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Song G, Chung JE, Yee J, Lee KE, Park K, Gwak HS. Effects of SLCO1B1 and SLCO1B3 Genetic Polymorphisms on Valsartan Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Korean Volunteers. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11090862. [PMID: 34575639 PMCID: PMC8467379 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11090862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to examine OATP1B1 (SLCO1B1) and OATP1B3 (SLCO1B3) on the pharmacokinetics of valsartan. Twenty-five subjects were genotyped for 16 single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the SLCO1B1 and SLCO1B3 genes. Methods: After a single dose of 160 mg of valsartan was orally administered to healthy male volunteers, drug concentrations were assayed up to 48 h. The 25 subjects were genotyped for 16 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the SLCO1B1 and SLCO1B3 genes. Subjects were classified into groups according to their SLCO1B1*1B haplotype; 23 subjects were carriers of SLCO1B1*1B and two subjects were included in the reference group with SLCO1B1*1A/*1A. Alternations of the splicing factor-binding site pattern caused by the given mutation were evaluated with the Human Splicing Finder (HSF) 3.1. Results: The subjects who carried SLCO1B1*1B showed a 2.3-fold higher clearance than those without the *1B haplotype. Mean Cmax and AUCinf were reduced by 45% and 54%, respectively, in the SLCO1B1*1B genotype group compared to the reference group with the *1A/*1A genotype (p < 0.01). The carriers of the rs4149153 T allele of SLCO1B3 had a 27% lower mean Cmax and a 1.5-fold higher Vd compared to homozygotic CC carriers (p < 0.05). In a combined analysis of SLCO1B1 and SLCO1B3, subjects not carrying SLCO1B1 *1B and carrying SLCO1B3 rs4149153 T allele showed a 1.6-fold higher clearance than those with the other genotypes, whereas mean Cmax and AUClast were reduced by 35% and 42%, respectively (p < 0.05), in the subjects. HSF 3.1 analysis showed that rs4149153 could cause alterations of the acceptor splice site (TAAATACTAAAGAC to TAAATATTAAAGAC) with scoring change (from 72.57 to 71.92, difference = −0.9). Conclusion: It was found that plasma exposure to valsartan is significantly decreased in SLCO1B1*1B carriers and carriers of the rs4149153 T allele of SLCO1B3, possibly as a result of increased hepatic uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonjin Song
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Sedaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea; (G.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jee-Eun Chung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 15588, Korea;
| | - Jeong Yee
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Sedaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea; (G.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Kyung-Eun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 660-1, Yeonje-ri, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju 28160, Korea;
| | - Kyungsoo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaeemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (H.-S.G.); Tel.: +82-2-2228-1730 (K.P.); +82-2-3277-4376 (H.-S.G.); Fax: +82-2-313-1894 (K.P.); +82-2-3277-2851 (H.-S.G.)
| | - Hye-Sun Gwak
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Sedaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea; (G.S.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (H.-S.G.); Tel.: +82-2-2228-1730 (K.P.); +82-2-3277-4376 (H.-S.G.); Fax: +82-2-313-1894 (K.P.); +82-2-3277-2851 (H.-S.G.)
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Tsuboya A, Kubota Y, Ishida H, Ohkuma R, Ishiguro T, Hirasawa Y, Ariizumi H, Tsunoda T, Sasaki Y, Matsumoto N, Kondo Y, Tomoda Y, Kusuhara H, Fujita KI. Minimal contribution of the hepatic uptake transporter OATP1B1 to the inter-individual variability in SN-38 pharmacokinetics in cancer patients without severe renal failure. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 88:543-553. [PMID: 34117512 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE SN-38, a pharmacologically active metabolite of irinotecan, is taken up into hepatocytes by organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1. The effects of functional OATP1B1 521T>C on the pharmacokinetics of SN-38 remain controversial. Here, we prospectively examined the effects of OATP1B1 function on the area under the plasma total or unbound concentration-time curve (tAUC or uAUC) of SN-38 by assessing OATP1B1 521T>C and the plasma levels of endogenous OATP1B1 substrates, coproporphyrin (CP)-I and III, in cancer patients treated with irinotecan. METHODS We enrolled cancer patients who were treated with an irinotecan-containing regimen and did not have severe renal failure. The total and unbound concentrations of SN-38 in the plasma were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. AUC values were calculated and normalized to the actual irinotecan dose (AUC/dose). The OATP1B1 521T>C was analyzed by direct sequencing. Concentrations of the endogenous substrates in plasma before irinotecan treatment (baseline) were determined by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Twenty-two patients with a median estimated glomerular filtration rate of 74.8 mL/min (range 32.6-99.6) were examined. Both tAUC/dose and uAUC/dose were associated with the grade of neutropenia; however, they were not associated with OATP1B1 521T>C or baseline CP-I and III levels. It is worth noting that these baseline concentrations were significantly higher in patients with OATP1B1 521C, supporting functional changes in OATP1B1. CONCLUSION The contribution of OATP1B1 activity to inter-patient variability in the systemic exposure to SN-38 is likely minimal in patients without severe renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Tsuboya
- Division of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Pharmacy, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.,Department of Pharmacy, Kawasaki Municipal Tama Hospital, 1‑30‑37, Shukugawara, Tama‑ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214‑8525, Japan
| | - Yutaro Kubota
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroo Ishida
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Ohkuma
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ishiguro
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yuya Hirasawa
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Ariizumi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Takuya Tsunoda
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yasutsuna Sasaki
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Natsumi Matsumoto
- Division of Cancer Genome and Pharmacotherapy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Showa University School of Pharmacy, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kondo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongou, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yukana Tomoda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongou, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongou, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Fujita
- Division of Cancer Genome and Pharmacotherapy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Showa University School of Pharmacy, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
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Nie Y, Yang J, Liu S, Sun R, Chen H, Long N, Jiang R, Gui C. Genetic polymorphisms of human hepatic OATPs: functional consequences and effect on drug pharmacokinetics. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:297-317. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1629043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingmin Nie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jingjie Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ruiqi Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huihui Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Nan Long
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunshan Gui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Yamada Y, Fujii H, Ohata K, Kato-Hayashi H, Watanabe D, Ishihara T, Uemura S, Iwashita T, Imai H, Matsuhashi N, Takahashi T, Sugiyama T, Shimizu M, Yoshida K, Suzuki A. High total bilirubin level is a significant risk factor for severe neutropenia in patients receiving irinotecan-based chemotherapy. Med Oncol 2019; 36:63. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-019-1288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Schulte RR, Ho RH. Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides: Emerging Roles in Cancer Pharmacology. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 95:490-506. [PMID: 30782852 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.114314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are a superfamily of drug transporters involved in the uptake and disposition of a wide array of structurally divergent endogenous and exogenous substrates, including steroid hormones, bile acids, and commonly used drugs, such as anti-infectives, antihypertensives, and cholesterol lowering agents. In the past decade, OATPs, primarily OATP1A2, OATP1B1, and OATP1B3, have emerged as potential mediators of chemotherapy disposition, including drugs such as methotrexate, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, irinotecan and its important metabolite 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin, and certain tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Furthermore, OATP family members are polymorphic and numerous studies have shown OATP variants to have differential uptake, disposition, and/or pharmacokinetics of numerous drug substrates with important implications for interindividual differences in efficacy and toxicity. Additionally, certain OATPs have been found to be overexpressed in a variety of human solid tumors, including breast, liver, colon, pancreatic, and ovarian cancers, suggesting potential roles for OATPs in tumor development and progression and as novel targets for cancer therapy. This review focuses on the emerging roles for selected OATPs in cancer pharmacology, including preclinical and clinical studies suggesting roles in chemotherapy disposition, the pharmacogenetics of OATPs in cancer therapy, and OATP overexpression in various tumor tissues with implications for OATPs as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael R Schulte
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Richard H Ho
