Robot-assisted total knee arthroplasty

Comparative Efficacy and Precision of Robot-Assisted vs. Conventional Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background/Objectives: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a common procedure for knee osteoarthritis. While conventional TKA (C-TKA) remains standard, robot-assisted TKA (RA-TKA) has been introduced to enhance implant positioning and clinical outcomes. However, its comparative benefits remain unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis compared RA-TKA with C-TKA, examining the influence of robotic system, surgeon experience, and follow-up duration. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing RA-TKA with C-TKA were included. Outcomes were categorized into clinical, radiographic, and safety endpoints. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses explored factors influencing outcome variability, including robotic system, number of surgeons, and follow-up duration. Results: Twenty-five RCTs (5614 patients) were analyzed. RA-TKA showed modest improvements in clinical outcomes, such as KSS and VAS pain scores, but results varied across subgroups. RA-TKA demonstrated a significantly better flexion range of motion (ROM) in certain countries (e.g., Russia, MD = 10; 95%CI: 5.44, 14.56) and with specific robotic systems (e.g., NAVIO). No significant differences were found in OKS and HSS scores. Radiographic outcomes, including the HKA Angle, varied by robotic system, with NAVIO and YUANHUA showing better alignment than C-TKA. Complication rates were comparable, though RA-TKA had a higher risk of conversion to open surgery (10% vs. 2%). Meta-regression identified robotic system and surgeon experience as key predictors of outcome variability. Conclusions: RA-TKA offers advantages in implant alignment and postoperative pain reduction. However, benefits are inconsistent across settings, and some robotic systems may not provide improvements over C-TKA.

Comparing Rates of Minimal Clinically Important Difference Between Manual and Robotic-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty

BACKGROUND

Differences in patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) between manual total knee arthroplasty (mTKA) and robotic-assisted TKA (rTKA) have not been adequately assessed. We compared the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for improvement (MCID-I) and worsening (MCID-W) between mTKA and rTKA patients.

METHODS

Patients who underwent primary TKA (874 mTKA and 439 rTKA) with complete preoperative and 1-year postoperative PROMs were retrospectively identified using a multihospital joint arthroplasty registry. Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Physical Function Short Form 10a (PROMIS PF-10a), PROMIS Global - Physical, or Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score-Physical Function Short Form were collected. The MCID-I, MCID-W, and "no significant change" rates were calculated using distribution-based methods. Propensity score matching was performed to control for confounding.

RESULTS

Similar 90-day pulmonary embolism (P = 0.26), deep venous thrombosis (P = 0.67), and emergency department visit (P = 0.35) rates were found. The 90-day readmission rate for mTKA was 1.7 and 3.4% for rTKA (P = 0.08), and the overall revision rates were 2.2% for mTKA and 0.7% for rTKA (P = 0.07). Revision-free survival was 99% at one and 2 years for both groups (P = 0.65 and P = 0.43, respectively). There were no differences in the proportion of patients achieving MCID-I or MCID-W for PROMIS PF-10a, PROMIS Global - Physical, or Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score-Physical Function Short Form. The MCID-I for PROMIS PF-10a was achieved in 65.5 and 62.2% of patients who had mTKA and rTKA, respectively (P = 0.32).

CONCLUSIONS

Our study demonstrated similar complication rates and MCID-I and MCID-W attainment rates between mTKA and rTKA patients. Future studies should assess MCID attainment rates in the long term and in larger cohorts comparing mTKA and rTKA.

Initial Experience With VELYS Robot-Assisted Total Knee Replacement: Coronal Plane Accuracy and Effect of Robotic Training on Outcomes

INTRODUCTION

The use of robots for arthroplasty is gaining momentum in recent times to provide accuracy in bony cuts and alignment. We aimed to study the efficacy of coronal plane correction with a new robotic system (VELYS™ Robotic-Assisted Surgery) and also the effect of the learning curve of robot-assisted total knee arthroplasty (RATKA) on outcomes. We hypothesize that the benefits of RATKA are not limited to only surgeons having specific training in robotic knee replacement.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 101 RATKAs were performed between November 1, 2022, and December 1, 2022, by a surgeon and all the cases were included in this study. The first 50 consecutive knees were considered as 'Cohort I' and the next 51 consecutive knees as 'Cohort II'. The intraoperative robotic registration data and tourniquet time were recorded. On three months follow‑up, Oxford Knee Score and lower limb scannogram were recorded.

RESULTS

All the 101 cases achieved the desired coronal plane alignment within 3 degrees from neutral. There was a significant difference in the tourniquet time between the two groups. There was no significant difference in the mean three months post-operative values of coronal and sagittal deformity correction, range of flexion, and Oxford Knee Score between the two groups.

