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Altered Extracellular Matrix as an Alternative Risk Factor for Epileptogenicity in Brain Tumors. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102475. [PMID: 36289737 PMCID: PMC9599244 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures are one of the most common symptoms of brain tumors. The incidence of seizures differs among brain tumor type, grade, location and size, but paediatric-type diffuse low-grade gliomas/glioneuronal tumors are often highly epileptogenic. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is known to play a role in epileptogenesis and tumorigenesis because it is involved in the (re)modelling of neuronal connections and cell-cell signaling. In this review, we discuss the epileptogenicity of brain tumors with a focus on tumor type, location, genetics and the role of the extracellular matrix. In addition to functional problems, epileptogenic tumors can lead to increased morbidity and mortality, stigmatization and life-long care. The health advantages can be major if the epileptogenic properties of brain tumors are better understood. Surgical resection is the most common treatment of epilepsy-associated tumors, but post-surgery seizure-freedom is not always achieved. Therefore, we also discuss potential novel therapies aiming to restore ECM function.
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Metrangolo V, Ploug M, Engelholm LH. The Urokinase Receptor (uPAR) as a "Trojan Horse" in Targeted Cancer Therapy: Challenges and Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215376. [PMID: 34771541 PMCID: PMC8582577 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Discovered more than three decades ago, the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has now firmly established itself as a versatile molecular target holding promise for the treatment of aggressive malignancies. The copious abundance of uPAR in virtually all human cancerous tissues versus their healthy counterparts has fostered a gradual shift in the therapeutic landscape targeting this receptor from function inhibition to cytotoxic approaches to selectively eradicate the uPAR-expressing cells by delivering a targeted cytotoxic insult. Multiple avenues are being explored in a preclinical setting, including the more innovative immune- or stroma targeting therapies. This review discusses the current state of these strategies, their potentialities, and challenges, along with future directions in the field of uPAR targeting. Abstract One of the largest challenges to the implementation of precision oncology is identifying and validating selective tumor-driving targets to enhance the therapeutic efficacy while limiting off-target toxicity. In this context, the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has progressively emerged as a promising therapeutic target in the management of aggressive malignancies. By focalizing the plasminogen activation cascade and subsequent extracellular proteolysis on the cell surface of migrating cells, uPAR endows malignant cells with a high proteolytic and migratory potential to dissolve the restraining extracellular matrix (ECM) barriers and metastasize to distant sites. uPAR is also assumed to choreograph multiple other neoplastic stages via a complex molecular interplay with distinct cancer-associated signaling pathways. Accordingly, high uPAR expression is observed in virtually all human cancers and is frequently associated with poor patient prognosis and survival. The promising therapeutic potential unveiled by the pleiotropic nature of this receptor has prompted the development of distinct targeted intervention strategies. The present review will focus on recently emerged cytotoxic approaches emphasizing the novel technologies and related limits hindering their application in the clinical setting. Finally, future research directions and emerging opportunities in the field of uPAR targeting are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Metrangolo
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (V.M.); (M.P.)
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Ploug
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (V.M.); (M.P.)
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars H. Engelholm
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (V.M.); (M.P.)