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Zhong Z, Wu H, Li B, Li C, Liu Z, Yang M, Zhang Q, Zhong W, Zhao P. Analysis of SLCO1B1 and APOE genetic polymorphisms in a large ethnic Hakka population in southern China. J Clin Lab Anal 2018; 32:e22408. [PMID: 29424099 PMCID: PMC6817202 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Statins are the most widely used lipid-lowering drugs, which have a significant effect on the inhibition of cardiovascular disease. The efficacy and side effects of statins are associated with the polymorphisms of SLCO1B1 and APOE genes. The purpose of this study was to analyze the SLCO1B1 and APOE gene polymorphisms in the Hakka population of southern China. METHODS A total of 3249 subjects including 2019 males and 1230 females participated in this study. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-fluorescence probe technique for polymorphisms analysis and analyzed the genotypes frequencies of SLCO1B1 and APOE genes. RESULTS The frequencies of SLCO1B1 521T>C between men and women were statistically significant (SLCO1B1 521TT, χ2 = 8.431, P = .004; SLCO1B1 521TC, χ2 = 7.436, P = .007). The frequencies of haplotypes *1b/*1b (40.07%) and *1a/*1b (32.56%) of SLCO1B1 gene accounted for 72.63%, followed by *1b/*15(14.40%), *1a/*1a (5.82%), *1a/*15 (5.57%), *15/*15 (1.45%), and *1a/*5 (0.12%). The frequencies of haplotypes *1a/*15 and *1b/*1b of SLCO1B1 gene between men and women were statistically significant (*1a/*15, χ2 = 6.789, P = .009; *1b/*1b, χ2 = 3.998, P = .004). In this study, genotype ɛ3/ɛ3 accounted for 69.04%, followed by ɛ3/ɛ4 (16.19%), ɛ2/ɛ3 (11.60%), ɛ2/ɛ4 (1.35%), ɛ4/ɛ4 (1.08%), and ɛ2/ɛ2 (0.74%) in all subjects, in which ɛ3 had the greatest allele frequency (82.93%), followed by ɛ4 (9.85%) and ɛ2 (7.22%). We found that 47 subjects carrying the SLCO1B1 521 (CC) polymorphism who had not any myopathy caused by statins. CONCLUSIONS We analyzed the SLCO1B1 and APOE gene polymorphisms in the Hakka population of southern China. This study provides a reference for the individualized meditation for Hakka population in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Zhong
- Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesMeizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat‐sen UniversityMeizhouChina
- Clinical Core LaboratoryMeizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat‐sen UniversityMeizhouChina
| | - Heming Wu
- Clinical Core LaboratoryMeizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat‐sen UniversityMeizhouChina
- Center for Precision MedicineMeizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat‐sen UniversityMeizhouChina
| | - Bin Li
- Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesMeizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat‐sen UniversityMeizhouChina
- Clinical Core LaboratoryMeizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat‐sen UniversityMeizhouChina
| | - Cunren Li
- Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesMeizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat‐sen UniversityMeizhouChina
- Clinical Core LaboratoryMeizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat‐sen UniversityMeizhouChina
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesMeizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat‐sen UniversityMeizhouChina
- Clinical Core LaboratoryMeizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat‐sen UniversityMeizhouChina
| | - Min Yang
- Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesMeizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat‐sen UniversityMeizhouChina
- Clinical Core LaboratoryMeizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat‐sen UniversityMeizhouChina
| | - Qifeng Zhang
- Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesMeizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat‐sen UniversityMeizhouChina
- Clinical Core LaboratoryMeizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat‐sen UniversityMeizhouChina
| | - Wei Zhong
- Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesMeizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat‐sen UniversityMeizhouChina
- Clinical Core LaboratoryMeizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat‐sen UniversityMeizhouChina
| | - Pingsen Zhao
- Clinical Core LaboratoryMeizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat‐sen UniversityMeizhouChina
- Center for Precision MedicineMeizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat‐sen UniversityMeizhouChina
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Ahmed S, Zhou Z, Zhou J, Chen SQ. Pharmacogenomics of Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters: Relevance to Precision Medicine. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2016; 14:298-313. [PMID: 27729266 PMCID: PMC5093856 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The interindividual genetic variations in drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters influence the efficacy and toxicity of numerous drugs. As a fundamental element in precision medicine, pharmacogenomics, the study of responses of individuals to medication based on their genomic information, enables the evaluation of some specific genetic variants responsible for an individual’s particular drug response. In this article, we review the contributions of genetic polymorphisms to major individual variations in drug pharmacotherapy, focusing specifically on the pharmacogenomics of phase-I drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Substantial frequency differences in key variants of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters, as well as their possible functional consequences, have also been discussed across geographic regions. The current effort illustrates the common presence of variability in drug responses among individuals and across all geographic regions. This information will aid health-care professionals in prescribing the most appropriate treatment aimed at achieving the best possible beneficial outcomes while avoiding unwanted effects for a particular patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabbir Ahmed
- Department of Precision Medicine and Biopharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhan Zhou
- Department of Precision Medicine and Biopharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Precision Medicine and Biopharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shu-Qing Chen
- Department of Precision Medicine and Biopharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; International Center for Precision Medicine, Zhejiang California International NanoSystems Institute, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Chen S, Sutiman N, Zhang CZ, Yu Y, Lam S, Khor CC, Chowbay B. Pharmacogenetics of irinotecan, doxorubicin and docetaxel transporters in Asian and Caucasian cancer patients: a comparative review. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:502-540. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1226896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kulkarni P, Korzekwa K, Nagar S. Intracellular Unbound Atorvastatin Concentrations in the Presence of Metabolism and Transport. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 359:26-36. [PMID: 27451408 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.235689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate prediction of drug target activity and rational dosing regimen design require knowledge of drug concentrations at the target. It is important to understand the impact of processes such as membrane permeability, partitioning, and active transport on intracellular drug concentrations. The present study aimed to predict intracellular unbound atorvastatin concentrations and characterize the effect of enzyme-transporter interplay on these concentrations. Single-pass liver perfusion studies were conducted in rats using atorvastatin (ATV, 1 µM) alone at 4°C and at 37°C in presence of rifampin (RIF, 20 µM) and 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT, 1 mM), separately and in combination. The unbound intracellular ATV concentration was predicted with a five-compartment explicit membrane model using the parameterized diffusional influx clearance, active basolateral uptake clearance, and metabolic clearance. Chemical inhibition of uptake and metabolism at 37°C proved to be better controls relative to studies at 4°C. The predicted unbound intracellular concentration at the end of the 50-minute perfusion in the +ABT , +ABT+RIF, and the ATV-only groups was 6.5 µM, 0.58 µM, and 5.14 µM, respectively. The predicted total liver concentrations and amount recovered in bile were within 0.94-1.3 fold of the observed value in all groups. The fold difference in total liver concentration did not always extrapolate to the fold difference in predicted unbound concentration across groups. Together, these results support the use of compartmental modeling to predict intracellular concentrations in dynamic organ-based systems. These predictions can provide insight into the role of uptake transporters and metabolizing enzymes in determining drug tissue concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth Korzekwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Swati Nagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Zaïr ZM, Singer DR. Influx transporter variants as predictors of cancer chemotherapy-induced toxicity: systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 17:1189-1205. [PMID: 27380948 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2015-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Chemotherapeutic agents have been shown to increase lung patient survival, however their use may be limited by their serious adverse effects. We aimed to assess int impact of pharmacogenetic variation of influx transporters on inter-individual patient variation in adverse drug reactions. PATIENTS & METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis and systemic review and identified 16 publications, totaling 1510 patients, to be eligible for review. RESULTS Meta-analysis showed east-Asian patients expressing SLCO1B1 521T>C or 1118G>A to have a two- to fourfold increased risk of irinotecan-induced neutropenia but not diarrhea. American patients, expressing SLC19A1 IVS2(4935) G>A, were further associated with pemetrexed/gemcitabine-induced grade 3+ leukopenia. CONCLUSION Future studies should look to robust validation of SLCO1B1 and SLC19A1 as prognostic markers in the management of lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donald Rj Singer
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Fellowship of Postgraduate Medicine 11 Chandos Street, London, UK