CONCLUSION

The VELYS™​​​​​​​ robot-assisted system produces an accurate correction of coronal alignment. As the surgeon's experience increases with the system, there is a reduction in tourniquet time; however, the degree of deformity correction is comparable to that when he had no experience. Hence the benefits of RATKA are not limited to only surgeons having specific training in robotic-assisted knee replacement.

Robot-assisted knee arthroplasty: Analyzing the learning curve and initial institutional experience

Robot-assisted total knee arthroplasty (rTKA) involves a learning curve for orthopedic surgeons. The aim of the present study was to assess the surgical times of rTKA procedures performed by initial stage and proficiency stage surgeons in comparison with times of conventional total knee arthroplasty (cTKA). The results reveal that the learning curve for rTKA varies considerable between surgeons, suggesting that the skill and aptitude of the individual to adapt to the robotic system play key roles in the learning process. Proficiency stage surgeons were able to reduce rTKA surgical times to levels comparable with those of conventional surgeries after performing approximately 30 to 40 robotic procedures. Ongoing research has shown promising outcomes in terms of improved clinical results and reduced complications following the application of advanced robotic technology to total knee arthroplasty.

The learning curve for robotic-assisted total hip arthroplasty in low, medium, and high-volume surgeons

Background

Robotic systems have been designed to increase the accuracy of implant alignment in total knee and hip arthroplasty. This technology is associated with a learning curve for the operative time to reach peak efficiency in its use. Prior studies done on high-volume orthopedic surgeons have suggested a learning curve of 14-35 cases for robotic-assisted total hip arthroplasty (THA). It is unclear if this learning curve is different for surgeons with lower volumes.

Methods

Data was collected retrospectively from 299 THA procedures done by three different surgeons, with low (1-15 cases/year), medium (16-50), and high (51+) volume caseload. The learning curve was assessed primarily by average operative time from cases 1-20, 21-50, and 51+.

Results

The high-volume surgeon had a learning curve of 20 cases, while the low and medium volume surgeons had no significant decrease in their operative time through the cases included in the study (20 and 63, respectively).

Conclusions

High volume surgeons have a learning curve of about 20 cases, while low and medium volume surgeons have a longer curve, which was not able to be measured in this study.

Real-world accuracy of robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty and its impact on expedited recovery

Despite total knee arthroplasty (TKA) being the gold standard for end-stage knee osteoarthritis, 20% of patients remain dissatisfied. Robotic-assisted arthroplasty promises unparalleled control of the accuracy of bone cuts, implant positioning, control of gap balance, and resultant hip-knee-ankle (HKA) axis. Patients underwent clinical and radiological assessments, including knee CT scans and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), preoperatively. Follow-up assessments were conducted at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months post-operatively, with imaging repeated at 6 weeks. A total of 155 patients underwent robotic-assisted TKA and have completed 3 months of follow-up. Mean pre-operative HKA axis was 7.39 ± 5.52 degrees varus, improving to 1.34 ± 2.22 degrees varus post-operatively. Restoration of HKA axis was 0.76 ± 1.9 degrees from intra-operative planning (p < 0.0005). Implant placement accuracy in the coronal plane was 0.08 ± 1.36 degrees (p = 0.458) for the femoral component and 0.71 ± 1.3 degrees (p < 0.0005) for the tibial component. Rotational alignment mean deviation was 0.39 ± 1.49 degrees (p = 0.001). Most patients (98.1%) had ≤ 2 mm difference in extension-flexion gaps. PROM scores showed improvement and exceeded pre-operative scores by 6 weeks post-surgery. Robotic-assisted knee arthroplasty provides precise control over traditionally subjective factors, demonstrating excellent early post-operative outcomes.Level of evidence Prospective observational study-II.

Minimized Soft Tissue Release in Robotic-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Review of 100 Cases

