1
|
Xiang C, Wu X, Wei Y, Li T, Tang X, Wang Y, Zhang X, Huang X, Wang Y. First report on severe septic shock associated with human Parvovirus B19 infection after cardiac surgery. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1064760. [PMID: 37091672 PMCID: PMC10115160 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1064760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundHuman Parvovirus B19 (PB19) is a single-stranded DNA virus. Septic shock from viremia is rare with PB19; however, this infection can progress to life-threatening conditions. We report the first case of severe septic shock associated with a PB19 infection after cardiac surgery.Case PresentationA 50-year-old Chinese woman received elective double metal valve replacement, including the aortic valve and the mitral valve, under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and suffered severe septic shock on postoperative day (PD) 30. Through the detection of PB19-specific nucleic acids in blister fluid and serum samples via metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), positive serum PB19 IgM and no other proven infection, acute PB19 infection was confirmed. After five days of combined treatment, no further fever or abdominal discomfort was noted, and the patient’s circulation gradually became stable without vasoactive medications.ConclusionPB19 may be an unrecognized cause of septic shock, rash, fever of unknown origin or multiple systemic signs and symptoms, especially in immunosuppressed and immunocompetent critically ill patients. Investigations for viral aetiology are needed.
Collapse
|
2
|
Lesouhaitier M, Gregoire M, Gacouin A, Coirier V, Frerou A, Piau C, Cattoir V, Dumontet E, Revest M, Tattevin P, Roisne A, Verhoye JP, Flecher E, Le Tulzo Y, Tarte K, Tadié JM. Neutrophil function and bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:867-876. [PMID: 34425029 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ab1219-737rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the main bacterial pathogen encountered in mediastinitis after cardiac surgical procedures; it remains a devastating complication with a high mortality rate. As neutrophils have a primordial role in the defense against staphylococcus infection and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is known to induce immunosuppression, the aim of this study was to investigate CPB impact on neutrophil functions. Patients without known immunosuppression scheduled for cardiac surgery with CPB were included. Bone marrow and blood samples were harvested before, during, and after surgery. Neutrophil phenotypic maturation and functions (migration, adhesion, neutrophil extracellular trap [NET] release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, phagocytosis, and bacteria killing) were investigated. Two types of Staphylococcus aureus strains (one from asymptomatic nasal carriage and another from mediastinitis infected tissues) were used to assess in vitro bacterial direct impact on neutrophils. We found that CPB induced a systemic inflammation with an increase in circulating mature neutrophils after surgery. Bone marrow sample analysis did not reveal any modification of neutrophil maturation during CPB. Neutrophil lifespan was significantly increased and functions such as NET release and ROS production were enhanced after CPB whereas bacteria killing and phagocytosis were not impacted. Results were similar with the two different isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. These data suggest that CPB induces a recruitment of mature neutrophils via a demargination process rather than impacting their maturation in the bone marrow. In addition, neutrophils are fully efficient after CPB and do not contribute to postoperative immunosuppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Lesouhaitier
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France.,INSERM, EFS Bretagne, UMR U1236, Rennes 1 University, Rennes, France
| | - Murielle Gregoire
- INSERM, EFS Bretagne, UMR U1236, Rennes 1 University, Rennes, France.,Department of Biology, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Arnaud Gacouin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Valentin Coirier
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Aurélien Frerou
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Caroline Piau
- Department of Bacteriology, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Erwan Dumontet
- INSERM, EFS Bretagne, UMR U1236, Rennes 1 University, Rennes, France.,Department of Biology, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Matthieu Revest
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Pierre Tattevin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Antoine Roisne
- Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine and Perioperative Medicine, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Erwan Flecher
- Department of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Tulzo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France.,INSERM, EFS Bretagne, UMR U1236, Rennes 1 University, Rennes, France
| | - Karin Tarte
