical parameters: hair growth, incisor eruption and eye opening. The day of appearance of these developments was recorded. Before weaning, the offspring were examined to test their cliff avoidance response (6 postnatal day (PN)), surface righting reflex (05, 07, 13 postnatal day), swimming development (10, 12 postnatal day), negative geotaxis response (7,9,13 and 17 postnatal day) and jumping down choice cage (15, 17 postnatal day). Administration of tobacco extract to dams during the entire gestation period affects behavior and development in pups. The observed effects were a delay in opening eyes, incisor eruption and hair appearance, behavioral developments and an alteration in the rate of success behavior. However, in the jumping down choice cage test there was no difference compared to control animals. The results suggest that tobacco extract has a significant effect on the development of behavioral patterns, orientation and motor coordination and function. They also suggest significant growth retardation and teratogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Khalki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco.
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Lim R, Sobey CG. Maternal nicotine exposure and fetal programming of vascular oxidative stress in adult offspring. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1397-9. [PMID: 21585345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the well-known harmful effects, many women continue to smoke throughout pregnancy. Consequently, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) - which has been developed as a pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation - has been used as an alternative to smoking during pregnancy. However, like cigarette smoking, NRT results in biologically significant levels of nicotine crossing the placenta, leading to both fetal and neonatal exposure to nicotine, and yet, NRT safety during pregnancy has not been extensively evaluated. There is now evidence from studies in rats that maternal nicotine exposure throughout gestation results in fetal programming of vascular oxidative stress in the offspring during adulthood. This phenomenon involves vascular dysfunction mediated by reactive oxygen species in association with decreased superoxide dismutase activity and increased Nox2-NADPH oxidase expression in the vascular wall. If this phenomenon also occurs in humans, either smoking or NRT use during pregnancy may represent a novel risk factor for the unborn that results in accelerated cardiovascular disease in their adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lim
- The Ritchie Centre, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Kazemi A, Ehsanpour S, Nekoei-Zahraei NS. A randomized trial to promote health belief and to reduce environmental tobacco smoke exposure in pregnant women. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2012; 27:151-159. [PMID: 22052216 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyr102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is widespread among women in Iran. This study aimed to explore the impact of education on health belief and environmental tobacco smoke exposure in pregnant women. This randomized trial was administrated to 130 pregnant women exposed to ETS. The face-to-face education was provided for the intervention group after completing the questionnaire compiled on the constructs of the health belief model and self-reports of weekly ETS exposure. The theoretical constructs and weekly ETS exposure were compared in the study groups at the intake, third, fourth and fifth sections. In the intervention group, perceived susceptibility/severity and perceived benefits increased and the weekly ETS exposure decreased on the third as opposed to the first section (P < 0.05). Perceived susceptibility/severity and benefits significantly correlated with weekly ETS exposure in the intervention group (P < 0.05). The findings of this study point to the fact that education about the impacts of ETS exposure of pregnant women is an effective way to increase the theoretical constructs according to the health belief model and is associated with a reduction of ETS exposure. But this is not sufficient for making smoke-free homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Kazemi
- Maternal & Child Health Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezarjerib St. Isfahan, Iran.
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Spezielle Arzneimitteltherapie in der Schwangerschaft. ARZNEIMITTEL IN SCHWANGERSCHAFT UND STILLZEIT 2012. [PMCID: PMC7271212 DOI: 10.1016/b978-3-437-21203-1.10002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Effet du tabagisme sur l’implantation embryonnaire et la placentation précoce et facteurs influençant la toxicité tabagique sur la reproduction (Partie II). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 39:567-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2011.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kumar S. Occupational, Environmental and Lifestyle Factors Associated With Spontaneous Abortion. Reprod Sci 2011; 18:915-30. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719111413298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Division of Reproductive and Cytotoxicology, National Institute of Occupational Health (ICMR), Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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48
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Lower glial metabolite levels in brains of young children with prenatal nicotine exposure. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2011; 7:243-52. [PMID: 21912896 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-011-9311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Many pregnant women smoke cigarettes during pregnancy, but the effect of nicotine on the developing human brain is not well understood, especially in young children. This study aims to determine the effects of prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) on brain metabolite levels in young (3-4 years old) children, using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS). Twenty-six children with PNE and 24 nicotine-unexposed children (controls) were evaluated with a structured examination, a battery of neuropsychological tests, and MRI/(1)H MRS (without sedation). Concentrations of N-acetyl compounds (NA), total creatine (tCR), choline-containing compounds (CHO), myo-inositol (MI), and glutamate+glutamine (GLX) were measured in four brain regions. Children with PNE had similar performance to controls on neuropsychological testing. However, compared to controls, the PNE group had lower MI (repeated measures ANOVA-p = 0.03) and tCr levels (repeated measures ANOVA-p = 0.003), especially in the basal ganglia of the girls (-19.3%, p = 0.01). In contrast, GLX was elevated in the anterior cingulate cortex of the PNE children (+9.4%, p = 0.03), and those with the highest GLX levels had the poorest performance on vocabulary (r = -0.67; p < 0.001) and visual motor integration (r = -0.53; p = 0.01). The amount of prenatal nicotine exposure did not correlate with metabolite concentrations. These findings suggest that PNE may lead to subclinical abnormalities in glial development, especially in the basal ganglia, and regionally specific changes in other neurometabolites. These alterations were not influenced by the amount of nicotine exposure prenatally. However, the effects of PNE on energy metabolism may be sex specific, with greater alterations in girls.