Aim For a successful total knee arthroplasty (TKA), bone cuts and soft tissue envelope must be balanced to ensure equal flexion and extension gaps. The study aims to assess if preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans and planning software reduce soft tissue release. Methodology A retrospective analysis was conducted for the first 100 consecutive robotic-assisted (RA) TKA (RA-TKA) patients between March 2022 and May 2023. All patients underwent preoperative leg CT scans utilizing a fully automated Cuvis Joint robot. Planning software determined implant sizes and bone resections to achieve a 180° hip-knee-ankle axis. A posterior-stabilized knee design was implanted during surgery by the same surgical team using a medial parapatellar approach. The study hypothesis was, that RA-TKA with preoperative CT scans and planning does not reduce soft tissue release incidence, comparing it with the historical control cohort using chi-square tests (P < 0.05 considered significant). Results The study consisted of 89 women and 11 males, with an average age of 65.3 ± 12 years. The average body mass index of the patients was 27.4 ± 5.2 kg/m2. Ninety-four individuals had varus knees, while six had valgus knee deformity. Varus deformity ranged between 7° and 18°, and valgus knee deformity ranged from 6° to 14° preoperatively. Twelve patients (12.77%) of 94 varus knees (versus historic control 29%, P-value = 0.0047) and one out of 6 (16.67%) valgus knees (versus historic control 84%, P < 0.0001) required posteromedial and posterolateral release for appropriate knee balance. Conclusions The study negates the null hypothesis and indicates that RA-TKA with preoperative CT scans and planning reduces the incidence of soft tissue releases to achieve a well-balanced knee.

Short-Term (6 Months or Less) Pain in Cemented versus Cementless Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Cementless total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has increased in popularity to potentially improve survivorship. Radiostereometric studies demonstrate increased component migration during the first 3 to 6 months in cementless constructs, generating concern for increased postoperative pain during early osseointegration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate short-term (≤ 6 months) pain and function in cemented versus cementless TKA. We hypothesized that cementless TKA patients report increased pain during the short-term (≤ 6 months) postoperative period.

METHODS

The MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Libraries were searched for studies evaluating short-term (≤ 6 months) outcomes of cemented versus cementless primary TKA. Studies involving hybrid fixation were excluded. A meta-analysis was performed using standardized mean difference for primary outcomes (early postoperative pain) and weighted mean difference (WMD) for secondary outcomes (early postoperative function).

RESULTS

There were eleven studies included. There was no significant difference in acute postoperative pain between cemented and cementless TKA within 6 months of index TKA (standardized mean difference 0.08 in favor of cemented TKA; P = .10). Early postoperative forgotten joint scores (WMD 0.81; P = .81) and knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome scores for joint replacement (WMD 0.80 in favor of cemented TKA; P = .14) were also similar between groups.

CONCLUSIONS

There is no difference in short-term (≤ 6 months) pain or early function between patients receiving cemented and cementless TKA. This suggests that surgeons may utilize cementless TKA without fear of increased pain due to micromotion within 6 months of index arthroplasty. However, additional studies with uniform assessment methods are needed to further inform differences in short-term pain and early functional outcomes between cemented and cementless TKA.

Robotic Assisted TKA achieves adjusted mechanical alignment targets more consistently compared to manual TKA without improving outcomes

Introduction

Robotic total knee arthroplasty (rTKA), with its purported advantages of more accurate alignment, greater functional outcomes and patient satisfaction, is gaining popularity in patients undergoing TKA. The purpose of our study was to compare these parameters along with gait pattern and kneeling ability in a cohort of patients who underwent simultaneous TKA with manual instrumentation (mTKA) and rTKA in contralateral knees at a 1-year follow-up.

Methods

This was a retrospective review of 135 consecutive patients who underwent simultaneous bilateral TKA using robotic assistance on one side and manual instrumentation on the contralateral side between January 2022 and June 2022. The target alignment in both cohorts was adjusted mechanical. Patients were followed up at 3, 6 and 12 months to assess and compare alignment, range of motion (ROM) and patient-reported outcome measures (PROM) data. Gait parameters and kneeling ability were assessed at 1-year follow-up.

Results

While adjusted mechanical alignment was achieved in all rTKA patients, we recorded five outliers (≥3° with relation to 180° HKA axis) in the mTKA cohort (three varus and two valgus). There were no significant differences between both cohorts with regards to ROM, PROM scores, gait analysis parameters and kneeling ability at 1-year follow-up.

Conclusion

rTKA helps in achieving the adjusted mechanical alignment more consistently than mTKA. This, however, does not contribute to better functional outcomes and patient satisfaction at 1-year follow-up.

Level of Evidence

Level III.

Improved intra-operative decision making in RA-TKR with the help of pre-operative CT scan

Background

Robotic-assisted total knee replacement (RA-TKR) is a significant advancement in orthopedic surgery, but intra-operative decision-making remains challenging. Pre-operative imaging techniques, particularly CT scans, have gained momentum, providing insights into the patient's anatomy, improving implant positioning and alignment. However, further research is needed to explore their influence on RA-TKR planning and execution.

Materials and methods

The hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted in Orthopedics department of Sparsh Speciality Hospital, Bangalore & Sunshine Hospital, Hyderabad. A total of 1020 participants in the age group over 50 years during the study period were included based on convenient sampling. The axial CT images were taken preoperatively and RA-TKA was done for all the patients.

