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Assessing physical and chemical properties of saliva among tuberculosis patients on anti-tuberculosis treatment - An observational study. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2022; 28:100322. [PMID: 35865185 PMCID: PMC9294525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2022.100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major systemic conditions which is a preventable and curable infection but remains a significant cause of death. The WHO, in its global plan to stop TB reports, that poor treatment has resulted in the evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains that do not respond to treatment with the standard first-line combination of anti- tuberculosis medicines, resulting in the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in almost every country of the world. The present study was aimed to assess the physical and chemical property of stimulated and unstimulated saliva and identify if any association exist with alterations in taste perception in patients with antituberculosis medications. Methods A total of 30 patients on anti-tuberculosis drugs were considered as cases and 30 healthy volunteers were considered as controls and included in the study. All study subjects were assessed for their physical property like flow rate, viscosity, pH and chemical property like sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorous of stimulated and unstimulated saliva. All the subjects on Anti-tuberculosis drugs were assessed for change in taste perceptions using the standard questionnaire. Results There is a significant decrease in the flow rate (0.34 ± 0.06) and pH (5.89 ± 0.37) of unstimulated saliva of patients and the flow rate (0.38 ± 0.07) and viscosity (1.34 ± 0.28) of stimulated saliva among the case group compare to the control group. All the electrolytes’ concentrations such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphorous values were significantly altered in stimulated and unstimulated saliva of the case group compared to the control group in which p-value < 0.05 was considered. Conclusion There are significant changes in physical and chemical properties of both stimulated and unstimulated saliva which has an effect on taste perception inpatient with anti-tuberculosis medications. Hence, salivary flow rate, pH, viscosity, and salivary electrolytes of tuberculosis patients should be considered as important parameters in guiding the diet, so that there will be an improvement in their taste perception and medication protocol, thus maintaining their nutritional status which leads to improving their health.
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Systematic Review of Salivary Versus Blood Concentrations of Antituberculosis Drugs and Their Potential for Salivary Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Ther Drug Monit 2018; 40:17-37. [PMID: 29120971 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic drug monitoring is useful in the treatment of tuberculosis to assure adequate exposure, minimize antibiotic resistance, and reduce toxicity. Salivary therapeutic drug monitoring could reduce the risks, burden, and costs of blood-based therapeutic drug monitoring. This systematic review compared human pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs in saliva and blood to determine if salivary therapeutic drug monitoring could be a promising alternative. METHODS On December 2, 2016, PubMed and the Institute for Scientific Information Web of Knowledge were searched for pharmacokinetic studies reporting human salivary and blood concentrations of antituberculosis drugs. Data on study population, study design, analytical method, salivary Cmax, salivary area under the time-concentration curve, plasma/serum Cmax, plasma/serum area under the time-concentration curve, and saliva-plasma or saliva-serum ratio were extracted. All included articles were assessed for risk of bias. RESULTS In total, 42 studies were included in this systematic review. For the majority of antituberculosis drugs, including the first-line drugs ethambutol and pyrazinamide, no pharmacokinetic studies in saliva were found. For amikacin, pharmacokinetic studies without saliva-plasma or saliva-serum ratios were found. CONCLUSIONS For gatifloxacin and linezolid, salivary therapeutic drug monitoring is likely possible due to a narrow range of saliva-plasma and saliva-serum ratios. For isoniazid, rifampicin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, and clarithromycin, salivary therapeutic drug monitoring might be possible; however, a large variability in saliva-plasma and saliva-serum ratios was observed. Unfortunately, salivary therapeutic drug monitoring is probably not possible for doripenem and amoxicillin/clavulanate, as a result of very low salivary drug concentrations.
