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Acharya AP, Carstens MR, Lewis JS, Dolgova N, Xia CQ, Clare-Salzler MJ, Keselowsky BG. A cell-based microarray to investigate combinatorial effects of microparticle-encapsulated adjuvants on dendritic cell activation. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:1672-1685. [PMID: 26985393 PMCID: PMC4790840 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01754h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Experimental vaccine adjuvants are being designed to target specific toll-like receptors (TLRs) alone or in combination, expressed by antigen presenting cells, notably dendritic cells (DCs). There is a need for high-content screening (HCS) platforms to explore how DC activation is affected by adjuvant combinations. Presented is a cell-based microarray approach, "immunoarray", exposing DCs to a large number of adjuvant combinations. Microparticles encapsulating TLR ligands are printed onto arrays in a range of doses for each ligand, in all possible dose combinations. Dendritic cells are then co-localized with physisorbed microparticles on the immunoarray, adherent to isolated islands surrounded by a non-fouling background, and DC activation is quantified. Delivery of individual TLR ligands was capable of eliciting high levels of specific DC activation markers. For example, either TLR9 ligand, CpG, or TLR3 ligand, poly I:C, was capable of inducing among the highest 10% expression levels of CD86. In contrast, MHC-II expression in response to TLR4 agonist MPLA was among the highest, whereas either MPLA or poly I:C, was capable of producing among the highest levels of CCR7 expression, as well as inflammatory cytokine IL-12. However, in order to produce robust responses across all activation markers, adjuvant combinations were required, and combinations were more represented among the high responders. The immunoarray also enables investigation of interactions between adjuvants, and each TLR ligand suggested antagonism to other ligands, for various markers. Altogether, this work demonstrates feasibility of the immunoarray platform to screen microparticle-encapsulated adjuvant combinations for the development of improved and personalized vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav P. Acharya
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 130 BME/PO Box 116131, Gainesville, Florida, 32611-6131, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, USA
| | - Matthew R. Carstens
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 130 BME/PO Box 116131, Gainesville, Florida, 32611-6131, USA
| | - Jamal S. Lewis
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 130 BME/PO Box 116131, Gainesville, Florida, 32611-6131, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, US
| | - Natalia Dolgova
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 130 BME/PO Box 116131, Gainesville, Florida, 32611-6131, USA
| | - C. Q. Xia
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, USA
| | | | - Benjamin G. Keselowsky
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 130 BME/PO Box 116131, Gainesville, Florida, 32611-6131, USA
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Muhammad AUR, Xia CQ, Cao BH. Dietary forage concentration and particle size affect sorting, feeding behaviour, intake and growth of Chinese holstein male calves. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:217-23. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. U. R. Muhammad
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; College of Animal Science and Technology; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - C. Q. Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; College of Animal Science and Technology; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - B. H. Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; College of Animal Science and Technology; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
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Abstract
Drug transporters are now widely acknowledged as important determinants governing drug absorption, excretion, and, in many cases, extent of drug entry into target organs. There is also a greater appreciation that altered drug transporter function, whether due to genetic polymorphisms, drug-drug interactions, or environmental factors such as dietary constituents, can result in unexpected toxicity. Such effects are in part due to the interplay between various uptake and efflux transporters with overlapping functional capabilities that can manifest as marked interindividual variability in drug disposition in vivo. Here we review transporters of the solute carrier (SLC) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamilies considered to be of major importance in drug therapy and outline how understanding the expression, function, and genetic variation in such drug transporters will result in better strategies for optimal drug design and tissue targeting as well as reduce the risk for drug-drug interactions and adverse drug responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K DeGorter
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada N6A 5A5