- INSERM, EFS Bretagne, UMR U1236, Rennes 1 University, Rennes, France.,Department of Biology, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Marc Tadié
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France.,INSERM, EFS Bretagne, UMR U1236, Rennes 1 University, Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Frerou A, Lesouhaitier M, Gregoire M, Uhel F, Gacouin A, Reizine F, Moreau C, Loirat A, Maamar A, Nesseler N, Anselmi A, Flecher E, Verhoye JP, Le Tulzo Y, Cogné M, Roussel M, Tarte K, Tadié JM. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation induces early immune alterations. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2021; 25:9. [PMID: 33407728 PMCID: PMC7788860 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) provides heart mechanical support in critically ill patients with cardiogenic shock. Despite important progresses in the management of patients under VA-ECMO, acquired infections remain extremely frequent and increase mortality rate. Since immune dysfunctions have been described in both critically ill patients and after surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, VA-ECMO initiation may be responsible for immune alterations that may expose patients to nosocomial infections (NI). Therefore, in this prospective study, we aimed to study immune alterations induced within the first days by VA-ECMO initiation. Methods We studied immune alterations induced by VA-ECMO initiation using cytometry analysis to characterize immune cell changes and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to explore plasma cytokine levels. To analyze specific changes induced by VA-ECMO initiation, nine patients under VA-ECMO (VA-ECMO patients) were compared to nine patients with cardiogenic shock (control patients). Results Baseline immune parameters were similar between the two groups. VA-ECMO was associated with a significant increase in circulating immature neutrophils with a significant decrease in C5a receptor expression. Furthermore, we found that VA-ECMO initiation was followed by lymphocyte dysfunction along with myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) expansion. ELISA analysis revealed that VA-ECMO initiation was followed by an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α along with IL-10, a highly immunosuppressive cytokine. Conclusion VA-ECMO is associated with early immune changes that may be responsible for innate and adaptive immune alterations that could confer an increased risk of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Frerou
- Maladies Infectieuses Et Réanimation Médicale, CHU Rennes, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Mathieu Lesouhaitier
- Maladies Infectieuses Et Réanimation Médicale, CHU Rennes, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Murielle Gregoire
- INSERM, EFS Bretagne, UMR U1236, Université de Rennes 1, 35000, Rennes, France.,Pôle Biologie, CHU Rennes, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Fabrice Uhel
- Maladies Infectieuses Et Réanimation Médicale, CHU Rennes, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Arnaud Gacouin
- Maladies Infectieuses Et Réanimation Médicale, CHU Rennes, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Florian Reizine
- Maladies Infectieuses Et Réanimation Médicale, CHU Rennes, 35033, Rennes, France
| | | | - Aurélie Loirat
- Service de Cardiologie et maladies vasculaires, CHU de Rennes, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Adel Maamar
- Maladies Infectieuses Et Réanimation Médicale, CHU Rennes, 35033, Rennes, France
| | | | - Amedeo Anselmi
- Chirurgie Cardio-Thoracique Et Vasculaire, CHU Rennes, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Erwan Flecher
- Chirurgie Cardio-Thoracique Et Vasculaire, CHU Rennes, 35033, Rennes, France
| | | | - Yves Le Tulzo
- Maladies Infectieuses Et Réanimation Médicale, CHU Rennes, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Michel Cogné
- INSERM, EFS Bretagne, UMR U1236, Université de Rennes 1, 35000, Rennes, France.,Pôle Biologie, CHU Rennes, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Mikael Roussel
- INSERM, EFS Bretagne, UMR U1236, Université de Rennes 1, 35000, Rennes, France.,Pôle Biologie, CHU Rennes, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Karin Tarte
- INSERM, EFS Bretagne, UMR U1236, Université de Rennes 1, 35000, Rennes, France.,Pôle Biologie, CHU Rennes, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Marc Tadié