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Durmus S, van Hoppe S, Schinkel AH. The impact of Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptides (OATPs) on disposition and toxicity of antitumor drugs: Insights from knockout and humanized mice. Drug Resist Updat 2016; 27:72-88. [PMID: 27449599 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs), especially members of the OATP1A/1B family, can have a major impact on the disposition and elimination of a variety of endogenous molecules and drugs. Owing to their prominent expression in the sinusoidal plasma membrane of hepatocytes, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 play key roles in the hepatic uptake and plasma clearance of a multitude of structurally diverse anti-cancer and other drugs. Here, we present a thorough assessment of the currently available OATP1A and OATP1B knockout and transgenic mouse models as key tools to study OATP functions in vivo. We discuss recent studies using these models demonstrating the importance of OATPs, primarily in the plasma and hepatic clearance of anticancer drugs such as taxanes, irinotecan/SN-38, methotrexate, doxorubicin, and platinum compounds. We further discuss recent work on OATP-mediated drug-drug interactions in these mouse models, as well as on the role of OATP1A/1B proteins in the phenomenon of hepatocyte hopping, an efficient and flexible way of liver detoxification for both endogenous and exogenous substrates. Interestingly, glucuronide conjugates of both the heme breakdown product bilirubin and the protein tyrosine kinase-targeted anticancer drug sorafenib are strongly affected by this process. The clinical relevance of variation in OATP1A/1B activity in patients has been previously revealed by the effects of polymorphic variants and drug-drug interactions on drug toxicity. The development of in vivo tools to study OATP1A/1B functions has greatly advanced our mechanistic understanding of their functional role in drug pharmacokinetics, and their implications for therapeutic efficacy and toxic side effects of anticancer and other drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvi Durmus
- Bilkent University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 06800 Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Stéphanie van Hoppe
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Molecular Oncology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred H Schinkel
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Molecular Oncology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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SLCO1B1 Variants and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor (Enalapril)-Induced Cough: a Pharmacogenetic Study. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17253. [PMID: 26607661 PMCID: PMC4660479 DOI: 10.1038/srep17253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical observations suggest that incidence of cough in Chinese taking angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors is much higher than other racial groups. Cough is the most common adverse reaction of enalapril. We investigate whether SLCO1B1 genetic polymorphisms, previously reported to be important determinants of inter-individual variability in enalapril pharmacokinetics, are associated with the enalapril-induced cough. A cohort of 450 patients with essential hypertension taking 10 mg enalapril maleate were genotyped for the functional SLCO1B1 variants, 388A > G (Asn130Asp, rs2306283) and 521T > C (Val174Ala, rs4149056). The primary endpoint was cough, which was recorded when participants were bothered by cough and respiratory symptoms during enalapril treatment without an identifiable cause. SLCO1B1 521C allele conferred a 2-fold relative risk of enalapril-induced cough (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.34-3.04, P = 6.2 × 10(-4)), and haplotype analysis suggested the relative risk of cough was 6.94-fold (95% CI = 1.30-37.07, P = 0.020) in SLCO1B1*15/*15 carriers. Furthermore, there was strong evidence for a gene-dose effect (percent with cough in those with 0, 1, or 2 copy of the 521C allele: 28.2%, 42.5%, and 71.4%, trend P = 6.6 × 10(-4)). Our study highlights, for the first time, SLCO1B1 variants are strongly associated with an increased risk of enalapril-induced cough. The findings will be useful to provide pharmacogenetic markers for enalapril treatment.
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Fujita KI, Kubota Y, Ishida H, Sasaki Y. Irinotecan, a key chemotherapeutic drug for metastatic colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:12234-12248. [PMID: 26604633 PMCID: PMC4649109 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i43.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Irinotecan hydrochloride is a camptothecin derivative that exerts antitumor activity against a variety of tumors. SN-38 produced in the body by carboxylesterase is the active metabolite of irinotecan. After irinotecan was introduced for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) at the end of the last century, survival has improved dramatically. Irinotecan is now combined with 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin and several molecularly-targeted anticancer drugs, resulting in the extension of overall survival to longer than 30 mo. Severe, occasionally life-threatening toxicity occurs sporadically, even in patients in relatively good condition who have a low risk of chemotherapy-induced toxicity, often causing the failure of irinotecan-based chemotherapy. Clinical pharmacological studies have revealed that such severe toxicity is related to exposure to SN-38 and genetic polymorphisms in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 gene. The large inter- and intra-patient variability in systemic exposure to SN-38 is determined not only by genetic factors but also by physiological and environmental factors. This review first summarizes the roles of irinotecan in chemotherapy for metastatic CRC and then discusses the optimal dosing of irinotecan based on the aforementioned factors affecting systemic exposure to SN-38, with the ultimate goal of achieving personalized irinotecan-based chemotherapy.
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Syn NLX, Yong WP, Lee SC, Goh BC. Genetic factors affecting drug disposition in Asian cancer patients. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:1879-92. [PMID: 26548636 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1108964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the era of genomic medicine, it is increasingly recognized that ethnogeographic differences in drug pharmacology exist between Asian and other populations. This is particularly pertinent to oncology, where drugs forming the backbone of chemotherapy often have narrow therapeutic windows and are frequently dosed close to maximally tolerable levels. AREAS COVERED At the population level, ancestry is important because historical-biogeographical confluences have shaped population genetics and pharmacoethnicity in the Asian race through allelic differentiation and interethnic differences in inheritance patterns of linkage disequilibrium. At the individual level, cis- and trans-acting germline polymorphisms and somatic mutations in genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters act in a multifactorial manner to determine drug disposition phenotype and clinical response in Asian cancer patients. A growing body of evidence also finds that complex genetic interactions and regulation, including a multiplicity of gene control mechanisms, are increasingly implicated in genotype-phenotype correlates than has hitherto been appreciated--potentially serving as the mechanistic links between hits in non-coding regions of genome-wide association studies and drug toxicity. Together, these genetic factors contribute to the clinical heterogeneity of drug disposition in Asian cancer patients. EXPERT OPINION This topic has broad relevance for the optimization and individualization of anticancer strategies in Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Li-Xun Syn
- a Department of Haematology-Oncology , National University Cancer Institute , Singapore 119228
| | - Wei-Peng Yong
- a Department of Haematology-Oncology , National University Cancer Institute , Singapore 119228.,b Cancer Science Institute of Singapore , National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine , Singapore 117599
| | - Soo-Chin Lee
- a Department of Haematology-Oncology , National University Cancer Institute , Singapore 119228.,b Cancer Science Institute of Singapore , National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine , Singapore 117599
| | - Boon-Cher Goh
- a Department of Haematology-Oncology , National University Cancer Institute , Singapore 119228.,b Cancer Science Institute of Singapore , National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine , Singapore 117599.,c Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore 119077
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Generalized Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (GMDR) Analysis of Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme-Encoding Gene Polymorphisms may Predict Treatment Outcomes in Indian Breast Cancer Patients. World J Surg 2015; 40:1600-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00268-015-3263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Clinical validity of new genetic biomarkers of irinotecan neutropenia: an independent replication study. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2015; 16:54-9. [PMID: 25869015 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The overall goal of this study was to provide evidence for the clinical validity of nine genetic variants in five genes previously associated with irinotecan neutropenia and pharmacokinetics. Variants associated with absolute neutrophil count (ANC) nadir and/or irinotecan pharmacokinetics in a discovery cohort of cancer patients were genotyped in an independent replication cohort of 108 cancer patients. Patients received single-agent irinotecan every 3 weeks. For ANC nadir, we replicated UGT1A1*28, UGT1A1*93 and SLCO1B1*1b in univariate analyses. For irinotecan area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-24), we replicated ABCC2 -24C>T; however, ABCC2 -24C>T only predicted a small fraction of the variance. For SN-38 AUC0-24 and the glucuronidation ratio, we replicated UGT1A1*28 and UGT1A1*93. In addition to UGT1A1*28, this study independently validated UGT1A1*93 and SLCO1B1*1b as new predictors of irinotecan neutropenia. Further demonstration of their clinical utility will optimize irinotecan therapy in cancer patients.