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Liu JS, Xia CQ, Wang WT, Lu HY, Wang C, Deng AH, Li WT, Zhang H, Liang XY, Leng YX, Lu XM, Wang C, Wang JZ, Nakajima K, Li RX, Xu ZZ. All-optical cascaded laser wakefield accelerator using ionization-induced injection. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:035001. [PMID: 21838367 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.035001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on near-GeV electron beam generation from an all-optical cascaded laser wakefield accelerator (LWFA). Electron injection and acceleration are successfully separated and controlled in different LWFA stages by employing two gas cells filled with a He/O2 mixture and pure He gas, respectively. Electrons with a Maxwellian spectrum, generated from the first LWFA assisted by ionization-induced injection, were seeded into the second LWFA with a 3-mm-thick gas cell and accelerated to be a 0.8-GeV quasimonoenergetic electron beam, corresponding to an acceleration gradient of 187 GV/m. The demonstrated scheme paves the way towards the multi-GeV laser accelerators.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
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Ji LL, Shen BF, Zhang XM, Wang FC, Jin ZY, Xia CQ, Wen M, Wang WP, Xu JC, Yu MY. Generating quasi-single-cycle relativistic laser pulses by laser-foil interaction. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 103:215005. [PMID: 20366047 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.215005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A scheme for producing nearly single-cycle relativistic laser pulses is proposed. When a laser pulse interacts with an overdense thin foil, because of self-consistent nonlinear modulation, the latter will be more transparent to the more intense part of the laser, so that a transmitted pulse can be much shorter than the incident pulse. Using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation and analytical modeling, it is found that a transmitted pulse of duration 4 fs and peak intensity 3 x 10{20} W/cm{2} can be generated from a circularly polarized laser pulse. The intensity of the resulting pulse is only limited by that of the incident pulse, since this scheme involves only laser-plasma interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Ji
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Post Office Box 800-211, Shanghai 201800, China
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Zhang Y, Guan DL, Xia CQ, Han ZY, Xu JJ, Gao JZ, Wu KR. Clinical study of Lipo PGE1-inhibiting platelet activation in acute rejection after kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc 2006; 37:4208-10. [PMID: 16387079 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.10.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To observe the efficacy of the platelet activation inhibitor Lipo PGE1 therapy in the recovery of graft function after an acute rejection episode after kidney transplantation. Forty patients with acute rejection after kidney transplantation were randomly assigned into groups treated with or without Lipo PGE1. The expression levels of CD61, CD63, and PAC-1 on platelet surfaces were assayed by flow cytometry. The recovery time for graft function and 1-year patient and graft survival rates were recorded. Compared with controls, the expression levels of CD61, CD63, and PAC-1 were lower among acute rejection patients who received Lipo PGE1 therapy. The recovery time for graft function was shorter and the 1-year patient and graft survival rates higher. Lipo PGE1 therapy in patients with acute rejection episodes may inhibit platelet activation thereby benefiting graft functional recovery. The 1-year survival rates of patients and grafts might be increased if the expression levels of CD61, CD63, and PAC-1 on the platelet surfaces was decreased by Lipo PGE1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Affiliate of Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Zhang Y, Guan DL, Xia CQ, Han ZY, Xu JJ, Gao JZ, Wu KR, Zhang YG, Guan D. Relationship between the expression levels of CD61, CD63, and PAC-1 on platelet surface in peripheral blood and the transplanted kidney function. Transplant Proc 2003; 35:1360-3. [PMID: 12826159 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(03)00469-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the relationships between the expression levels of CD61, CD63, and PAC-1 on the platelet surface and the incidences of acute rejection and tubular necrosis as well as the recovery of graft function after renal transplantation. METHODS The expression levels of CD61, CD63, and PAC-1 on platelet surfaces were assayed by flow cytometry in 86 patients with different stages of uremia before and after transplantation. Patients were divided into three groups: 29 patients with normal graft function, 30 with acute rejection, and 27 with acute tubular necrosis. Patients with acute rejection were randomly assigned into groups treated with or without anticoagulants. RESULTS The expression levels of CD61, CD63, and PAC-1 on platelet surfaces significantly increased (P <.05) among patients with acute rejection, as compared with those with normal graft function or acute tubular necrosis. Compared with controls, the expression levels of CD61, CD63, and PAC-1 were lower among acute rejection patients who, received anticoagulant therapy. The recovery time for graft function shorter and, the 1-year patients and graft survival rates higher. CONCLUSIONS The pretransplant expression levels of CD61, CD63, and PAC-1 on platelet surface were significantly higher among patients with acute rejection, suggesting that this complication rather than acute tubular necrosis may be related to platelet activation. Patients with acute rejection displayed benefit from anticoagulant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Department of Urology, Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Xia CQ, Shen WC. Tyrphostin-8 enhances transferrin receptor-mediated transcytosis in Caco-2- cells and inreases hypoglycemic effect of orally administered insulin-transferrin conjugate in diabetic rats. Pharm Res 2001; 18:191-5. [PMID: 11405290 