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Georgiev H, Papadogianni G, Bernhardt G. Identification of Follicular T Cells in the Gut. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2380:85-95. [PMID: 34802124 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1736-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Humoral adaptive immune responses trigger the establishment of plasma B cells secreting antibodies of various isotypes that bind antigen specifically and with high affinity. Moreover, memory B cells will be generated. To accomplish this, B cells need assistance from a special subset of CD4 T cells, the so called follicular T cells that differentiate from naïve T cells in the course of the immune response. Therefore, the study of follicular T cells is of primordial interest when investigating the molecular and cellular determinants of adaptive immune responses. This is done by direct analysis of the cells isolated from mice following an immunological challenge but in many instances such analyses must involve follow-up studies in cell culture requiring living cells. Especially, in vitro experimentation necessitates isolation and sorting of follicular T cells. However, follicular T cells are generally difficult to handle because they are prone to apoptosis and cell death. This is particularly evident when dealing with follicular T cells residing in the gut since we observed that isolation and processing from murine gut notoriously results in very high loss rates when compared for example to cells obtained from immunized peripheral lymph nodes. To bypass these limitations, we developed a protocol that allows for efficient isolation of intact follicular T cells. The protocol introduced here illustrates isolation and handling of follicular T cells using murine Peyer's Patches as an example because they constantly harbor significant amounts of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hristo Georgiev
- Institute of immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Günter Bernhardt
- Institute of immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Gonçalves MVM, Brandão WN, Longo C, Peron JPS, Dos Passos GR, Pagliarini GL, do Nascimento OJM, Marinowic DR, Machado DC, Becker J. Correlation between IL-31 and sCD40L plasma levels in Fingolimod-treated patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS). J Neuroimmunol 2020; 350:577435. [PMID: 33189062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Currently, several protocols are described for the different phases of MS. In this longitudinal study, we aim to quantify the concentration of plasma cytokines of MS patients treated with Fingolimod alone or after Glatiramer Acetate (GA) or Interferon-beta (IFN-β), in order to compeer both treatments and describes if it is possible to use them as biomarkers. OBJECTIVE Compare the two different types of drug treatment and describes possible immune biomarkers in RRMS patients treated with Fingolimod alone or after GA or IFN-β. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a controlled, non-randomized clinical trial. Plasma concentrations of IL-31, sCD40L and nine others cytokines were evaluated in two groups of patients with a one-year follow-up. Group 1 (n = 12): RRMS patients treated with GA or IFN-β for at least six months before the study who changed therapy to Fingolimod after six months, and Group 2 (n = 12): naïve RRMS patients who started treatment with Fingolimod. We used ANOVA two-way to analyze the cytokines and Spearman coefficient to evaluate the correlation. RESULTS Although Group 2 started with a greater number of relapses per disease duration, Fingolimod treatment was effective in decreasing this parameter, as well as EDSS over 12 months. However, the treatment with GA or IFN-β on Group 1 showed a tendency to increase the number of relapses after 6 months of follow-up, which decrease when the therapy was changed to Fingolimod. After the evaluation of 11 cytokines in one year, we found that IL-31 and sCD40L were the biomarkers that demonstrated a more difference when compared to the classical ones, following the clinical pattern over the treatment period. CONCLUSIONS Our study describes the existence of two promising plasmatic biomarkers (IL-31 and sCD40L), which reduced plasmatic levels in RRMS patients followed the treatment time of Fingolimod, despite that more studies are needed to prove their efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wesley Nogueira Brandão
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo (ICB-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Longo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo (ICB-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean Pierre Schatzmann Peron
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo (ICB-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Löw Pagliarini
- School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Rodrigo Marinowic
- Cellular and Molecular Biology and Neuroimmunology Lab, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Denise Cantarelli Machado
- Cellular and Molecular Biology and Neuroimmunology Lab, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Becker
- Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil; School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Neuroimmunology Program, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Saxena V, Li L, Paluskievicz C, Kasinath V, Bean A, Abdi R, Jewell CM, Bromberg JS. Role of lymph node stroma and microenvironment in T cell tolerance. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:9-23. [PMID: 31538349 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are at the cross roads of immunity and tolerance. These tissues are compartmentalized into specialized niche areas by lymph node stromal cells (LN SCs). LN SCs shape the LN microenvironment and guide immunological cells into different zones through establishment of a CCL19 and CCL21 gradient. Following local immunological cues, LN SCs modulate activity to support immune cell priming, activation, and fate. This review will present our current understanding of LN SC subsets roles in regulating T cell tolerance. Three major types of LN SC subsets, namely fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, and blood endothelial cells, are discussed. These subsets serve as scaffolds to support and regulate T cell homeostasis. They contribute to tolerance by presenting peripheral tissue antigens to both CD4 and CD8 T cells. The role of LN SCs in regulating T cell migration and tolerance induction is discussed. Looking forward, recent advances in bioengineered materials and approaches to leverage LN SCs to induce T cell tolerance are highlighted, as are current clinical practices that allow for manipulation of the LN microenvironment to induce tolerance. Increased understanding of LN architecture, how different LN SCs integrate immunological cues and shape immune responses, and approaches to induce T cell tolerance will help further combat autoimmune diseases and graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Saxena
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lushen Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christina Paluskievicz
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vivek Kasinath
- Division of Renal Medicine, Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Asher Bean
- Division of Renal Medicine, Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Division of Renal Medicine, Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,United States Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan S Bromberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Impact of antimouse CD52 monoclonal antibody on graft's γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes after orthotopic small bowel transplantation in mice. Transplantation 2013; 95:663-70. [PMID: 23503501 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31827e6ab3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alemtuzumab, a humanized CD52 monoclonal antibody (mAb), has been used for immune induction in clinical small bowel transplantation (SBT). However, the local impact of CD52 mAb on the transplanted intestine is not known. In this study, we investigated the effects of CD52 mAb on the intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIELs) in grafts using a murine orthotopic SBT model. The antimouse CD52 mAb was used as a surrogate antibody. Graft rejection was assessed by histopathologic analysis, iIELs were isolated for flow cytometric analysis, the mucosal keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) expression was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and epithelial cell (EC) proliferation (percent bromodeoxyuridine incorporation) was measured by immunohistochemistry. No mice showed evidence of rejection. Seven days after SBT, when the CD52 mAb was used, the numbers of iIELs and both T-cell receptor (TCR) γδ and TCRαβ subpopulations were decreased, and the number of TCRγδ iIELs of donor origin was prominently reduced in the allografts. Furthermore, TCRγδ iIEL-derived KGF messenger RNA expression and EC proliferation decreased significantly after CD52 mAb application. These data demonstrate that the antimouse CD52 mAb could deplete iIELs in the transplanted intestine, especially the TCRγδ subset of donor origin. The reduction of TCRγδ iIELs accompanied the decrease in mucosal KGF expression and EC proliferation, which may slow down the epithelial turnover and retard the repair of the damaged epithelium.
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Koscielny A, Engel D, Maurer J, Wehner S, Kurts C, Kalff JC. The role of lymphoid tissue in the attenuation of the postoperative ileus. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G401-12. [PMID: 23238935 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00161.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Standardized intestinal manipulation (IM) leads to local bowel wall inflammation subsequently spreading over the entire gastrointestinal tract. Previously, we demonstrated that this so-called gastrointestinal field effect (FE) is immune-mediated. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of secondary lymphoid organs [mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)] in IM-mediated FE by employing mice with deficient secondary lymphoid organs (aly/aly, MLN ex) or by administration of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (FTY720), an immunomodulating agent that inhibits emigration of lymphocytes out of lymphoid organs. Small bowel muscularis, and colonic muscularis from wild-type mice as control, from aly/aly mice, FTY720-treated mice (daily dose of 1.0 mg/kg mouse ip starting 3 days before surgical procedure), and wild-type mice that had undergone removal of mesenteric lymph nodes before IM (MLN ex mice) were obtained after selective IM of the jejunum or sham operation. FE was analyzed by measuring transit time of orally administered fluorescent dextran in the gastrointestinal tract [geometric center (GC) of fluorescent dextran], colonic transit time, infiltration of myeloperoxidase-positive cells, and circular smooth muscle contractility. Furthermore, mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α] were