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Thakkar N, Lockhart AC, Lee W. Role of Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptides (OATPs) in Cancer Therapy. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 17:535-45. [PMID: 25735612 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The superfamily of organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs, gene symbol SLCO) includes important transporters handling a variety of endogenous and xenobiotic substrates. Currently, 11 human OATPs are known and their substrates include endogenous hormones and their conjugates, anticancer drugs, and imaging agents. The contribution of OATPs to the in vivo disposition of these substrates has been extensively investigated. An accumulating body of evidence also indicates that the expression of some OATPs may be up- or downregulated in several types of cancers, suggesting potential pathogenic roles during the development and progression of cancer. Given that the role of OATPs in handling cancer therapeutics has been already covered by several excellent reviews, this review will focus on the recent progresses on the topic, in particular the role of OATPs in the disposition of anticancer drugs, the impact of OATP genetic variations on the function of OATPs, and the OATPs differentially expressed in cancer and their potential roles in cancer development, progression, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Thakkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Chen R, Wang J, Tang S, Zhang Y, Lv X, Wu S, Xia Y, Deng P, Ma Y, Tu D, Chen D, Zhan S. Association of polymorphisms in drug transporter genes (SLCO1B1 and SLC10A1) and anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity in a Chinese cohort. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Sheng J, Tian X, Xu G, Wu Z, Chen C, Wang L, Pan L, Huang C, Pan G. The Hepatobiliary Disposition of Timosaponin B2 Is Highly Dependent on Influx/Efflux Transporters but Not Metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:63-72. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.059923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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21
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Takahashi H, Sai K, Saito Y, Kaniwa N, Matsumura Y, Hamaguchi T, Shimada Y, Ohtsu A, Yoshino T, Doi T, Okuda H, Ichinohe R, Takahashi A, Doi A, Odaka Y, Okuyama M, Saijo N, Sawada JI, Sakamoto H, Yoshida T. Application of a combination of a knowledge-based algorithm and 2-stage screening to hypothesis-free genomic data on irinotecan-treated patients for identification of a candidate single nucleotide polymorphism related to an adverse effect. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105160. [PMID: 25127363 PMCID: PMC4134257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Interindividual variation in a drug response among patients is known to cause serious problems in medicine. Genomic information has been proposed as the basis for “personalized” health care. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) is a powerful technique for examining single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and their relationship with drug response variation; however, when using only GWAS, it often happens that no useful SNPs are identified due to multiple testing problems. Therefore, in a previous study, we proposed a combined method consisting of a knowledge-based algorithm, 2 stages of screening, and a permutation test for identifying SNPs. In the present study, we applied this method to a pharmacogenomics study where 109,365 SNPs were genotyped using Illumina Human-1 BeadChip in 168 cancer patients treated with irinotecan chemotherapy. We identified the SNP rs9351963 in potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5 (KCNQ5) as a candidate factor related to incidence of irinotecan-induced diarrhea. The p value for rs9351963 was 3.31×10−5 in Fisher's exact test and 0.0289 in the permutation test (when multiple testing problems were corrected). Additionally, rs9351963 was clearly superior to the clinical parameters and the model involving rs9351963 showed sensitivity of 77.8% and specificity of 57.6% in the evaluation by means of logistic regression. Recent studies showed that KCNQ4 and KCNQ5 genes encode members of the M channel expressed in gastrointestinal smooth muscle and suggested that these genes are associated with irritable bowel syndrome and similar peristalsis diseases. These results suggest that rs9351963 in KCNQ5 is a possible predictive factor of incidence of diarrhea in cancer patients treated with irinotecan chemotherapy and for selecting chemotherapy regimens, such as irinotecan alone or a combination of irinotecan with a KCNQ5 opener. Nonetheless, clinical importance of rs9351963 should be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiro Takahashi
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
- Plant Biology Research Center, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
- Division of Genetics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kimie Sai
- Division of Medicinal Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Saito
- Division of Medicinal Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nahoko Kaniwa
- Division of Medicinal Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Matsumura
- Division of Developmental Therapeutics, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hamaguchi
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shimada
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ohtsu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshino
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Doi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Haruhiro Okuda
- Division of Medicinal Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Risa Ichinohe
- Division of Genetics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Anna Takahashi
- Plant Biology Research Center, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ayano Doi
- Division of Genetics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoko Odaka
- Division of Genetics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misuzu Okuyama
- Division of Genetics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nagahiro Saijo
- National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Sawada
- Division of Functional Biochemistry and Genomics, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sakamoto
- Division of Genetics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Yoshida
- Division of Genetics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Panczyk M. Pharmacogenetics research on chemotherapy resistance in colorectal cancer over the last 20 years. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:9775-827. [PMID: 25110414 PMCID: PMC4123365 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past two decades the first sequencing of the human genome was performed showing its high degree of inter-individual differentiation, as a result of large international research projects (Human Genome Project, the 1000 Genomes Project International HapMap Project, and Programs for Genomic Applications NHLBI-PGA). This period was also a time of intensive development of molecular biology techniques and enormous knowledge growth in the biology of cancer. For clinical use in the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), in addition to fluoropyrimidines, another two new cytostatic drugs were allowed: irinotecan and oxaliplatin. Intensive research into new treatment regimens and a new generation of drugs used in targeted therapy has also been conducted. The last 20 years was a time of numerous in vitro and in vivo studies on the molecular basis of drug resistance. One of the most important factors limiting the effectiveness of chemotherapy is the primary and secondary resistance of cancer cells. Understanding the genetic factors and mechanisms that contribute to the lack of or low sensitivity of tumour tissue to cytostatics is a key element in the currently developing trend of personalized medicine. Scientists hope to increase the percentage of positive treatment response in CRC patients due to practical applications of pharmacogenetics/pharmacogenomics. Over the past 20 years the clinical usability of different predictive markers has been tested among which only a few have been confirmed to have high application potential. This review is a synthetic presentation of drug resistance in the context of CRC patient chemotherapy. The multifactorial nature and volume of the issues involved do not allow the author to present a comprehensive study on this subject in one review.