Results

The study participant's average age was 64.01 ± 7.13. Out of 1020 patients 259 (24.4%) were males and 761 (74.6%) were females. The median femoral, tibia and Polyethylene predicted and the actual component were same with the side of surgery and BMI. The median femoral predicted actual component was significantly higher among the age category of more than 80 years when compared to other age groups. The median femoral, tibia and Polyethylene predicted was higher in males when compared to females.

Conclusion

Pre-operative CT scans enhance RA-TKR procedures by providing precise anatomical insights, enhancing implant placement, and identifying potential issues, improving surgical outcomes and patient satisfaction.

Short-Term Outcomes of Total Knee Arthroplasty Using a Conventional, Computer-Assisted, and Robotic Technique: A Pilot Clinical Trial

Background: Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) is a prevalent surgical procedure for treating severe knee arthritis, aiming to alleviate pain and restore function. Recent advancements have introduced computer-assisted (CAS) and robot-assisted (RA-TKA) surgical techniques as alternatives to conventional methods, promising improved accuracy and patient outcomes. However, comprehensive comparative studies evaluating the short-term outcomes and prostheses survivorship among these techniques are limited. We hypothesized that the outcome of RA-TKA and/or CAS- TKA is advantageous in function and prosthesis survivorship compared to manually implanted prostheses. Methods: This prospective controlled study compared the short-term outcomes and prostheses survivorship following TKA using conventional, CAS, and RA-TKA techniques. One hundred seventy-eight patients requiring TKA were randomly assigned to one of the three surgical groups. The primary outcomes were knee function (KSS knee score) and functional recovery (KSS function score), which were assessed before surgery three years postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included prosthesis alignment, knee range of movements, and complication rates. Survivorship analysis was conducted using Kaplan-Meier curves, with revision surgery as the endpoint. Results: While all three groups showed significant improvements in knee function postoperatively (p < 0.001), the CAS and RA-TKA groups demonstrated superior prosthetic alignment and higher survivorship rates than the conventional group (100%, 97%, and 96%, respectively). However, although the RA-TKA group had a maximal 100% survivorship rate, its knee score was significantly lower than following CAS and conventional techniques (mean 91 ± 3SD vs. mean 93 ± 3SD, p = 0.011). Conclusion: The RA-TKA technique offers advantages over conventional and CAS methods regarding alignment accuracy and short-term survivorship of TKA prostheses. Since short-term prosthesis survivorship indicates the foreseen rates of mid- and long-term survivorship, the current data have a promising indication of the improved TKA prosthesis's long-term survivorship by implementing RA-TKA. According to the presented data, although the survival rates were 100%, 97%, and 96% in the three study groups, no clinical difference in the functional outcome was found despite the better mechanical alignment and higher survivorship in the group of patients treated by the RA-TKA.

Increased accuracy in component positioning using an image-less robotic arm system in primary total knee arthroplasty: a retrospective study

BACKGROUND

Robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty (RTKA) and navigated total knee arthroplasty (NTKA) have shown improved knee alignment and reduced radiographic outliers. Recent studies have proven that conventional mechanical alignment may not be the optimal goal for every patient. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of the planned implant positioning of a novel image-less robotic technique with an established navigated technique (NTKA).

METHOD

The study is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data that compared the implant positioning and lower-limb alignment of 86 image-less RTKA with 86 image-less NTKA. Radiographic analysis was performed to evaluate the lower-limb overall alignment, femoral and tibial components positioning in the coronal and sagittal planes. Outliers were evaluated with a cutoff of ± 3°.

RESULTS

No difference was noted between the two groups for radiographic outliers within ± 3° from neutral (p = 0.098). The mean hip-knee-ankle angle deviation from target was 1.3° in the RTKA group compared to 1.9° in the NTKA (p < 0.001). Femoral sagittal deviation (femoral component flexion) was smaller in the RTKA group (0.9° vs 1.9°; p < 0.001). Similarly, tibial coronal deviation (0.8° vs 1.5°; p < 0.001) and tibial sagittal deviation (tibial slope) were smaller in the RTKA group compared to the NTKA group (0.9° vs 1.7°; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The RTKA group reported a substantial and significant reduced error from the planned target angles for both tibial and femoral components. No difference in terms of radiographic outliers was noted between navigation and robotic assistance.

Robotic-assisted mechanically aligned total knee arthroplasty does not lead to better clinical and radiological outcomes when compared to conventional TKA: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

PURPOSE

Robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty (R-TKA) has emerged as an alternative to improve the results of the conventional manual TKA (C-TKA). The aim of this study was to analyse the high-level studies comparing R-TKA and C-TKA in terms of clinical outcomes, radiological results, perioperative parameters, and complications.