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-31-43-20-77
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Bhardwaj R, Suzuki A, Leland P, Joshi BH, Puri RK. Identification of a novel role of IL-13Rα2 in human Glioblastoma multiforme: interleukin-13 mediates signal transduction through AP-1 pathway. J Transl Med 2018; 16:369. [PMID: 30572904 PMCID: PMC6302477 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1746-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previously, we have demonstrated that Interleukin 13 receptor alpha 2 (IL-13Rα2) is overexpressed in approximate 78% Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) samples. We have also demonstrated that IL-13Rα2 can serve as a target for cancer immunotherapy in several pre-clinical and clinical studies. However, the significance of overexpression of IL-13Rα2 in GBM and astrocytoma and signaling through these receptors is not known. IL-13 can signal through IL-13R via JAK/STAT and AP-1 pathways in certain cell lines including some tumor cell lines. Herein, we have investigated a role of IL-13/IL-13Rα2 axis in signaling through AP-1 transcription factors in human glioma samples in situ. Methods We examined the activation of AP-1 family of transcription factors (c-Jun, Fra-1, Jun-D, c-Fos, and Jun-B) after treating U251, A172 (IL-13Rα2 +ve) and T98G (IL-13Rα2 −ve) glioma cell lines with IL-13 by RT-qPCR, and immunocytochemistry (ICC). We also performed colorimetric ELISA based assay to determine AP-1 transcription factor activation in glioma cell lines. Furthermore, we examined the expression of AP-1 transcription factors in situ in GBM and astrocytoma specimens by multiplex-immunohistochemistry (IHC). Student t test and ANOVA were used for statistical analysis of the results. Results We have demonstrated up-regulation of two AP-1 transcription factors (c-Jun and Fra-1) at mRNA and protein levels upon treatment with IL-13 in IL-13Rα2 positive but not in IL-13Rα2 negative glioma cell lines. Both transcription factors were also overexpressed in patient derived GBM specimens, however, in contrast to GBM cell lines, c-Fos is also overexpressed in patient derived specimens. Astrocytoma specimens showed lesser extent of immunostaining for IL-13Rα2 and three AP-1 factors compared to GBM specimens. By transcription factor activation assay, we demonstrated that AP-1 transcription factors (C-Jun and Fra-1) were activated upon treatment of IL-13Rα2 + GBM cell lines but not IL-13Rα2 − GBM cell line with IL-13. Our results demonstrate functional activity of AP-1 transcription factor in GBM cell lines in response to IL-13. Conclusions These results indicate that IL-13/IL-13Rα2 axis can mediate signal transduction in situ via AP-1 pathway in GBM and astrocytoma and may serve as a new target for GBM immunotherapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-018-1746-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukmini Bhardwaj
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies (DCGT) Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies (OTAT), Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies (DCGT) Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies (OTAT), Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Pamela Leland
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies (DCGT) Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies (OTAT), Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Bharat H Joshi
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies (DCGT) Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies (OTAT), Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Raj K Puri
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies (DCGT) Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies (OTAT), Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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Angiogenesis inhibition on glioblastoma multiforme cell lines (U-87 MG and T98G) by AT-101. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jons.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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The Urokinase Receptor Induces a Mesenchymal Gene Expression Signature in Glioblastoma Cells and Promotes Tumor Cell Survival in Neurospheres. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2982. [PMID: 29445239 PMCID: PMC5813209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21358-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PLAUR encodes the urokinase receptor (uPAR), which promotes cell survival, migration, and resistance to targeted cancer therapeutics in glioblastoma cells in culture and in mouse model systems. Herein, we show that patient survival correlates inversely with PLAUR mRNA expression in gliomas of all grades, in glioblastomas, and in the subset of glioblastomas that demonstrate the mesenchymal gene expression signature. PLAUR clusters with genes that define the more aggressive mesenchymal subtype in transcriptome profiles of glioblastoma tissue and glioblastoma cells in neurospheres, which are enriched for multipotent cells with stem cell-like qualities. When PLAUR was over-expressed or silenced in glioblastoma cells, neurosphere growth and expression of mesenchymal subtype biomarkers correlated with uPAR abundance. uPAR also promoted glioblastoma cell survival in neurospheres. Constitutively-active EGF Receptor (EGFRvIII) promoted neurosphere growth; however, unlike uPAR, EGFRvIII did not induce the mesenchymal gene expression signature. Immunohistochemical analysis of human glioblastomas showed that uPAR is typically expressed by a small sub-population of the cancer cells; it is thus reasonable to conclude that this subpopulation of cells is responsible for the effects of PLAUR on patient survival. We propose that uPAR-expressing glioblastoma cells demonstrate a mesenchymal gene signature, an increased capacity for cell survival, and stem cell-like properties.