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Zhang X, Tierney C, Albrecht M, Demeter LM, Morse G, DiFrancesco R, Dykes C, Jiang H, Haas DW. Discordant associations between SLCO1B1 521T→C and plasma levels of ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors in AIDS clinical trials group study A5146. Ther Drug Monit 2013; 35:209-16. [PMID: 23503447 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e318280d0ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Among HIV-positive patients prescribed ritonavir-boosted lopinavir, SLCO1B1 521T→C (rs4149056) is associated with increased plasma lopinavir exposure. Protease inhibitors (PIs) are also substrates for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and ABCB1, which are induced by NR1I2. We characterized relationships between ABCB1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, NR1I2, and SLCO1B1 polymorphisms and trough PI concentrations among AIDS Clinical Trials Group study A5146 participants. METHODS At study entry, subjects with virologic failure on PI-containing regimens initiated new ritonavir-boosted PI regimens. We studied associations between week 2 PI plasma trough concentrations and 143 polymorphisms in these genes, including 4 targeted polymorphisms. RESULTS Among 275 subjects with both drug concentrations and genetic data, allelic frequencies of SLCO1B1 521T→C were 15%, 1%, and 8% in whites, blacks, and Hispanics, respectively. Further analyses were limited to 268 white, black, or Hispanic subjects who initiated ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (n = 98), fosamprenavir (n = 69), or saquinavir (n = 99). Of targeted polymorphisms, SLCO1B1 521T→C tended to be associated with higher lopinavir concentrations, with a 1.38-fold increase in the mean per C allele (95% confidence interval, 0.97-1.96; n = 98; P = 0.07). With fosamprenavir, SLCO1B1 521T→C was associated with lower amprenavir concentrations, with a 35% decrease in the mean per C allele (geometric mean ratio 0.65; 95% confidence interval, 0.44-0.94; n = 69; adjusted P = 0.02). There was no significant association with saquinavir concentrations, and none of the remaining 139 exploratory polymorphisms were statistically significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS With ritonavir-boosted PIs, a SLCO1B1 polymorphism that predicts higher lopinavir trough concentrations seems to predict lower amprenavir trough concentrations. The mechanism underlying this discordant association is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Zhang
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Iusuf D, Ludwig M, Elbatsh A, van Esch A, van de Steeg E, Wagenaar E, van der Valk M, Lin F, van Tellingen O, Schinkel AH. OATP1A/1B transporters affect irinotecan and SN-38 pharmacokinetics and carboxylesterase expression in knockout and humanized transgenic mice. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 13:492-503. [PMID: 24194565 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATP) mediate the hepatic uptake of many drugs, thus codetermining their clearance. Impaired hepatic clearance due to low-activity polymorphisms in human OATP1B1 may increase systemic exposure to SN-38, the active and toxic metabolite of the anticancer prodrug irinotecan. We investigated the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of irinotecan and SN-38 in Oatp1a/1b-null mice: Plasma exposure of irinotecan and SN-38 was increased 2 to 3-fold after irinotecan dosing (10 mg/kg, i.v.) compared with wild-type mice. Also, liver-to-plasma ratios were significantly reduced, suggesting impaired hepatic uptake of both compounds. After 6 daily doses of irinotecan, Oatp1a/1b-null mice suffered from increased toxicity. However, Oatp1a/1b-null mice had increased levels of carboxylesterase (Ces) enzymes, which caused higher conversion of irinotecan to SN-38 in plasma, potentially complicating pharmacokinetic analyses. Ces inhibitors blocked this increased conversion. Interestingly, liver-specific humanized OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 transgenic mice had normalized hepatic expression of Ces1 genes. While irinotecan liver-to-plasma ratios in these humanized mice were similar to those in Oatp1a/1b-null mice, SN-38 liver-to-plasma ratios returned to wild-type levels, suggesting that human OATP1B proteins mediate SN-38, but not irinotecan uptake in vivo. Upon direct administration of SN-38 (1 mg/kg, i.v.), Oatp1a/1b-null mice had increased SN-38 plasma levels, lower liver concentrations, and decreased cumulative biliary excretion of SN-38. Mouse Oatp1a/1b transporters have a role in the plasma clearance of irinotecan and SN-38, whereas human OATP1B transporters may only affect SN-38 disposition. Oatp1a/1b-null mice have increased expression and activity of Ces1 enzymes, whereas humanized mice provide a rescue of this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Iusuf
- Corresponding Author: Alfred H. Schinkel, Division of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Huang L, Zhang T, Xie C, Liao X, Yu Q, Feng J, Ma H, Dai J, Li M, Chen J, Zang A, Wang Q, Ge S, Qin K, Cai J, Yuan X. SLCO1B1 and SLC19A1 gene variants and irinotecan-induced rapid response and survival: a prospective multicenter pharmacogenetics study of metastatic colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77223. [PMID: 24143213 PMCID: PMC3797132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rapid response to chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients (response within 12 weeks of chemotherapy) may increase the chance of complete resection and improved survival. Few molecular markers predict irinotecan-induced rapid response and survival. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in solute carrier genes are reported to correlate with the variable pharmacokinetics of irinotecan and folate in cancer patients. This study aims to evaluate the predictive role of 3 SNPs in mCRC patients treated with irinotecan and fluoropyrimidine-containing regimens. Materials and Methods Three SNPs were selected and genotyped in 137 mCRC patients from a Chinese prospective multicenter trial (NCT01282658). The chi-squared test, univariate and multivariable logistic regression model, and receiver operating characteristic analysis were used to evaluate correlations between the genotypes and rapid response. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the associations between genotypes and survival outcomes. Benjamini and Hochberg False Discovery Rate correction was used in multiple testing Results Genotype GA/AA of SNP rs2306283 of the gene SLCO1B1 and genotype GG of SNP rs1051266 of the gene SLC19A1 were associated with a higher rapid response rate (odds ratio [OR] =3.583 and 3.521, 95%CI =1.301-9.871 and 1.271-9.804, p=0.011 and p=0.013, respectively). The response rate was 70% in patients with both genotypes, compared with only 19.7% in the remaining patients (OR = 9.489, 95%CI = 2.191-41.093, Fisher's exact test p=0.002). Their significances were all maintained even after multiple testing (all pc < 0.05). The rs2306283 GA/AA genotype was also an independent prognostic factor of longer progression-free survival (PFS) (hazard ratio = 0.402, 95%CI = 0.171-0.945, p=0.037). None of the SNPs predicted overall survival. Conclusions Polymorphisms of solute carriers’ may be useful to predict rapid response to irinotecan plus fluoropyrimidine and PFS in mCRC patients. Trial Registry ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01282658 http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01282658
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Huang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Cancer Center of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Conghua Xie
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xin Liao
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Yu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Jueping Feng
- Department of Oncology, Wuhan Pu-Ai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Hong Ma
- Cancer Center of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Jing Dai
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Oncology, Wuhan Pu-Ai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Jigui Chen
- Department of Surgery, Wuhan 8 Hospital, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Aihua Zang
- Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Surgery, Wuhan 8 Hospital, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Shuwang Ge
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Kai Qin
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Juan Cai
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, P. R. China
| | - Xianglin Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Tsakalozou E, Adane ED, Kuo KL, Daily A, Moscow JA, Leggas M. The effect of breast cancer resistance protein, multidrug resistant protein 1, and organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B3 on the antitumor efficacy of the lipophilic camptothecin 7-t-butyldimethylsilyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (AR-67) in vitro. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1404-13. [PMID: 23620484 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.050021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AR-67 (7-t-butyldimethylsilyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin) is a lipophilic camptothecin analog, currently under early stage clinical trials. Transporters are known to have an impact on the disposition of camptothecins and on the response to chemotherapeutics in general due to their expression in tumor tissues. Therefore, we investigated the interplay between the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), multidrug resistant protein 1 (MDR1), and organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1/1B3 transporters and AR-67 and their impact on the toxicity profile of AR-67. Using cell lines expressing the aforementioned transporters, we showed that the lipophilic AR-67 lactone form is a substrate for efflux transporters BCRP and MDR1. Additionally, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 facilitated the uptake of AR-67 carboxylate in SLCO1B1- and SLCO1B3-transfected cell systems compared with the mock-transfected ones. Notably, both BCRP and MDR1 conferred resistance to AR-67 lactone. Prompted by recent studies showing increased OATP1B3 expression in certain cancer types, we investigated the effect of OATP1B3 expression on cell viability after exposure to AR-67 carboxylate. OATP1B3-expressing cells had increased carboxylate uptake as compared with mock-transfected cells but were not sensitized because the intracellular amount of lactone was 50-fold higher than that of carboxylate and comparable between OATP1B3-expressing and OATP1B3-nonexpressing cells. In conclusion, BCRP- and MDR1-mediated efflux of AR-67 lactone confers resistance to AR-67, but OATP1B3-mediated uptake of the AR-67 carboxylate does not sensitize OATP1B3-expressing tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Tsakalozou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Gong IY, Kim RB. Impact of Genetic Variation in OATP Transporters to Drug Disposition and Response. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2013; 28:4-18. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-12-rv-099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Methotrexate clearance can influence the cure of and toxicity in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We estimated methotrexate plasma clearance for 1279 patients with ALL treated with methotrexate (24-hour infusion of a 1 g/m2 dose or 4-hour infusion of a 2 g/m2 dose) on the Children’s Oncology Group P9904 and P9905 protocols. Methotrexate clearance was lower in older children (P = 7 x 10(-7)), girls (P = 2.7 x 10(-4)), and those who received a delayed-intensification phase (P = .0022). A genome-wide analysis showed that methotrexate clearance was associated with polymorphisms in the organic anion transporter gene SLCO1B1 (P = 2.1 x 10(-11)). This replicates findings using different schedules of high-dose methotrexate in St Jude ALL treatment protocols; a combined meta-analysis yields a P value of 5.7 x 10(-19) for the association of methotrexate clearance with SLCO1B1 SNP rs4149056. Validation of this variant with 5 different treatment regimens of methotrexate solidifies the robustness of this pharmacogenomic determinant of methotrexate clearance. This study is registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00005585 and NCT00005596.