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Duong A, Steinmaus C, McHale CM, Vaughan CP, Zhang L. Reproductive and developmental toxicity of formaldehyde: a systematic review. Mutat Res 2011; 728:118-38. [PMID: 21787879 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde, the recently classified carcinogen and ubiquitous environmental contaminant, has long been suspected of causing adverse reproductive and developmental effects, but previous reviews were inconclusive, due in part, to limitations in the design of many of the human population studies. In the current review, we systematically evaluated evidence of an association between formaldehyde exposure and adverse reproductive and developmental effects, in human populations and in vivo animal studies, in the peer-reviewed literature. The mostly retrospective human studies provided evidence of an association of maternal exposure with adverse reproductive and developmental effects. Further assessment of this association by meta-analysis revealed an increased risk of spontaneous abortion (1.76, 95% CI 1.20-2.59, p=0.002) and of all adverse pregnancy outcomes combined (1.54, 95% CI 1.27-1.88, p<0.001), in formaldehyde-exposed women, although differential recall, selection bias, or confounding cannot be ruled out. Evaluation of the animal studies including all routes of exposure, doses and dosing regimens studied, suggested positive associations between formaldehyde exposure and reproductive toxicity, mostly in males. Potential mechanisms underlying formaldehyde-induced reproductive and developmental toxicities, including chromosome and DNA damage (genotoxicity), oxidative stress, altered level and/or function of enzymes, hormones and proteins, apoptosis, toxicogenomic and epigenomic effects (such as DNA methylation), were identified. To clarify these associations, well-designed molecular epidemiologic studies, that include quantitative exposure assessment and diminish confounding factors, should examine both reproductive and developmental outcomes associated with exposure in males and females. Together with mechanistic and animal studies, this will allow us to better understand the systemic effect of formaldehyde exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Duong
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Benedict MD, Missmer SA, Vahratian A, Berry KF, Vitonis AF, Cramer DW, Meeker JD. Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure is associated with increased risk of failed implantation and reduced IVF success. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:2525-31. [PMID: 21771769 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infertility and early pregnancy loss are prevalent as is exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke (STS). Previous research has suggested a relationship between STS exposure and early pregnancy loss, but studies have been limited by small study sizes and/or imprecise methods for exposure estimation. IVF allows for the collection of follicular fluid (FF), the fluid surrounding the pre-ovulatory oocyte, which may be a more biologically relevant sample media than urine or serum in studies of early reproduction. METHODS In a retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort study, we measured cotinine in FF collected during 3270 IVF treatment cycles from 1909 non-smoking women between 1994 and 2003 to examine the relationship between STS exposure and implantation failure. RESULTS In adjusted models, we found a significant increase in the risk of implantation failure among women exposed to STS compared with those unexposed [odds ratio (OR) = 1.52; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.20-1.92; risk ratio (RR) = 1.17; 95% CI = 1.10-1.25]. We also found a significant decrease in the odds for a live birth among STS-exposed women (OR = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.57-0.99; RR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.66-0.99). CONCLUSIONS Female STS exposure, estimated through the measurement of cotinine in FF, is associated with an increased risk of implantation failure and reduced odds of a live birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merle D Benedict
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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