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Skovgaard D, Persson M, Kjaer A. Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor–PET with 68 Ga-NOTA-AE105. PET Clin 2017; 12:311-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Keller S, Schmidt MHH. EGFR and EGFRvIII Promote Angiogenesis and Cell Invasion in Glioblastoma: Combination Therapies for an Effective Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2017. [PMID: 28629170 PMCID: PMC5486116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the mutant EGFRvIII are major focal points in current concepts of targeted cancer therapy for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most malignant primary brain tumor. The receptors participate in the key processes of tumor cell invasion and tumor-related angiogenesis and their upregulation correlates with the poor prognosis of glioma patients. Glioma cell invasion and increased angiogenesis share mechanisms of the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) through upregulation of ECM-degrading proteases as well as the activation of aberrant signaling pathways. This review describes the role of EGFR and EGFRvIII in those mechanisms which might offer new combined therapeutic approaches targeting EGFR or EGFRvIII together with drug treatments against proteases of the ECM or downstream signaling to increase the inhibitory effects of mono-therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Keller
- Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratories, Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Mainz Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Johannes Gutenberg University, School of Medicine, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Mirko H H Schmidt
- Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratories, Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Mainz Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Johannes Gutenberg University, School of Medicine, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Improved positron emission tomography imaging of glioblastoma cancer using novel 68Ga-labeled peptides targeting the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR). Amino Acids 2017; 49:1089-1100. [PMID: 28316028 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2407-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is overexpressed in several cancers including glioblastoma (GBM) and is an established biomarker for metastatic potential. The uPAR-targeting peptide AE105-NH2 (Ac-Asp-Cha-Phe-(D)Ser-(D)Arg-Tyr-Leu-Trp-Ser-CONH2) is a promising candidate for non-invasive positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of uPAR. Despite the optimal physical properties of 68Ga for peptide-based PET imaging, low tumor uptakes have previously been reported using 68Ga-labeled AE105-NH2-based tracers. In an attempt to optimize the tumor uptake, we developed three novel tracers with alkane (AOC) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacers inserted between AE105-NH2 and the radio metal chelator 2-(4,7-bis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7-triazonan-1-yl)pentanedioic acid (NODAGA). The resulting tracers NODAGA-AOC-AE105-NH2, NODAGA-PEG3-AE105-NH2 and NODAGA-PEG8-AE105-NH2 were compared to the non-spacer version, NODAGA-AE105-NH2. Following radiolabeling with 68Ga, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo performance in mice bearing subcutaneous tumors derived from the uPAR-expressing human GBM cell line U87MG. In vivo PET/CT imaging showed that introduction of PEG spacers more than doubled the in vivo tumor uptake after 1 h compared with the non-spacer version: 68Ga-NODAGA-PEG3-AE105-NH2 (2.08 ± 0.37%ID/g) and 68Ga-NODAGA-PEG8-AE105-NH2 (2.01 ± 0.22%ID/g) vs. 68Ga-NODAGA-AE105-NH2 (0.70 ± 0.40%ID/g), p < 0.05. In addition, 68Ga-NODAGA-PEG8-AE105-NH2 showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) tumor-to-background contrast (3.68 ± 0.23) than the other tracers. The specific tumor-targeting property of 68Ga-NODAGA-PEG8-AE105-NH2 was established by effectively blocking the tumor uptake with co-injection of unlabeled AE105-NH2 (1 h: unblocked 2.01 ± 0.22%ID/g vs. blocked 1.24 ± 0.09%ID/g, p < 0.05). Ex vivo biodistribution confirmed the improved tumor uptakes of the PEG-modified tracers. 68Ga-NODAGA-PEG8-AE105-NH2 is thus a promising candidate for human translation for PET imaging of GBM.