METHODS

The literature search was conducted on three databases (PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science) on 1 February 2023 according to the guidelines for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Inclusion criteria were: randomized controlled trials (RCTs), written in English language, published in the last 15 years, focusing on the comparison of C-TKA and R-TKA results. The quality of each article was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials version 2 (RoB 2). The statistical analysis was carried out using random effects (DerSimonian & Laird) for weighted mean difference (MD) of the continuous variables and Peto method for odds ratios of the dichotomous variables.

RESULTS

Among the 2905 articles retrieved, 14 RCTs on 12 series of patients treated with mechanically aligned implants were included. A total of 2255 patients (25.1% males and 74.9% females; mean age 62.9 ± 3.0; mean BMI 28.1 ± 1.3) were analysed. The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis showed that R-TKA did not provide overall superior results compared to C-TKA in mechanically aligned implants in terms of clinical and radiological outcomes. R-TKA showed longer operative time (MD = 15.3 min, p = 0.004) and similar complication rates compared to C-TKA. A statistically significant difference in favour of R-TKA was found in the posterior-stabilized subgroup in terms of radiological outcomes (hip-knee-ankle angle MD = 1.7, p < 0.001) compared to C-TKA, although without resulting in appreciable difference of clinical outcomes.

CONCLUSION

R-TKA did not provide overall superior results compared to C-TKA in terms of clinical and radiological outcomes, showing longer operative time and similar complication rates.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level I.

Robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty in clinical practice: protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Between 2 and 20% of patients who undergo total knee arthroplasty (TKA) report restricted motion and anterior knee pain. Non-optimal alignment of the implant components is a common cause of such complaints. Robotic-assisted TKA has been advocated to improve the accuracy of component positioning to match patients' anatomy and biomechanics. However, the advantages of robotic surgery over conventional freehand TKA are still unclear. The present study is a protocol for a single-blind clinical trial in which patients will be randomly allocated to undergo either robotic-assisted TKA or conventional freehand TKA. A restricted kinematic alignment with medial para-stellar approach shall be made in all patients. The present study follows the SPIRIT guidelines. The primary outcome of interest is to compare robotic TKA versus traditional freehand TKA in terms of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), length of hospitalisation, blood values, blood transfusion units, and range of motion. The second outcome of interest is to evaluate the accuracy of component positioning of robotic-assisted TKA compared to the conventional freehand TKA.Level of evidence Level I, randomised controlled trial.Registration German Registry of Clinical Trials (ID: DRKS00030614).

Clinical, Radiographic, and Patient-Reported Outcomes Associated with a Handheld Image-free Robotic-Assisted Surgical System in Total Knee Arthroplasty

One of the primary aims of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is restoration of the mechanical axis of the lower limb. Maintenance of the mechanical axis within 3° of neutral has been shown to result in improved clinical results and implant longevity. Handheld image-free robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty (HI-TKA) is a novel way of performing TKA in the era of modern robotic-assisted TKA. The aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of achieving targeted alignment, component placement, clinical outcomes, as well as patient satisfaction after HI-TKA.

The Use of Navigation or Robotic-Assisted Technology in Total Knee Arthroplasty Does Not Reduce Postoperative Pain

The use of intraoperative technology (IT), such as computer-assisted navigation (CAN) and robot-assisted surgery (RA), in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is increasingly popular due to its ability to enhance surgical precision and reduce radiographic outliers. There is disputing evidence as to whether IT leads to better clinical outcomes and reduced postoperative pain. The purpose of this study was to determine if use of CAN or RA in TKA improves pain outcomes. This is a retrospective review of a multicenter randomized control trial of 327 primary TKAs. Demographics, surgical time, IT use (CAN/RA), length of stay (LOS), and opioid consumption (in morphine milligram equivalents) were collected. Analysis was done by comparing IT (n = 110) to a conventional TKA cohort (n = 217). When accounting for demographic differences and the use of a tourniquet, the IT cohort had shorter surgical time (88.77 ± 18.57 vs. 98.12 ± 22.53 minutes; p = 0.005). While postoperative day 1 pain scores were similar (p = 0.316), the IT cohort has less opioid consumption at 2 weeks (p = 0.006) and 1 month (p = 0.005) postoperatively, but not at 3 months (p = 0.058). When comparing different types of IT, CAN, and RA, we found that they had similar surgical times (p = 0.610) and pain scores (p = 0.813). Both cohorts had similar opioid consumption at 2 weeks (p = 0.092), 1 month (p = 0.058), and 3 months (p = 0.064) postoperatively. The use of IT in TKA does not yield a clinically significant reduction in pain outcomes. There was also no difference in pain or perioperative outcomes between CAN and RA technology used in TKA.