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011032502097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of tyrphostin 8 (T-8), a GTPase inhibitor, on transferrin receptor (TfR)-mediated transcytosis of insulin-transferrin (In-Tf) conjugate in cultured enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells and on gastrointestinal (GI) absorption of In-Tf in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. METHODS Caco-2 cells and diabetic rats were used as in vitro and in vivo models, respectively. TfR-mediated transcytosis was measured using 125I-In-Tf. The absorption of insulin in diabetic rats was demonstrated by the hypoglycemic effect. Rat blood glucose level was determined using a ONE TOUCH blood glucose monitoring system. RESULTS T-8 increased apical-to-basolateral transport of In-Tf conjugate by enhancing TfR-mediated transcytosis in filter-grown Caco-2 cell monolayer, and this enhancement was higher and faster than the previously reported brefeldin A (BFA)-induced effect. The measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) during the transport study showed that T-8 was less destructive on the cell tight junction than BFA. The GI absorption of In-Tf was evaluated by its hypoglycemic effect after oral administration in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The glucose-lowering effect of orally administered In-Tf in STZ-induced diabetic rats was improved by either T-8 or BFA. However, the effect of T-8 was more potent than that of BFA, especially at 7 h after administration. Either non-conjugated insulin or insulin-human serum albumin (In-HSA) conjugate by itself or in combination with T-8 did not show any hypoglycemic effect after oral administration, indicating that T-8-enhanced hypoglycemic activity of In-Tf was due to a selective enhancement of TfR-mediated transcytosis. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicated that T-8 could be used to increase the GI absorption of insulin as a transferrin conjugate. T-8, as an enhancer of TfR-mediated transcytosis, is better than the previously reported BFA. T-8 produces a higher increase on the transport of In-Tf and a lower toxicity on epithelial cells. Our findings provide an alternative approach to promote the GI absorption of insulin, as well as other peptide or protein drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Q Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-9121, USA
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Xia CQ, Wang J, Shen WC. Hypoglycemic effect of insulin-transferrin conjugate in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000; 295:594-600. [PMID: 11046093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transferrin (Tf) receptor-mediated transcytosis of insulin-transferrin conjugate (In-Tf) has been demonstrated in cultured human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells. In the present report, oral delivery of insulin as a Tf conjugate in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was investigated. Human insulin was conjugated at a 1:1 molar ratio to iron-loaded human Tf by a disulfide linkage. The stability of In-Tf and the free insulin released from In-Tf was studied in the presence of rat liver slices by using radioimmunoassay. The release of free insulin involved a disulfide reduction reaction that was inhibited by the pretreatment of the liver slice with a sulfhydryl-reactive reagent N-ethylmaleimide. A protease inhibitor cocktail also showed a partial inhibition of insulin degradation. The biological activity of the conjugate was tested in STZ-induced diabetic rats with s.c. administration, and the conjugate exhibited a slow but prolonged hypoglycemic effect compared with that of the native human insulin. In-Tf also displayed a slow but prolonged hypoglycemic effect after oral administration in fasted STZ-induced diabetic rats in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, In-Tf was detected in the serum of rats at 4 h after oral administration of the conjugate, indicating that In-Tf can overcome the barriers in the gastrointestinal tract and be absorbed as an intact conjugate. These results demonstrate that transepithelial transport via TfR-mediated transcytosis is a feasible approach for developing the oral delivery of insulin, as well as other peptide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Q Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE In this paper, the authors attempt to construct a mathematical model to correlate the biological activities of 63 polyamine transport inhibitors in L1210 cells with their physicochemical parameters. METHOD The inhibitory constants (Ki) were obtained from the published work of Bergeron et al. Non-weighted least square method was used in deriving the regression equations with a BMDP program. An AM1 subroutine of the HyperChem program was used to optimize the geometry and calculate the molecular dipole moments and the distance between two terminal amino groups. A CQSAR program was used to calculate Clog P (oct./w.). RESULTS A good correlation (r2 = 0.81) was obtained by using a five-parameter equation including the distance between two terminal amino groups (d), the number of cationic charge (Charge), molecular weight (MW), dipole moment (mu), and hydrogen bond forming ability (Hb). CONCLUSION This model accounts for 81% of the variance in the data and can be used to estimate transport-inhibitory activity of many other polyamine analogues. It gives some quantitative information about the relationship between the polyamine analogues' function as transport inhibitors and their molecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Q Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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