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Persson M, Nedergaard MK, Brandt-Larsen M, Skovgaard D, Jørgensen JT, Michaelsen SR, Madsen J, Lassen U, Poulsen HS, Kjaer A. Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor as a Potential PET Biomarker in Glioblastoma. J Nucl Med 2015; 57:272-8. [PMID: 26429955 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.161703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Glioblastoma is one of the most malignant types of human cancer, and the prognosis is poor. The development and validation of novel molecular imaging biomarkers has the potential to improve tumor detection, grading, risk stratification, and treatment monitoring of gliomas. The aim of this study was to explore the potential of PET imaging of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) in glioblastoma. METHODS The uPAR messenger RNA expression of tumors from 19 glioblastoma patients was analyzed, and a cell culture derived from one of these patients was used to establish an orthotopic xenograft model of glioblastoma. Tumor growth was monitored using bioluminescence imaging. Five to six weeks after inoculation, all mice were scanned with small-animal PET/CT using two new uPAR PET ligands ((64)Cu-NOTA-AE105 and (68)Ga-NOTA-AE105) and, for comparison, O-(2-(18)F-fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine ((18)F-FET). One MRI scan was obtained for each mouse to confirm tumor location. The uPAR specificity of (64)Cu-NOTA-AE105 was confirmed by alignment of hematoxylin- and eosin-stained and uPAR immunohistochemistry-stained slides of the brain with the activity distribution as determined using autoradiography. RESULTS uPAR expression was found in all 19 glioblastoma patient tumors, and high expression of uPAR correlated with decreased overall survival (P = 0.04). Radiolabeling of NOTA-AE105 with (64)Cu and (68)Ga was straightforward, resulting in a specific activity of approximately 20 GBq/μmol and a radiochemical purity of more than 98% for (64)Cu-NOTA-AE105 and more than 97% for (68)Ga-NOTA-AE105. High image contrast resulting in clear tumor delineation was found for both (68)Ga-NOTA-AE105 and (64)Cu-NOTA-AE105. Absolute uptake in tumor was higher for (18)F-FET (3.5 ± 0.8 percentage injected dose [%ID]/g) than for (64)Cu-NOTA-AE105 (1.2 ± 0.4 %ID/g) or (68)Ga-NOTA-AE105 (0.4 ± 0.1 %ID/g). A similar pattern was observed in background brain tissue, where uptake was 1.9 ± 0.1 %ID/g for (18)F-fluorothymidine, compared with 0.05 ± 0.01 %ID/g for (68)Ga-NOTA-AE105 and 0.11 ± 0.02 %ID/g for (64)Cu-NOTA-AE105. The result was a significantly higher tumor-to-background ratio for both (68)Ga-NOTA-AE105 (7.6 ± 2.1, P < 0.05) and (64)Cu-NOTA-AE105 (10.6 ± 2.3, P < 0.01) than for (18)F-FET PET (1.8 ± 0.3). Autoradiography of brain slides confirmed that the accumulation of (64)Cu-NOTA-AE105 corresponded well with uPAR-positive cancer cells. CONCLUSION On the basis of our translational study, uPAR PET may be a highly promising imaging biomarker for glioblastoma. Further clinical exploration of uPAR PET in glioblastoma is therefore justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Persson
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette K Nedergaard
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Radiation Biology, Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Malene Brandt-Larsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorthe Skovgaard
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper T Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe R Michaelsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Jacob Madsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Lassen
- Department of Oncology, Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans S Poulsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wykosky J, Hu J, Gomez GG, Taylor T, Villa GR, Pizzo D, VandenBerg SR, Thorne AH, Chen CC, Mischel PS, Gonias SL, Cavenee WK, Furnari FB. A urokinase receptor-Bim signaling axis emerges during EGFR inhibitor resistance in mutant EGFR glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2014; 75:394-404. [PMID: 25432173 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
EGFR is the most common genetically altered oncogene in glioblastoma (GBM), but small-molecule EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) have failed to yield durable clinical benefit. Here, we show that in two novel model systems of acquired resistance to EGFR TKIs, elevated expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) drives signaling through the MAPK pathway, which results in suppression of the proapoptotic BCL2-family member protein BIM (BCL2L11). In patient-derived GBM cells and genetic GBM models, uPA is shown to suppress BIM levels through ERK1/2 phosphorylation, which can be reversed by siRNA-mediated knockdown of uPA. TKI-resistant GBMs are resensitized to EGFR TKIs by pharmacologic inhibition of MEK or a BH3 mimetic drug to replace BIM function. A link between the uPA-uPAR-ERK1/2 pathway and BIM has not been previously demonstrated in GBM, and involvement of this signaling axis in resistance provides rationale for a new strategy to target EGFR TKI-resistant GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Wykosky