determined by Taqman-PCR. We observed a significantly reduced upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, MIP-1α) in colonic muscularis of MLN ex mice, aly/aly mice, and FTY720-treated mice compared with wild-type mice. Contractility of circular muscularis strips of the colon but not the jejunum was significantly improved in aly/aly mice and FTY720-treated wild-type mice. Additionally, inflammation of the colon determined by the number of myeloperoxidase-positive cells and colonic transit time were significantly improved in aly/aly mice, FTY720-treated wild-type mice, and in MLN ex mice. In summary, lack of secondary lymphoid organs (MLN + GALT) in aly/aly mice or administration of FTY720 abrogated FE after IM as opposed to wild-type mice. These data demonstrate that secondary lymphoid organs are involved in the propagation of FE and postoperative ileus. FTY720 indirectly affects FE by inhibiting migration of activated T cells from the jejunum and adjacent secondary lymphoid organs to the colon. These findings support the crucial role of the adaptive immune system in FE, most likely by a sphyngosine 1-phosphate-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Koscielny
- Department of Surgery, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Liu X, Song P, Tian J, Zhou S, Yan S, Tan Z, Haller H, Rong S. A simple novel technique for heterotopic intestinal transplantation in mice. Transplant Proc 2012; 45:654-8. [PMID: 23267791 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The murine heterotopic intestinal transplant model is of particular value for addressing the unique immune response in the gut and addressing the underlying immune mechanism during transplantation. Anastomotic stenosis, anastomotic bleeding, and septic shock continue to hamper procedures and plague the success. In this study, we assessed a refined technique designed to improve the success of heterotopic intestinal transplant in mice. Important factors in our refined technique included (1) a refined procedure for graft portal vein preparation, (2) a novel procedure for graft exteriorization, and most importantly (3) a knotless suturing technique designed to allow the surgeon to alter the size of the anastomosis, thus reducing anastomotic bleeding and stenosis rate. Our refined knotless method improved recipient survival to 67.5% when compared to the standard technique (53.8%). In comparison to standard knot suturing technique, which had an anastomotic stenosis rate of 8.3%, the knotless suturing technique significantly reduced the rate of anastomotic stenosis to only 2.4%. Anastomotic bleeding presented in the knotless technique in only 1.2%, whereas it presented in 6.2%, of mice in the standard technique (P < .05). This refined knotless technique offers an easy and effective method for murine heterotopic intestinal transplantation.
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MESH Headings
- Anastomosis, Surgical
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/surgery
- Blood Loss, Surgical/prevention & control
- Female
- Graft Occlusion, Vascular/etiology
- Graft Occlusion, Vascular/prevention & control
- Graft Rejection/etiology
- Graft Rejection/prevention & control
- Jejunum/transplantation
- Male
- Mesenteric Artery, Superior/surgery
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Organ Transplantation/adverse effects
- Organ Transplantation/methods
- Portal Vein/surgery
- Suture Techniques
- Transplantation, Heterotopic
- Vascular Grafting/adverse effects
- Vena Cava, Inferior/surgery
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Affiliation(s)
- X Liu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Sugito K, Uekusa S, Kawashima H, Masuko T, Furuya T, Konuma N, Ohashi K, Inoue M, Ikeda T, Koshinaga T. Effect of combined treatment with FK506, FTY720, and ex vivo graft irradiation in rat small bowel transplantation: expression of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1. Pediatr Transplant 2010; 14:614-7. [PMID: 20214743 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2010.01295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of the combined treatment with FK506, FTY720, and ex vivo graft irradiation. Five groups of SBT animals were studied on days 3, 5, and 7 after operation (untreated, FK506, FTY720, FK506 + FTY720, FK506 + FTY720 + irradiation). Indirect immunoperoxidase staining was performed against CD4 and MAdCAM-1. The numbers of CD4 positive cells in allografts were also analyzed by flow cytometry. The graft survival was prolonged in all of the FK506- and FTY720-treated groups. SBT allografts treated by FK506 and FTY720 demonstrated less infiltration of CD4 positive cells, but the irradiation group did not show any effects on its expression. In FK506- and FTY720-treated groups, MAdCAM-1 expression on the HEVs in PPs was up-regulated, and its expression on the ECVs in the LP was down-regulated compared with other allograft groups. Irradiation did not show any effects on MAdCAM-1 expression on both HEVs in PPs and ECVs in LP. FK506 and FTY720 prevented the infiltration of CD4 positive cells, the down-regulation of MAdCAM-1 expression on HEVs in PPs, and the up-regulation of MAdCAM-1 expression on ECVs in LP during the early phase of SBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiminobu Sugito