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Soo RA, Yong WP, Innocenti F. Systemic therapies for pancreatic cancer--the role of pharmacogenetics. Curr Drug Targets 2012; 13:811-28. [PMID: 22458528 DOI: 10.2174/138945012800564068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Effective systemic treatment of pancreatic cancer remains a major challenge, with progress hampered by drug resistance and treatment related toxicities. Currently available cytotoxic agents as monotherapy or in combination have provided only a modest survival benefit for patients with advanced disease. Disappointing phase III results with gemcitabine-based combinations in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer might be related to poor efficacy of systemic therapies in unselected patients. Future research strategies should prioritize identification of predictive markers through pharmacogenetic investigations. The individualization of patient treatment through pharmacogenetics may help to improve outcome by maximizing efficacy whilst lowering toxicity. This review provides an update on the pharmacogenetics of pancreatic cancer treatment and its influence on treatment benefits and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A Soo
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Health System, Singapore
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30
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Soo RA, Yong WP, Innocenti F. Systemic therapies for pancreatic cancer--the role of pharmacogenetics. Curr Drug Targets 2012. [PMID: 22458528 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2011.02.012.investigations] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Effective systemic treatment of pancreatic cancer remains a major challenge, with progress hampered by drug resistance and treatment related toxicities. Currently available cytotoxic agents as monotherapy or in combination have provided only a modest survival benefit for patients with advanced disease. Disappointing phase III results with gemcitabine-based combinations in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer might be related to poor efficacy of systemic therapies in unselected patients. Future research strategies should prioritize identification of predictive markers through pharmacogenetic investigations. The individualization of patient treatment through pharmacogenetics may help to improve outcome by maximizing efficacy whilst lowering toxicity. This review provides an update on the pharmacogenetics of pancreatic cancer treatment and its influence on treatment benefits and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A Soo
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Health System, Singapore
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31
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Takane H. [Genetic polymorphisms of SLCO1B1 for drug pharmacokinetics and its clinical implications]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2012; 131:1589-94. [PMID: 22041697 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.131.1589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Various drug transporters are selectively expressed in single or multiple tissues, such as the intestine, liver and kidney, where these transporters play various roles in drug absorption, distribution and excretion. Genetic polymorphisms in drug transporters as well as drug-metabolizing enzymes are associated with interindividual differences in drug disposition, efficacy and toxicity. Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1, gene SLCO1B1) is expressed on the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes and can facilitate hepatic uptake of certain clinically relevant drugs such as statins except for fluvastatin, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, antidiabetic drug (repaglinide) and anticancer drugs (SN-38 and methotrexate). Some single nucleotide polymorphisms or haplotypes of the SLCO1B1 gene have been identified and demonstrated to have functional significance for transporter activity. For examples, the SLCO1B1*15 haplotype (or 521T>C genotype) results in decreased uptake activity of SN-38 from systemic circulation, leading to increased plasma concentration of SN-38 and an enhanced risk of neutropenia. This review focuses on the impact of genetic polymorphisms of the SLCO1B1 gene on transport activity, and implications for the clinical efficacy and toxicity of clinically useful drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takane
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.
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Sung C, Lee PL, Tan LL, Toh DS. Pharmacogenetic Risk for Adverse Reactions to Irinotecan in the Major Ethnic Populations of Singapore. Drug Saf 2011; 34:1167-75. [DOI: 10.2165/11594440-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Drug transporters are now widely acknowledged as important determinants governing drug absorption, excretion, and, in many cases, extent of drug entry into target organs. There is also a greater appreciation that altered drug transporter function, whether due to genetic polymorphisms, drug-drug interactions, or environmental factors such as dietary constituents, can result in unexpected toxicity. Such effects are in part due to the interplay between various uptake and efflux transporters with overlapping functional capabilities that can manifest as marked interindividual variability in drug disposition in vivo. Here we review transporters of the solute carrier (SLC) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamilies considered to be of major importance in drug therapy and outline how understanding the expression, function, and genetic variation in such drug transporters will result in better strategies for optimal drug design and tissue targeting as well as reduce the risk for drug-drug interactions and adverse drug responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K DeGorter
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada N6A 5A5
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Obaidat A, Roth M, Hagenbuch B. The expression and function of organic anion transporting polypeptides in normal tissues and in cancer. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2011. [PMID: 21854228 DOI: 10.1146/annurev‐pharmtox‐010510‐100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are members of the SLCO gene superfamily of proteins. The 11 human OATPs are classified into 6 families and subfamilies on the basis of their amino acid sequence similarities. OATPs are expressed in several epithelial tissues throughout the body and transport mainly amphipathic molecules with molecular weights of more than 300 kDa. Members of the OATP1 and OATP2 families are functionally the best-characterized OATPs. Among these are the multispecific OATP1A2, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1. They transport various endo- and xenobiotics, including hormones and their conjugates as well as numerous drugs such as several anticancer agents. Recent reports demonstrate that some OATPs are up- or downregulated in several cancers and that OATP expression might affect cancer development. On the basis of the findings summarized in this review, we propose that OATPs could be valuable targets for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Obaidat
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
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35
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Obaidat A, Roth M, Hagenbuch B. The expression and function of organic anion transporting polypeptides in normal tissues and in cancer. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 52:135-51. [PMID: 21854228 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010510-100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are members of the SLCO gene superfamily of proteins. The 11 human OATPs are classified into 6 families and subfamilies on the basis of their amino acid sequence similarities. OATPs are expressed in several epithelial tissues throughout the body and transport mainly amphipathic molecules with molecular weights of more than 300 kDa. Members of the OATP1 and OATP2 families are functionally the best-characterized OATPs. Among these are the multispecific OATP1A2, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1. They transport various endo- and xenobiotics, including hormones and their conjugates as well as numerous drugs such as several anticancer agents. Recent reports demonstrate that some OATPs are up- or downregulated in several cancers and that OATP expression might affect cancer development. On the basis of the findings summarized in this review, we propose that OATPs could be valuable targets for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Obaidat
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