- Maladies Infectieuses Et Réanimation Médicale, CHU Rennes, 35033, Rennes, France. .,INSERM, EFS Bretagne, UMR U1236, Université de Rennes 1, 35000, Rennes, France. .,Pôle Biologie, CHU Rennes, 35033, Rennes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bouglé A, Bombled C, Margetis D, Lebreton G, Vidal C, Coroir M, Hajage D, Amour J. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients assisted by veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support: Epidemiology and risk factors of treatment failure. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194976. [PMID: 29652913 PMCID: PMC5898723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is frequent in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients. In the specific case of patients treated with Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support (VA-ECMO), VAP treatment failures (VAP-TF) have been incompletely investigated. METHODS To investigate the risk factors of treatment failure (VAP-TF) in a large cohort of ICU patients treated with VA-ECMO, we conducted a retrospective study in a Surgical ICU about patients assisted with VA-ECMO between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2014. Diagnosis of VAP was confirmed by a positive quantitative culture of a respiratory sample. VAP-TF was defined as composite of death attributable to pneumonia and relapse within 28 days of the first episode. RESULTS In total, 152 patients underwent ECMO support for > 48h. During the VA-ECMO support, 85 (55.9%) patients developed a VAP, for a rate of 60.6 per 1000 ECMO days. The main pathogens identified were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae. VAP-TF occurred in 37.2% of patients and was associated with an increased 28-day mortality (Hazard Ratio 3.05 [1.66; 5.63], P<0.001), and VA-ECMO assistance duration (HR 1.47 [1.05-2.05], P = 0.025). Risk factors for VAP-TF were renal replacement therapy (HR 13.05 [1.73; 98.56], P = 0.013) and documentation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (HR 2.36 [1.04; 5.35], P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS VAP in patients treated with VA-ECMO is associated with an increased morbidity and mortality. RRT and infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa appear as strong risks factors of treatment failure. Further studies seem necessary to precise the best antibiotic management in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Bouglé
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Cardiology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Camille Bombled
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Cardiology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Dimitri Margetis
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Cardiology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Lebreton
- Sorbonne Université, UMR INSERM 1166, IHU ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute of Cardiology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Charles Vidal
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Cardiology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Marine Coroir
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Cardiology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - David Hajage
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Biostatistics, Public Health and Medical Information, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 1123 ECEVE, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR 1123 ECEVE, Paris, France
| | - Julien Amour
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Cardiology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, UMR INSERM 1166, IHU ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hsieh T, Vaickus MH, Stein TD, Lussier BL, Kim J, Stepien DM, Duffy ER, Chiswick EL, Remick DG. The Role of Substance P in Pulmonary Clearance of Bacteria in Comparative Injury Models. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 186:3236-3245. [PMID: 27876152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neural input to the immune system can alter its ability to clear pathogens effectively. Patients suffering mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) have shown reduced rates of pneumonia and a murine model replicated these findings, with better overall survival of TBI mice compared with sham-injured mice. To further investigate the mechanism of improved host response in TBI mice, this study developed and characterized a mild tail trauma model of similar severity to mild TBI. Both mild tail trauma and TBI induced similar systemic changes that normalized within 48 hours, including release of substance P. Examination of tissues showed that injuries are limited to the target tissue (ie, tail in tail trauma, brain in mTBI). Pneumonia challenge showed that mild TBI mice showed improved immune responses, characterized by the following: i) increased survival, ii) increased pulmonary neutrophil recruitment, iii) increased bacterial clearance, and iv) increased phagocytic cell killing of bacteria compared with tail trauma. Administration of a neurokinin-1-receptor antagonist to block substance P signaling eliminated the improved survival of mTBI mice. Neurokinin-1-receptor antagonism did not alter pneumonia mortality in tail trauma mice. These data show that immune benefits of trauma are specific to mTBI and that tail trauma is an appropriate control for future studies aimed at elucidating the mechanisms of improved innate immune responses in mTBI mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Max H Vaickus
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thor D Stein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts
| | - Bethany L Lussier
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jiyoun Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David M Stepien