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Li Q, Li F. Effects of different dose of FTY720 on lymphocyte cell cycle arrest in cardiac transplantation model of rats. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 32:680-7. [DOI: 10.3109/08923971003674433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Tian J, Rodriguez-Barbosa JI, Pabst O, Roemermann D, Foerster R, Beckmann J, Hoffmann MW. ADAP deficiency combined with costimulation blockade synergistically protects intestinal allografts. Transpl Int 2009; 23:71-9. [PMID: 19678902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2009.00924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion and degranulation promoting adapter protein (ADAP) plays an important role in T cell activation. ADAP deficiency was recently found to prolong heart graft survival in mice. We investigated the role of ADAP in intestinal transplantation and the synergistic effect of ADAP deficiency and Costimulation blockade (CB). T cell proliferation and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity were determined. MHC mismatched intestinal allografts was transplanted heterotopically. Anti-CD40L antibody was applied to the recipient. Upon stimulation with allogenic dendritic cells (DC), ADAP-deficient (ADAP-/-) T cells displayed impaired proliferative responses compared with that of wild-type (WT) T cells. In contrast, the CTL activity in ADAP-/- mice was comparable with that of WT mice. Rejection of intestinal allografts was ameliorated, but not prevented in ADAP-/- mice. Although CB alone was not sufficient to mitigate the rejection, the combination of CB and ADAP deficiency profoundly inhibited rejection. This was accompanied by less infiltration and activation of host lymphocytes in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue of intestinal allografts. ADAP deficiency combined with CB protected the intestinal allografts synergistically. ADAP could be a novel target in the induction phase of the immune responses in organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Tian
- Kidney Disease Center, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Jin J, Yang SH, Park J, Lee C, Lee J, Kim SM, Kim YS. Fragile maintenance of allograft tolerance induced by lymphocyte sequestration and co-stimulation blockade. Transpl Immunol 2009; 21:221-7. [PMID: 19539029 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The induction of long-term graft survival has been a goal for the last decade. Nevertheless, the issues of stable maintenance of allograft have not yet been evaluated thoroughly. Here, we studied new approaches for induction of tolerance by lymphocyte sequestration (FTY720) and co-stimulatory blockade (MR1) in skin graft model (DBA/2 to BALB/c), thus evaluating the mechanisms incorporated into the maintenance of allograft in proper function. FTY720+MR1 treatment significantly prolonged graft survival than single agent treatment did, and induced long-term graft survival in 60% of recipients expressing the up-regulation of IL-4 and FoxP3. To assess the stability of graft maintenance, we performed the second transplantation on recipients that had shown long-term graft survival. While recipients accepted the second graft from the same strain of first donor, the recipients not only rejected the third-party skin (C57BL/6) promptly but also rejected the first graft soon after the third-party skin was transplanted. The expression patterns of IL-4 and FoxP3 were changed according to the strains of second graft in lymph nodes and in the first graft. T(reg) cells from tolerant recipients effectively suppressed allo-antigen driven T cell proliferation, but T(reg) cells from recipients primed with third-party antigen had significantly hampered suppressive capacity against previously tolerant antigens. Our data indicate that the combination treatment provides effective tool for the induction of long-term graft survival, and the maintenance of allograft in proper function is an actively regulated process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhe Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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del Rio ML, Pabst O, Ramirez P, Penuelas-Rivas G, Förster R, Rodriguez-Barbosa JI. The thymus is required for the ability of FTY720 to prolong skin allograft survival across different histocompatibility MHC barriers. Transpl Int 2007; 20:895-903. [PMID: 17854447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2007.00539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The immunosuppressive effect of FTY720 is associated with the reversible sequestration of lymphocytes from the blood and the spleen into secondary lymphoid organs and reduced egress of mature thymocytes from the thymus. This work was designed to dissect the differential effect of FTY720 on CD4 and CD8 T cell-mediated mechanisms of skin graft rejection in the presence (euthymic) or absence (thymectomized) of thymic output. To that end, untreated and FTY720-treated euthymic (Euthy) and thymectomized (ATX) mice received skin allografts across a full, class II or class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mismatched (MM) barriers and graft survival was monitored. We demonstrate that a short course of FTY720 treatment significantly augments the survival of full, class I and class II MHC MM skin grafts compared to the nontreated controls. Interestingly, FTY720-treated Euthy recipients showed a significantly prolonged skin allograft survival compared to FTY720-treated ATX mice. These results together show that FTY720 impairs both CD4 and CD8 T cell-mediated mechanisms of rejection and, more importantly, the presence of the thymus is necessary for the ability of FTY720 to modulate skin allograft rejection across different histocompatibility MHC barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L del Rio
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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