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Aklillu E, Mugusi S, Ngaimisi E, Hoffmann MM, König S, Ziesenitz V, Mikus G, Haefeli WE, Weiss J. Frequency of the SLCO1B1 388A>G and the 521T>C polymorphism in Tanzania genotyped by a new LightCycler®-based method. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 67:1139-45. [PMID: 21630030 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-011-1065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The 388A>G and the 521T>C polymorphism of the SLCO1B1 gene affect the activity of the uptake transporter OATP1B1, thus influencing kinetics, safety, and efficacy of substrate drugs. To evaluate the impact of these polymorphisms in populations of different ethnic origins, it is important to know their frequencies and to develop fast and reliable methods for genotyping. We therefore established a new, high-throughput method and determined the genotype and allelic frequencies of these polymorphisms in Tanzanians, for which the frequencies were unknown thus far. METHODS New LightCycler® 480-based methods with hybridization probes were established and used to genotype 366 Tanzanian and 236 European individuals for 388A>G (rs2306283) and 521T>C (rs4149056) in the SLCO1B1 gene. The methods were validated by direct sequencing of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of heterozygous individuals and checked for intrarun precision repeatability, interrun precision reproducibility, robustness, and deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. RESULTS The new methods allow unambiguous identification of the corresponding genotypes. There was a clear difference in allelic distribution between Tanzanians and Europeans, with the 388A>G (rs2306283) being much more prevalent in Tanzanians (87% vs 41%) and the 521T>C (rs4149056) being very rare in this African population (6% vs 17%). CONCLUSIONS We developed robust and high-throughput methods to genotype common SLCO1B1 allelic variants with the LightCycler® 480. In Tanzanians, we identified the highest frequency of the 388A>G and 521T>C polymorphisms ever reported from black populations. The clinical relevance of SLCO1B1 genetic variation in the African population remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Aklillu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge C-168, Karolinska Institute, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide useful information not only for studying the effect of OATP1B1 and/or BCRP gene mutation on pharmacokinetics of novle statins of pitavastatin and rosuvastatin but also for studying drug-drug interactions (DDI) between the novle statins and other substrates of OATP1B1 and/or BCRP. Intra- and inter-ethnic differences in pharmacokinetic profiles of clinically relevant drugs are important issues reported in many papers not only for scenes of appropriate drug used in clinical settings but also for those of the drug development. Pharmacogenomics is extremely useful for understanding these racial differences. Recent pharmacogenetics study have disclosed important roles of drug transporters in the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of some clinically relevant drugs. In this presentation, we introduce single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of OATP1B1 and BCRP and review the contribution of genetic polymorphisms of the transporters to the pharmacokinetics of dual substrates as pitavastatin and rosuvastatin from recent study. At the same time, the DDIs between pitavastatin or rosuvastatin and other drug have been extensively concerned because of inhibiting OATP1B1-mediated hepatic uptake or BCRP-mediated hepatic efflux of pitavastatin and rosuvastatin. This review summarized the current studies about the role of OATP1B1 and BCRP in DDIs between pitavastatin or rosuvastatin and other clinically relevant drugs. The role of OATP1B1 and BCRP gene mutation can affect the PK profiles of pitavastatin and rosuvastatin. The DDIs between the novle statins and other substrates of OATP1B1 or BCRP may occur and cause change in the pharmacokinetic of the novle statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jin Hua
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
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Sai K, Saito Y. Ethnic differences in the metabolism, toxicology and efficacy of three anticancer drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 7:967-88. [PMID: 21585235 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2011.585969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Large inter-individual and inter-ethnic differences are observed in efficacies and toxicities of medical drugs. To improve the predictability of these differences, pharmacogenetic information has been applied to clinical situations. Expanding pharmacogenetic information would be a valuable tool to the medical community as well as the patient to fulfill the promise of personalized anticancer drug therapy. AREAS COVERED This review highlights genetic polymorphisms and ethnic differences of genes, UGT1As, CYP3A4, CES1As, ABCB1, ABCC2, ABCG2, SLCO1B1, CDA and CYP2D6, involved in metabolism and disposition of three anticancer drugs: irinotecan, gemcitabine and tamoxifen. EXPERT OPINION Recent pharmacogenetic studies have successfully identified distinct ethnic differences in genetic polymorphisms that are potentially involved in efficacies and toxicities of anticancer drugs. This achievement has led to personalized irinotecan therapy, reflecting ethnic differences in UGT1A1 genotypes, and possible benefits of genetic testing have also been suggested for gemcitabine and tamoxifen therapy, which still requires further validation. The ultimate goal for patients is a high rate or even perfect prediction of efficacies and toxicities of anticancer drugs in each ethnic population. For this challenge, more clinical studies combined with comprehensive omics approaches are necessary to further advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimie Sai
- National Institute of Health Sciences , Division of Medicinal Safety Science, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Li J, Bluth MH. Pharmacogenomics of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters: implications for cancer therapy. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2011; 4:11-33. [PMID: 23226051 PMCID: PMC3513217 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s18861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The new era of personalized medicine, which integrates the uniqueness of an individual with respect to the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a drug, holds promise as a means to provide greater safety and efficacy in drug design and development. Personalized medicine is particularly important in oncology, whereby most clinically used anticancer drugs have a narrow therapeutic window and exhibit a large interindividual pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability. This variability can be explained, at least in part, by genetic variations in the genes encoding drug metabolizing enzymes, transporters, or drug targets. Understanding of how genetic variations influence drug disposition and action could help in tailoring cancer therapy based on individual's genetic makeup. This review focuses on the pharmacogenomics of drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters, with a particular highlight of examples whereby genetic variations in the metabolizing enzymes and transporters influence the pharmacokinetics and/or response of chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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40
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Genetic determinants of mycophenolate-related anemia and leukopenia after transplantation. Transplantation 2011; 91:309-16. [PMID: 21107304 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e318200e971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycophenolate-related anemia and leukopenia are well-known toxicities after transplantation. Toxicity leads to dose reduction, addition of colony-stimulating factors or erythropoietin, or discontinuation of immunosuppressive therapy. The causes of and risk factors associated with toxicity are unclear. METHODS We studied the association between mycophenolate-related anemia and leukopenia and 2724 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in 978 patients undergoing living or deceased donor kidney transplant. Patients were followed up to time of first anemia (hemoglobin<10 gm/dL or hematocrit<30%) or first leukopenia (white blood cell [WBC] count <3000 cells/mm), which required clinical intervention in the first 6 months after transplant. RESULTS Anemia occurred in 87 (9.5%) subjects and leukopenia in 224 (22.9%). In single SNP analyses, none of the SNPs were associated with time to leukopenia at a false discovery rate (FDR) of 20%. However, SNPs from the IL12A, HUS, CYP2C8 genes were associated with time to anemia, allowing for an FDR of 20%. To assess the independence of these SNPs as predictors of anemia, we conducted a multi-SNP analysis including one SNP from each of the three genes. All three SNPs were associated with time to anemia, after adjusting for recipient age, weight, posttransplant dialysis and antiviral drug use, and stratifying by clinical center. CONCLUSION Although these SNPs require validation in an independent population, our results suggest that genetics may play a role in risk of mycophenolate-related hematologic toxicity. This may ultimately provide for better management of maintenance immunosuppression and gives insights into potential mechanism(s) by which toxicity occurs.