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California
| | - Jingjing Hu
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California. The Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - German G Gomez
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California
| | - Tiffany Taylor
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California
| | - Genaro R Villa
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California
| | - Donald Pizzo
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Scott R VandenBerg
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Clark C Chen
- The Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Paul S Mischel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California. Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California. The Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Steven L Gonias
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California. The Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Webster K Cavenee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California. The Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California. Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California. The Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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Vlachostergios PJ, Voutsadakis IA, Papandreou CN. The shaping of invasive glioma phenotype by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:87-92. [PMID: 24004256 DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2013.833192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Protein degradation is an indispensable process for cells which is often deregulated in various diseases, including malignant conditions. Depending on the specific cell type and functions of expressed proteins, this aberration may have different effects on the determination of malignant phenotypes. A discrete, inherent feature of malignant glioma is its profound invasive and migratory potential, regulated by the expression of signaling and effector proteins, many of which are also subjected to post-translational regulation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Here we provide an overview of this connection, focusing on important pro-invasive protein signals targeted by the UPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis J Vlachostergios
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, University of Thessaly University Hospital of Larissa , Larissa , Greece
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Rao JS, Gujrati M, Chetty C. Tumor-associated soluble uPAR-directed endothelial cell motility and tumor angiogenesis. Oncogenesis 2013; 2:e53. [PMID: 23797476 PMCID: PMC3740303 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2013.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) receptor (uPAR) correlates with the malignant phenotype of various cancers. The soluble form of uPAR (s-uPAR) is present in the circulation of cancer patients, but the role of s-uPAR in endothelial cell migration is poorly understood. Therefore, we examined the role of tumor-associated s-uPAR on endothelial cell motility and angiogenesis. Here, we present evidence that tumor-associated s-uPAR augments the migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). When grown on tumor-conditioned medium, the membrane fraction of HUVECs had increased localization of s-uPAR onto its cell membrane. Colocalization studies for GM1 ganglioside receptor and uPAR further demonstrated s-uPAR recruitment onto lipid rafts of HUVECs. Immunoblot analysis for uPAR in lipid raft fractions confirmed s-uPAR recruiting onto HUVECs' membrane. Further, s-uPAR induced Rac1-mediated cell migration while either function-blocking uPAR antibodies or dominant-negative mutant Rac1 expression in HUVECs-mitigated s-uPAR-enhanced cell migration. In addition, orthotopic implantation of uPAR-overexpressing cells resulted in a significant increase in circulating s-uPAR in blood serum and invasive nature of tumor and tumor vasculature in mice. Collectively, this data provide insight into tumor-associated s-uPAR-directed migration of endothelial cells and its subsequent influence on tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Rao
- 1] Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA [2] Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
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Bernhart E, Damm S, Wintersperger A, DeVaney T, Zimmer A, Raynham T, Ireson C, Sattler W. Protein kinase D2 regulates migration and invasion of U87MG glioblastoma cells in vitro. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2037-2048. [PMID: 23562655 PMCID: PMC3715702 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor, which, despite combined modality treatment, reoccurs and is invariably fatal for affected patients. Recently, a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase D (PRKD) family, PRKD2, was shown to be a potent mediator of glioblastoma growth. Here we studied the role of PRKD2 in U87MG glioblastoma cell migration and invasion in response to sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), an activator of PRKD2 and a GBM mitogen. Time-lapse microscopy demonstrated that random cell migration was significantly diminished in response to PRKD2 silencing. The pharmacological PRKD family inhibitor CRT0066101 decreased chemotactic migration and invasion across uncoated or matrigel-coated Transwell inserts. Silencing of PRKD2 attenuated migration and invasion of U87MG cells even more effectively. In terms of downstream signaling, CRT0066101 prevented PRKD2 autophosphorylation and inhibited p44/42 MAPK and to a smaller extent p54/46 JNK and p38 MAPK activation. PRKD2 silencing impaired activation of p44/42 MAPK and p54/46 JNK, downregulated nuclear c-Jun protein levels and decreased c-JunS73 phosphorylation without affecting the NFκB pathway. Finally, qPCR array analyses revealed that silencing of PRKD2 downregulates mRNA levels of integrin alpha-2 and -4 (ITGA2 and -4), plasminogen activator urokinase (PLAU), plasminogen activator urokinase receptor (PLAUR), and matrix metallopeptidase 1 (MMP1). Findings of the present study identify PRKD2 as a potential target to interfere with glioblastoma cell migration and invasion, two major determinants contributing to recurrence of glioblastoma after multimodality treatment. Sphingosine-1-phosphate induces glioma cell migration and invasion. Part of the effects is mediated by protein kinase D2 (PRKD2) activation. Inactivation of PRKD2 attenuates glioblastoma cell migration and invasion. Both, RNAi and pharmacological inhibition of PRKD2 inhibits MAPK signaling. PRKD2 regulates transcription of gene products implicated in migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bernhart
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sabine Damm
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Wintersperger
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Trevor DeVaney
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor and is characterized by high invasiveness, poor prognosis, and limited therapeutic options. Biochemical and morphological experiments have shown the presence of caveolae in glioblastoma cells. Caveolae are flask-shaped plasma membrane subdomains that play trafficking, mechanosensing, and signaling roles. Caveolin-1 is a membrane protein that participates in the formation of caveolae and binds a multitude of signaling proteins, compartmentalizing them in caveolae and often directly regulating their activity via binding to its scaffolding domain. Caveolin-1 has been proposed to behave either as a tumor suppressor or as an ongogene depending on the tumor type and progress. This review discusses the existing information on the expression and function of caveolin-1 and caveolae in GBM and the role of this organelle and its defining protein on cellular signaling, growth, and invasiveness of GBM. We further analyze the available data suggesting caveolin-1 could be a target in GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Odile Parat
- University of Queensland School of Pharmacy, PACE, 20 Cornwall St., Woollloongabba QLD 4102, Australia.
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15
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Crosstalk between the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor and EGF receptor variant III supports survival and growth of glioblastoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:15984-9. [PMID: 21896743 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1113416108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A truncated and constitutively active form of the EGF receptor, variant III (EGFRvIII), is a major determinant of tumor growth and progression in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Extensive bidirectional crosstalk occurs in the cell-signaling pathways downstream of the EGFR and the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR); however, crosstalk between EGFRvIII and uPAR has not been examined. Here, we show that uPAR does not regulate ERK activation in EGFRvIII-expressing GBM cells; however, in GBM cells isolated from four separate xenografts in which EGFRvIII expression was down-regulated in vivo, uPAR assumed a major role in sustaining ERK activation. Phosphorylation of Tyr-845 in the EGFR, which is mediated by Src family kinases, depended on uPAR in EGFRvIII-expressing GBM cells. Activation of the mitogenic and prosurvival transcription factor, STAT5b, downstream of EGFRvIII, also required uPAR. The EGFR-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors, erlotinib and gefitinib, blocked not only EGFRvIII signaling to ERK but also uPAR-dependent STAT5b activation. uPAR gene silencing in EGFRvIII-expressing GBM cells and in cells from tumors that escaped dependency on EGFRvIII decreased cell survival and proliferation. Xenografts of EGFRvIII-expressing cancer cell lines and a human GBM, which was propagated as a xenograft, were robustly immunopositive for uPAR and phospho-Tyr-845 by immunohistochemistry. A human GBM in which the EGFR gene was amplified without truncation was immunonegative for both uPAR and phospho-Tyr-845. These studies identify distinct cell-signaling activities for uPAR in GBM cells that express EGFRvIII and in cells released from dormancy when EGFRvIII is neutralized. uPAR and its crosstalk pathways with EGFRvIII emerge as logical targets for therapeutics development in GBM.