Study on the correlation between early three-dimensional gait analysis and clinical efficacy after robot-assisted total knee arthroplasty

PURPOSE

Robot-assisted technology is a forefront of surgical innovation that improves the accuracy of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). But whether the accuracy of surgery can improve the clinical efficacy still needs further research. The purpose of this study is to perform three-dimensional (3D) analysis in the early postoperative period of patients who received robot-assisted total knee arthroplasty (RATKA), and to study the trend of changes in gait parameters after RATKA and the correlation with the early clinical efficacy.

METHODS

Patients who received RATKA in the Center of Joint Surgery, the First Hospital Affiliated to Army Military Medical University from October 2020 to January 2021 were included. The imaging parameters, i.e., hip-knee-ankle angle, lateral distal femoral angle, medial proximal tibial angle, posterior condylar angle were measured 3 months post-TKA. The 3D gait analysis and clinical efficacy by Western Ontario Mac Master University Index (WOMAC) score were performed pre-TKA, 3 and 6 months post-TKA. The differences in spatiotemporal parameters of gait, kinetic parameters, and kinematic parameters of the operated limb and the contralateral limb were compared. The correlation between gait parameters and WOMAC scores was analyzed. Paired sample t-test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used to analyze the difference between groups, and Spearman correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation.

RESULTS

There were 31 patients included in this study, and the imaging indexes showed that all of them returned to normal post-TKA. The WOMAC score at 3 months post-TKA was significantly lower than that pre-TKA, and there was no significant difference between at 3 and 6 months. The 3D gait analysis results showed that the double support time of the operated limb reduced at 3 and 6 months (all p < 0.05), the maximum extension and maximum external rotation of the knee joint increased at stance phase, and the maximum flexion angle, the range of motion and the maximum external rotation increased at swing phase. Compared with the preoperative data, there were significant improvements (all p < 0.05). Compared with the contralateral knee joint, the maximum external rotation of the knee joint at swing phase was smaller than that of the contralateral side, and the maximum flexion and extension moment was greater than that of the contralateral knee. The maximum external rotation moment of the joint was greater than that of the contralateral knee joint (p < 0.05). There was a negative correlation between the single support time pre-TKA and the WOMAC score at 3 months (p = 0.017), and the single support time at 3 months was negatively correlated with the WOMAC score at 6 months (p = 0.043). The cadence at 6 months was negatively correlated with the WOMAC score at 6 months (p = 0.031). The maximum knee extension at stance phase at 6 months was negatively correlated with the WOMAC score at 6 month (p = 0.048). The maximum external rotation at stance phase at 6 months was negatively correlated with the WOMAC score at 6 months (p = 0.024).

CONCLUSION

The 3D gait analysis of RATKA patients is more sensitive than WOMAC score in evaluating the clinical efficacy. Trend of changes in gait parameters shows that the knee joint support, flexion and extension function, range of motion, external rotation and varus deformity moment of the patient were significantly improved at 3 months after surgery, and continued to 6 months after surgery. Compared with the contralateral knee, the gait parameters of the operated limb still has significant gaps in functionality, such as the external rotation and flexion and extension. The single support time, cadence, knee extension, and knee external rotation of the operated limb have a greater correlation with the postoperative WOMAC score. Postoperative rehabilitation exercises should be emphasized, which is of great value for improving the early efficacy of RATKA.

Semiactive robotic-arm system versus patient-specific instrumentation in primary total knee arthroplasty: Efficacy and accuracy

OBJECTIVE

To compare the difference in efficacy and accuracy during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) among robotic-arm system, patient-specific instrumentation (PSI) and conventional TKA (COTKA).

METHODS

Retrospective analysis of 90 advanced knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients in our hospital between June 2019 and December 2020 was conducted. Patients were divided into robotic arm-assisted (RA)TKA (group A), PSITKA (group B) and COTKA (group C), 30 cases in each group. The operation time, intraoperative bleeding, and length of hospital stay were counted. Imaging data of hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA), posterior condylar angle (PCA), lateral distal femoral angle (LDFA), medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA), and sagittal tibial component angle (sTCA) were statistically analyzed. The postoperative recovery of the patients was evaluated by Knee Society Score (KSS) and the Western Ontario Mac Master University Index Score (WOMAC).