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Bolhuis MS, Panday PN, Pranger AD, Kosterink JGW, Alffenaar JWC. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of antimicrobial drugs: a systematic review on oxazolidinones, rifamycines, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and Beta-lactams. Pharmaceutics 2011; 3:865-913. [PMID: 24309312 PMCID: PMC3857062 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics3040865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Like any other drug, antimicrobial drugs are prone to pharmacokinetic drug interactions. These drug interactions are a major concern in clinical practice as they may have an effect on efficacy and toxicity. This article provides an overview of all published pharmacokinetic studies on drug interactions of the commonly prescribed antimicrobial drugs oxazolidinones, rifamycines, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and beta-lactams, focusing on systematic research. We describe drug-food and drug-drug interaction studies in humans, affecting antimicrobial drugs as well as concomitantly administered drugs. Since knowledge about mechanisms is of paramount importance for adequate management of drug interactions, the most plausible underlying mechanism of the drug interaction is provided when available. This overview can be used in daily practice to support the management of pharmacokinetic drug interactions of antimicrobial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu S Bolhuis
- Department of Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Rifampin is a potent inducer of cytochrome P-450 oxidative enzymes as well as the P-glycoprotein transport system. Several examples of well-documented clinically significant interactions include warfarin, oral contraceptives, cyclosporine, itraconazole, digoxin, verapamil, nifedipine, simvastatin, midazolam, and human immunodeficiency virus-related protease inhibitors. Rifabutin reduces serum concentrations of antiretroviral agents, but less so than rifampin. Examples of clinically relevant interactions demonstrated by recent reports include everolimus, atorvastatin, rosiglitazone/pioglitazone, celecoxib, clarithromycin, caspofungin, and lorazepam. To avoid a decreased therapeutic response, therapeutic failure, or toxic reactions when rifampin is added to or discontinued from medication regimens, clinicians need to be cognizant of these interactions. Studies and cases of rifampin drug interactions continue to increase rapidly. This review is a timely reminder to clinicians to be vigilant.
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Zhou C, Tabb MM, Nelson EL, Grün F, Verma S, Sadatrafiei A, Lin M, Mallick S, Forman BM, Thummel KE, Blumberg B. Mutual repression between steroid and xenobiotic receptor and NF-kappaB signaling pathways links xenobiotic metabolism and inflammation. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:2280-2289. [PMID: 16841097 PMCID: PMC1501109 DOI: 10.1172/jci26283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While it has long been known that inflammation and infection reduce expression of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism and that exposure to xenobiotic chemicals can impair immune function, the molecular mechanisms underlying both of these phenomena have remained largely unknown. Here we show that activation of the nuclear steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR) by commonly used drugs in humans inhibits the activity of NF-kappaB, a key regulator of inflammation and the immune response. NF-kappaB target genes are upregulated and small bowel inflammation is significantly increased in mice lacking the SXR ortholog pregnane X receptor (PXR), thereby demonstrating a direct link between SXR and drug-mediated antagonism of NF-kappaB. Interestingly, NF-kappaB activation reciprocally inhibits SXR and its target genes whereas inhibition of NF-kappaB enhances SXR activity. This SXR/PXR-NF-kappaB axis provides a molecular explanation for the suppression of hepatic CYP mRNAs by inflammatory stimuli as well as the immunosuppressant effects of xenobiotics and SXR-responsive drugs. This mechanistic relationship has clinical consequences for individuals undergoing therapeutic exposure to the wide variety of drugs that are also SXR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changcheng Zhou
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology,
Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
Department of Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Gonda Diabetes Research Center, Duarte, California, USA.
Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michelle M. Tabb
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology,
Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
Department of Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Gonda Diabetes Research Center, Duarte, California, USA.
Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Edward L. Nelson
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology,
Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
Department of Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Gonda Diabetes Research Center, Duarte, California, USA.
Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Felix Grün
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology,
Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
Department of Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Gonda Diabetes Research Center, Duarte, California, USA.
Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Suman Verma
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology,
Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
Department of Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Gonda Diabetes Research Center, Duarte, California, USA.
Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Asal Sadatrafiei
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology,
Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
Department of Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Gonda Diabetes Research Center, Duarte, California, USA.
Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Min Lin
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology,
Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
Department of Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Gonda Diabetes Research Center, Duarte, California, USA.
Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shyamali Mallick
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology,
Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
Department of Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Gonda Diabetes Research Center, Duarte, California, USA.
Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Barry M. Forman
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology,
Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
Department of Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Gonda Diabetes Research Center, Duarte, California, USA.
Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kenneth E. Thummel
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology,
Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
Department of Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Gonda Diabetes Research Center, Duarte, California, USA.
Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology,
Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
Department of Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Gonda Diabetes Research Center, Duarte, California, USA.
Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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