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth R Duffy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Evan L Chiswick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel G Remick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Fang Y, Guan Y, Wan C, Fu Z, Jiang J, Wu C, Zhao J, Sun P, Long C. The Dynamic Observation of Plasma Concentration of Antimicrobial Agents During Balanced Ultrafiltration In Vitro. Artif Organs 2013; 38:48-55. [PMID: 23865445 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Fang
- Department of Extracorporeal Circulation; State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease; Fuwai Hospital; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - Yulong Guan
- Department of Extracorporeal Circulation; State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease; Fuwai Hospital; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - Caihong Wan
- Department of Extracorporeal Circulation; Beijing Anzhen Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Zhida Fu
- Department of Extracorporeal Circulation; State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease; Fuwai Hospital; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - Juanjuan Jiang
- Key laboratory of Clinical Trial Research in Cardiovascular Drugs; Ministry of Health; State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease; Fuwai Hospital; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - Chunfu Wu
- Department of Orthopedics; General Hospital of Handan Coal Mineral Group; Handan Hebei China
| | - Ju Zhao
- Department of Extracorporeal Circulation; State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease; Fuwai Hospital; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Extracorporeal Circulation; State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease; Fuwai Hospital; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - Cun Long
- Department of Extracorporeal Circulation; State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease; Fuwai Hospital; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zorman JK, Esser M, Raedler M, Kreiswirth BN, Ala'Aldeen DAA, Kartsonis N, Smugar SS, Anderson AS, McNeely T, Arduino JM. Naturally occurring IgG antibody levels to the Staphylococcus aureus protein IsdB in humans. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1857-64. [PMID: 23778314 DOI: 10.4161/hv.25253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a well-recognized, clinically important cause of nosocomial infections, and as such, a vaccine to prevent S. aureus infections would be an important achievement. A Phase IIB/III study of V710, a vaccine containing iron-regulated surface determinant B (IsdB), demonstrated significant sero-conversion rates in cardiovascular surgery patients following a single pre-surgery immunization. However, the vaccine was not efficacious in preventing bacteremia or deep sternal wound infection post-surgery, thus raising the possibility that IsdB might not be available for immune recognition during infection. The purpose of the work described herein was to evaluate and quantify the naturally occurring anti-IsdB levels at baseline and over time during infection, to understand whether IsdB is expressed during a S. aureus infection in hospitalized non-vaccinated patients. We evaluated baseline and follow-up titers in 3 populations: (1) healthy subjects, (2) hospitalized patients with non-S. aureus infections, and (3) hospitalized patients with S. aureus infections. Baseline anti-IsdB levels generally overlapped between the 3 groups, but were highly variable within each group. In healthy subjects, baseline and follow-up levels were highly correlated (Spearman's rho = 0.93), and the geometric mean fold-rise (GMFR) in anti-IsdB levels between study entry and last value was 0.9-fold (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.8 to 1.0 ; p = 0.09), showing no trend over time. The convalescent GMFR in anti-IsdB levels from baseline was 1.7-fold (95% CI: 1.3 to 2.2, p = 0.0008) during S. aureus infection, significantly different from the 1.0-fold GMFR (95% CI: 0.9-1.2, p = 0.60) in non-S. aureus infection, p = 0.005. Additionally, S. aureus isolates (51) obtained from the hospitalized patient group expressed the IsdB protein in vitro. Collectively, these data suggest that IsdB expression levels rise substantially following infection with S. aureus, but not with other pathogens, and IsdB is likely well-conserved across S. aureus strains.
Collapse
|
9
|
Engelman R, Shahian D, Shemin R, Guy TS, Bratzler D, Edwards F, Jacobs M, Fernando H, Bridges C. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons practice guideline series: Antibiotic prophylaxis in cardiac surgery, part II: Antibiotic choice. Ann Thorac Surg 2007; 83:1569-76. [PMID: 17383396 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 09/02/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Engelman
- Baystate Medical Center, Division of Cardiac Surgery, 759 Chestnut St, Springfield, MA 01199, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|