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Niemi M, Pasanen MK, Neuvonen PJ. Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1: a genetically polymorphic transporter of major importance for hepatic drug uptake. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:157-81. [PMID: 21245207 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.002857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of membrane transporters for drug pharmacokinetics has been increasingly recognized during the last decade. Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) is a genetically polymorphic influx transporter expressed on the sinusoidal membrane of human hepatocytes, and it mediates the hepatic uptake of many endogenous compounds and xenobiotics. Recent studies have demonstrated that OATP1B1 plays a major, clinically important role in the hepatic uptake of many drugs. A common single-nucleotide variation (coding DNA c.521T>C, protein p.V174A, rs4149056) in the SLCO1B1 gene encoding OATP1B1 decreases the transporting activity of OATP1B1, resulting in markedly increased plasma concentrations of, for example, many statins, particularly of active simvastatin acid. The variant thereby enhances the risk of statin-induced myopathy and decreases the therapeutic indexes of statins. However, the effect of the SLCO1B1 c.521T>C variant is different on different statins. The same variant also markedly affects the pharmacokinetics of several other drugs. Furthermore, certain SLCO1B1 variants associated with an enhanced clearance of methotrexate increase the risk of gastrointestinal toxicity by methotrexate in the treatment of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Certain drugs (e.g., cyclosporine) potently inhibit OATP1B1, causing clinically significant drug interactions. Thus, OATP1B1 plays a major role in the hepatic uptake of drugs, and genetic variants and drug interactions affecting OATP1B1 activity are important determinants of individual drug responses. In this article, we review the current knowledge about the expression, function, substrate characteristics, and pharmacogenetics of OATP1B1 as well as its role in drug interactions, in parts comparing with those of other hepatocyte-expressed organic anion transporting polypeptides, OATP1B3 and OATP2B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Niemi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
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Lin R, Wang X, Zhou W, Fu W, Wang Y, Huang W, Jin L. Association of Polymorphisms in the Solute Carrier Organic Anion Transporter Family Member 1B1 Gene with Essential Hypertension in the Uyghur Population. Ann Hum Genet 2010; 75:305-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Fahrmayr C, Fromm MF, König J. Hepatic OATP and OCT uptake transporters: their role for drug-drug interactions and pharmacogenetic aspects. Drug Metab Rev 2010; 42:380-401. [PMID: 20100011 DOI: 10.3109/03602530903491683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Uptake transporters in the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes are important for the hepatobiliary elimination of drugs. Further, since drug-metabolizing enzymes are located intracellularly, uptake into hepatocytes is a prerequisite for their subsequent metabolism. Therefore, alteration of uptake transporter function (e.g., by concomitantly administered drugs or due to functional consequences of genetic variations, leading to reduced transport function) may result in a change in drug pharmacokinetics. In this review, we focus on the hepatocellularly expressed members of the OATP and OCT family, their impact on transport-mediated drug-drug interactions, and on the functional consequences of variations in genes encoding these transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Fahrmayr
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
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Fujiwara Y, Minami H. An overview of the recent progress in irinotecan pharmacogenetics. Pharmacogenomics 2010; 11:391-406. [PMID: 20235794 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in a number of molecular profiling technologies, including genomic/genetic testing, proteomic profiling and metabolomic analysis have allowed the development of 'personalized medicine'. Irinotecan is one of the models for personalized medicine based on pharmacogenetics, and a number of clinical studies have revealed significant associations between UGT1A1*28 and irinotecan toxicity. Based on this cumulative evidence, the US FDA and pharmaceutical companies revised the irinotecan label in June 2005. However, a recommended strategy for irinotecan-dose adjustments based on individual genetic factors has not yet been fully established. This article provides an overview of recent progress in irinotecan pharmacogenetics and discusses the clinical significance of the UGT1A1 genotype/haplotype with regard to severe irinotecan toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Fujiwara
- Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital & Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
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46
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Abstract
Membrane transporters can be major determinants of the pharmacokinetic, safety and efficacy profiles of drugs. This presents several key questions for drug development, including which transporters are clinically important in drug absorption and disposition, and which in vitro methods are suitable for studying drug interactions with these transporters. In addition, what criteria should trigger follow-up clinical studies, and which clinical studies should be conducted if needed. In this article, we provide the recommendations of the International Transporter Consortium on these issues, and present decision trees that are intended to help guide clinical studies on the currently recognized most important drug transporter interactions. The recommendations are generally intended to support clinical development and filing of a new drug application. Overall, it is advised that the timing of transporter investigations should be driven by efficacy, safety and clinical trial enrolment questions (for example, exclusion and inclusion criteria), as well as a need for further understanding of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion properties of the drug molecule, and information required for drug labelling.
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Ieiri I, Higuchi S, Sugiyama Y. Genetic polymorphisms of uptake (OATP1B1, 1B3) and efflux (MRP2, BCRP) transporters: implications for inter-individual differences in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of statins and other clinically relevant drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 5:703-29. [PMID: 19442037 DOI: 10.1517/17425250902976854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent pharmacogenomic/pharmacogenetic studies have disclosed important roles of drug transporters in the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) profiles of some clinically relevant drugs. It has concurrently been explained that variations in the drug transporter genes are associated with not only inter-individual but also inter-ethnic differences in PK/PD profiles of these drugs. This review focuses on two uptake and two efflux transporters. Organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 and OATP1B3 are uptake transporters, specifically expressed in the liver, and considered important for drugs, particularly as their pharmacological target organ is the liver. Two ATP-binding cassette transporters, multi-drug resistance-associated protein 2 and breast cancer resistance protein, are efflux transporters, expressed in various human tissues, and considered particularly important for intestinal drug absorption and hepatic drug elimination. All 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) except fluvastatin are substrates for OATP1B1, but hepatobiliary (canalicular) efflux transporters differ among statins. In this review, we update the pharmacogenomic/pharmacogenetic properties of these transporters and their effects on PK/PD profiles of statins and other clinically relevant drugs. In addition, we describe a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for predicting the effects of changes in transporter activities on systemic and hepatic exposure to pravastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Ieiri
- Kyushu University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Fukuoka, Japan
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DNA methylation profiles of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 in cancer cell lines. Pharm Res 2010; 27:510-6. [PMID: 20130966 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multispecific organic anion transporter, OATP1B3/SLCO1B3, is expressed in several cancer cell lines as well as tumor tissues, and its expression sensitizes the cells to some anti-cancer agents. The present study was aimed to characterize the DNA methylation profiles around the transcriptional start site (TSS) of OATP1B3 and correlate them with the mRNA expression in cancer and immortalized cell lines. METHODS The mRNA expression and DNA methylation profiles of OATP1B3 were determined by RT-PCR and bisulfite sequencing, respectively. RESULTS The expression of OATP1B3 mRNA was detected in DLD-1, TFK-1, PK-8, and PK-45P cells, but below the limit of detection in HepG2, Caco-2, and HEK293 cells. Bisulfite sequencing demonstrated that CpG dinucleotides around the TSS are differentially methylated among cell lines and partly associated with the mRNA expression profile of OATP1B3. Furthermore, treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase, significantly increased the mRNA expression of OATP1B3 in HepG2 and Caco-2 cells by 18- and 14-fold, respectively, but not in DLD-1 and TFK-1 cells. CONCLUSION DNA methylation-dependent gene silencing is at least partly involved in the regulation of OATP1B3 expression in cancer/immortalized cell lines.
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Furuta T. Pharmacogenomics in chemotherapy for GI tract cancer. J Gastroenterol 2009; 44:1016-25. [PMID: 19728007 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-009-0124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2009] [Accepted: 08/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The study of pharmacogenomics (PGx) has recently been intensively applied to gastrointestinal tract cancer. It has become clear that there are genetic differences in the activities of enzymes that influence the kinetics of chemotherapeutic agents. Moreover, genetic differences related to cellular sensitivity to anti-cancer agents have also been elucidated. In GI-tract cancer chemotherapy, 5-FU, gemcitabine, taxanes (docetaxel and paclitaxel), platinum (cisplatin and oxaliplatin) and irinotecan are often used, and molecular targeting therapy has also been developed. The respective PGx markers to such agents have been reported. Of the candidate PGx markers, K-ras mutation and UGT1A1 polymorphisms have sufficient evidence to justify routine clinical assessment for the selection of anti-cancer regimens. Progress in this field would facilitate the further development of PGx-guided individualized therapy, which could be expected to increase therapeutic efficacy and decrease the risk of adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Furuta
- Center for Clinical Research, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan.
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Abstract
Membrane transporters are now recognized as important determinants of the transmembrane passage of drugs. Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP) form a family of influx transporters expressed in various tissues important for pharmacokinetics. Of the 11 human OATP transporters, OATP1B1, OATP1B3 and OATP2B1 are expressed on the sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes and can facilitate the liver uptake of their substrate drugs. OATP1A2 is expressed on the luminal membrane of small intestinal enterocytes and at the blood-brain barrier, potentially mediating drug transport at these sites. Several clinically used drugs have been identified as substrates of OATP transporters (e.g. many statins are substrates of OATP1B1). Some drugs may inhibit OATP transporters (e.g. cyclosporine) causing pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions. Moreover, genetic variability in genes encoding OATP transporters can result in marked inter-individual differences in pharmacokinetics. For example, a single nucleotide polymorphism (c.521T > C, p.Val174Ala) in the SLCO1B1 gene encoding OATP1B1 decreases the ability of OATP1B1 to transport active simvastatin acid from portal circulation into the liver, resulting in markedly increased plasma concentrations of simvastatin acid and an enhanced risk of simvastatin-induced myopathy. SLCO1B1 polymorphism also affects the pharmacokinetics of many other, but not all (fluvastatin), statins and that of the antidiabetic drug repaglinide, the antihistamine fexofenadine and the endothelin A receptor antagonist atrasentan. This review compiles the current knowledge about the expression and function of human OATP transporters, their substrate and inhibitor specificities, as well as pharmacogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kalliokoski
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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