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16
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Sun L, Yan W, Wang Y, Sun G, Luo H, Zhang J, Wang X, You Y, Yang Z, Liu N. MicroRNA-10b induces glioma cell invasion by modulating MMP-14 and uPAR expression via HOXD10. Brain Res 2011; 1389:9-18. [PMID: 21419107 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small endogenous noncoding RNAs, which modulate target gene expression by binding with target mRNA sequences in the 3'untranslated region (UTR) with an imperfect complementarity that inhibits the mRNA translation. Many microRNAs have been reported to function as tumor oncogenes or anti-oncogenes. Recently, more and more microRNAs have been reported to contribute to a tumor's invasive potential. Here, we show that microRNA-10b (miR-10b) was over-expressed in glioma samples and directly associated with the glioma's pathological grade and malignancy. We also found that miR-10b induced glioma cell invasion by modulating tumor invasion factors MMP-14 and uPAR expression via the direct target HOXD10. The miR-10b/HOXD10/MMP-14/uPAR signaling pathway might contribute to the invasion of glioma. Accordingly, glioma cells lost their invasive ability when treated with specific antisense oligonucleotides (miR-10b inhibitors), suggesting that miR-10b could be used as a new bio-target to cure glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
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17
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Oh S, Tsai AK, Ohlfest JR, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Vallera DA. Evaluation of a bispecific biological drug designed to simultaneously target glioblastoma and its neovasculature in the brain. J Neurosurg 2011; 114:1662-71. [PMID: 21294620 DOI: 10.3171/2010.11.jns101214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT The authors of this study aimed to genetically design a bispecific targeted toxin that would simultaneously target overexpressed markers on glioma as well as the tumor vasculature, to mutate certain amino acids to reduce the immunogenicity of this new drug, and to determine whether the drug was able to effectively reduce aggressive human brain tumors in a rat xenograft model via a novel hollow fiber (HF) catheter delivery system. METHODS A new bispecific ligand-directed toxin (BLT) was created in which 2 human cytokines-epidermal growth factor ([EGF], targeting overexpressed EGF receptor) and amino acid terminal fragment ([ATF], targeting urokinase plasminogen activator receptor)-were cloned onto the same single-chain molecule with truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin with a terminal lysyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-leucine (KDEL) sequence. Site-specific mutagenesis was used to mutate amino acids in 7 key epitopic toxin regions that dictate the B cell generation of neutralizing antitoxin antibodies to deimmunize the drug, now called "EGFATFKDEL 7mut." Bioassays were used to determine whether mutation reduced the drug's potency, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay studies were performed to determine whether antitoxin antibodies were decreased. Aggressive brain tumors were intracranially established in nude rats by using human U87 glioma genetically marked with a firefly luciferase reporter gene (U87-luc), and the rats were stereotactically treated with 2 intracranial injections of deimmunized EGFATFKDEL via convection-enhanced delivery (CED). Drug was administered through a novel HF catheter to reduce drug backflow upon delivery. RESULTS In vitro, EGFATFKDEL 7mut selectively killed the human glioblastoma cell line U87-luc as well as cultured human endothelial cells in the form of the human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Deimmunization did not reduce drug activity. In vivo, when rats with brain tumors were intracranially treated with drug via CED and a novel HF catheter to reduce backflow, there were significant tumor reductions in 2 experiments (p < 0.01). Some rats survived with a tumor-free status until 130 days post-tumor inoculation. An irrelevant BLT control did not protect establishing specificity. The maximal tolerated dose of EGFATFKDEL 7mut was established at 2 μg/injection or 8.0 μg/kg, and data indicated that this dose was nontoxic. Antitoxin antibodies were reduced by at least 90%. CONCLUSIONS First, data indicated that the BLT framework is effective for simultaneously targeting glioma and its neovasculature. Second, in the rodent CED studies, newly developed HF catheters that limit backflow are effective for drug delivery. Third, by mutating critical amino acids, the authors reduced the threat of the interference of neutralizing antibodies that are generated against the drug. The authors' experiments addressed some of the most urgent limitations in the targeted toxin field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunguk Oh
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology-Radiation Oncology, Section on Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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18
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Extravasale Proteolyse: Funktion und Interaktion der Faktoren des fibrinolytischen Systems. Hamostaseologie 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-01544-1_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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19