RESULTS

Group A had the least intraoperative bleeding. For operation time, group A was the longest compared with group B and group C (P < 0.05), while group B was longer than group C (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in HKA, LDFA, and MPTA among the three groups, and the lower limb alignments were all restored to the neutral position. PCA of group A and B were both smaller than that of group C and closer to 0° (P < 0.05), but the difference between group A and B was not statistically significant. The sTCA in group A was significantly better than group B, and group B was significantly better than group C (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in function scores among the three groups.

CONCLUSION

Compared to the PSI and CO, RA is more minimally invasive and more accurate in radiographic results.

Complications and downsides of the robotic total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review

PURPOSE

The purpose of this systematic review is to describe the complications and downsides of robotic systems in total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

METHODS

A comprehensive search according to the PRISMA guidelines was performed across PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus, and Google Scholar from inception until December 2021. All articles of any study design directly reporting on complications and downsides of the robotic system in TKA were considered for inclusion. Risk of bias assessment was performed for all included studies using the Cochrane risk of bias and MINORS score.

RESULTS

A total of 21 studies were included, consisting of 4 randomized controlled trials, 7 prospective studies and 10 retrospective studies. Complications of the robotic system were pin-hole fracture, pin-related infection, iatrogenic soft tissue and bony injury, and excessive blood loss. While, downsides were longer operative duration, higher intraoperative cost, learning curve and aborting a robotic TKA due to different reasons. Iatrogenic injuries were more common in the active robotic system and abortion of the robotic TKA was reported only with active robotic TKA.

CONCLUSION

Robotic TKA is associated with certain advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, surgeons need to be familiar with the system to use it effectively. Widespread adoption of the robotic system should always be evidence-based.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

IV.

Can Technology Assistance be Cost Effective in TKA? A Simulation-Based Analysis of a Risk-prioritized, Practice-specific Framework

BACKGROUND

Robotic, navigated, and patient-specific instrumentation (PSI) TKA procedures have been introduced to improve component placement precision and improve implant survivorship and other clinical outcomes. However, the best available evidence has shown that these technologies are ineffective in reducing revision rates in the general TKA patient population. Nonetheless, it seems plausible that these technologies could be an effective and cost-effective means of reducing revision risk in clinical populations that are at an elevated risk of revision because of patient-specific demographics (such as older age at index surgery, elevated BMI, and being a man). Since clinical trials on this topic would need to be very large, a simulation approach could provide insight on which clinical populations would be the most promising for analysis.

QUESTIONS/PURPOSES

We conducted a simulation-based analysis and asked: (1) Given key demographic parameters characterizing a patient population, together with estimates of the precision achievable with selected forms of technology assistance in TKA, can we estimate the expected distributions of anticipated reductions in lifetime revision risk for that population and the associated improvements in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) that would be expected to result? (2) Are there realistic practice characteristics (such as combinations of local patient demographics and capital and per-procedure costs) for which applying a per-patient risk-prioritized policy for using technology-assisted TKA could be considered cost-effective based on projected cost savings from reductions in revision rates?

METHODS

We designed simulations of hypothetical practice-specific clinical scenarios, each characterized by patient volume, patient demographics, and technology-assisted surgical technique, using demographic information drawn from other studies to characterize two contrasting simulated clinical scenarios in which the distributions of factors describing patients undergoing TKA place one population at a comparatively elevated risk of revision (elevated-risk population) and the second at a comparatively reduced risk of revision (lower-risk population). We used results from previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses to estimate the implant precision in coronal plane alignment for patient-specific instrumentation, navigated, and robotic technology. We generated simulated TKA patient populations based on risk estimates from large clinical studies, structured reviews, and meta-analyses and calculated the patient-specific reduction in the revision risk and the change in QALYs attributable to the technology-assisted intervention in each of the two simulated clinical scenarios. We also incorporated a sensitivity analysis, incorporating variations in the effect size of deviations from overall coronal alignment on revision risk and difference in health state utilities acquired through a structured review process. We then simulated the outcomes of 25,000 operations per patient using the precisions associated with the conventional TKA technique, the three technology-assisted techniques, and a hypothetical technology-assisted intervention that could consistently deliver perfectly neutral overall coronal alignment, which is unachievable in practice. A risk-prioritized treatment policy was emulated by ordering the simulated patients from the highest to lowest predicted increase in QALYs, such that simulated patients who would see the greatest increase in the QALYs (and therefore the greatest reduction in lifetime revision risk) were the patients to receive technology-assisted TKA intervention in a practice. We used cost estimates acquired through a structured review process and calculated the net added costs of each of the three technology-assisted techniques as a function of the percent utilization (proportion of patients treated with technology assistance in a practice), factoring in fixed costs, per-procedure variable costs, and savings occurring from the prevention of future revision surgery. Finally, we calculated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and marginal cost-effectiveness ratio (MCER) for each technology-assisted technique for the two clinical scenarios. We then used a Monte Carlo approach to simulate variations in key patient risk, health state, and economic factors as well as to obtain a distribution of estimates for cost-effectiveness. We considered an intervention to be cost effective if either the ICER or MCER values were below USD/QALY 63,000.