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Smith HW, Marra P, Marshall CJ. uPAR promotes formation of the p130Cas-Crk complex to activate Rac through DOCK180. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 182:777-90. [PMID: 18725541 PMCID: PMC2518715 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200712050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) drives tumor cell membrane protrusion and motility through activation of Rac; however, the pathway leading from uPAR to Rac activation has not been described. In this study we identify DOCK180 as the guanine nucleotide exchange factor acting downstream of uPAR. We show that uPAR cooperates with integrin complexes containing β3 integrin to drive formation of the p130Cas–CrkII signaling complex and activation of Rac, resulting in a Rac-driven elongated-mesenchymal morphology, cell motility, and invasion. Our findings identify a signaling pathway underlying the morphological changes and increased cell motility associated with uPAR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey W Smith
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, England, UK
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20
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Laerum OD, Illemann M, Skarstein A, Helgeland L, Ovrebø K, Danø K, Nielsen BS. Crohn's disease but not chronic ulcerative colitis induces the expression of PAI-1 in enteric neurons. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103:2350-8. [PMID: 18844621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic inflammation of the intestinal wall is the common characteristic of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis; disorders, which in some cases can be difficult to distinguish. The inflammation also affects the local neuronal plexuses of the enteric nervous system. It is known that plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and urokinase receptor (uPAR) are upregulated in neurons after experimental peripheral nerve injury and have been linked to nerve regeneration. METHODS The expression of PAI-1 and uPAR in neuronal cells in lesions of the gastrointestinal tract was analyzed by immunohistochemical techniques. RESULTS PAI-1 was found in a subset of neurons primarily located in the submucosal plexus of the small and large intestine in 24 of 28 cases (86%) with Crohn's disease, but in none of 17 cases with chronic ulcerative colitis and other severe inflammatory conditions in the intestinal wall. The PAI-1 was seen in the perikarya of the neurons and a few proximal axons, whereas nerves were negative. uPAR was seen in nerves in all types of lesion varying from 21% to 88% of the cases, most frequent in colon adenocarcinomas. No uPAR-positive nerves were detected in normal colon. CONCLUSIONS PAI-1-positive neurons in inflammatory bowel disease are linked to chronic inflammation in Crohn's disease, implying PAI-1 as a potential parameter for the differential diagnosis between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The findings also suggest that PAI-1 in neurons is related to pain and that both PAI-1 and uPAR are involved in neuronal repair in the inflamed tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole D Laerum
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Daou MC, Smith TW, Litofsky NS, Hsieh CC, Ross AH. Doublecortin is preferentially expressed in invasive human brain tumors. Acta Neuropathol 2005; 110:472-80. [PMID: 16195916 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-005-1070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Doublecortin (DCX) is required for neuroblastic migration during the development of the cerebral cortex. DCX is a microtubule-associated protein that plays a role in cellular motility. These facts led us to hypothesize that DCX is increased in invasive brain tumors. DCX expression was assessed in 69 paraffin-embedded brain tumors of neuroepithelial origin. In addition, mouse brain sections of the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus were used as positive controls for immunostaining, and specificity of antibody staining was demonstrated by peptide neutralization. DCX was highly expressed in both high-grade invasive tumors (glioblastoma, n=11; anaplastic astrocytoma/oligoastrocytoma, n=7; and medulloblastoma/PNET, n=6) and low-grade invasive tumors (oligodendroglioma, n=3; and astrocytoma/oligoastrocytoma, n=5). However, DCX was less intensely expressed in the circumscribed group of tumors (pilocytic astrocytoma, n=6; ependymoma/subependymoma, n=7; dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, n=4; ganglioglioma, n=2; meningioma, n=9; and schwannoma, n=9). By the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistical test, the circumscribed group was significantly different from both the high-grade invasive group (P<0.0001) and the low-grade invasive group (P<0.0001). We conclude that DCX is preferentially expressed in invasive brain tumors. In addition, DCX immunostaining was stronger at the margin of the tumor than at the center. For a subset of these tumors, we also detected DCX mRNA and protein by Northern and Western blotting. DCX mRNA and protein was detected in glioma cell lines by Northern blotting, immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blotting. Collectively, the immunohistochemistry, Western blots and Northern blots conclusively demonstrate expression of DCX by human brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Daou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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