RESULTS

For the lower-risk population, the median reduction in the revision risk was 0.9% (0.4% to 2.2%, extrema from the sensitivity analysis) and 1.8% (0.9% to 4.4%) for PSI and robotic TKA, respectively, and 1.9% (1.0% to 4.6%) for ideal TKA. In contrast, the median reduction in the revision risk in the elevated-risk clinical scenario was 2.0% (1.2% to 3.4%) and 4.6% (2.7% to 8.5%) for PSI and robotic TKA and 5.1% (3.0% to 9.4%) for ideal TKA. Estimated differences in the cumulative gain in QALYs attributable to technology-assisted TKA ranged from 0.6 (0.2 to 1.8) to 4.0 (1.8 to 10.0) QALYs per 100 patients, depending on the intervention type and clinical scenario. For PSI, we found treating 15% of patients in the lower-risk population and 77% in the elevated-risk population could meet the threshold for being considered cost effective. For navigated TKA systems offering high alignment precision, we found the intervention could meet this threshold for practice sizes of at least 300 patients per year and a percent utilization of 27% in the lower-risk population. In the elevated-risk population, cost-effectiveness could be achieved in practice volumes as small as 100 patients per year with a percent utilization of at least 6%, and cost savings could be achieved with a percent utilization of at least 45%. We found that robotic TKA could only meet the threshold for being considered cost-effectiveness in the lower-risk population if yearly patient volumes exceeded 600 and for a limited range of percent utilization (27% to 32%). However, in the elevated-risk patient population, robotic TKA with high alignment precision could potentially be cost effective for practice sizes as small as 100 patients per year and a percent utilization of at least 20% if a risk-prioritized treatment protocol were used.

CONCLUSION

Based on these simulations, a selective-use policy for technology-assisted TKA that prioritizes using technology assistance for those patients at a higher risk of revision based on patient-specific factors could potentially meet the cost-effectiveness threshold in selected circumstances (for example, primarily in elevated-risk populations and larger practice sizes). Whether it does meet that threshold would depend significantly on the surgical precision that can be achieved in practice for a given proposed technology as well as on the true local costs of using the proposed technology. We further recommend that any future randomized trials seeking to demonstrate possible effects of technology assistance on revision risk focus on clinical populations that are at higher risk of revision (such as, patient populations that are relatively younger, have higher BMIs, and higher proportions of men).

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

This study suggests that technology assistance is only likely to prove cost effective in selected circumstances rather than in all clinical populations and practice settings. In general, we project that surgical navigation is most likely to prove cost effective in the widest range of circumstances, that PSI may be cost effective or cost neutral in a moderate range of circumstances, and that robotic surgery is only likely to be cost effective in moderately large practices containing patients who are on average at an intrinsically elevated risk of revision.

Comparative assessment of current robotic-assisted systems in primary total knee arthroplasty

Robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has proven higher accuracy, fewer alignment outliers, and improved short-term clinical outcomes when compared to conventional TKA. However, evidence of cost-effectiveness and individual superiority of one system over another is the subject of further research. Despite its growing adoption rate, published results are still limited and comparative studies are scarce. This review compares characteristics and performance of five currently available systems, focusing on the information and feedback each system provides to the surgeon, what the systems allow the surgeon to modify during the operation, and how each system then aids execution of the surgical plan.Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(1):13-18.

Alignment accuracy and functional outcomes between hand-held navigation and conventional instruments in TKA: a randomized controlled trial

Background

This study assessed surgical accuracy and functional outcomes using hand-held accelerometer-based navigation following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Question: (1) Does hand-held navigation (the iAssist system) improve surgical accuracy (assessed with five parameters commonly used to evaluate surgical alignment: the hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA), femoral coronal angle (FCA), tibial coronal angle (TCA), femoral sagittal angle (FSA), and tibial slope angle (TSA)) compared to conventional instruments in TKA? (2) Which surgical alignment parameters among HKA, FCA, TCA, FSA, and TSA can obtain the most advantage from the iAssist system? (3) Does the iAssist system lead to better functional outcomes at two years of follow-up after TKA?

Methods

This parallel-group double-blinded randomized controlled trial recruited 60 patients (30 patients each in the iAssist and conventional group) with osteoarthritis who underwent primary TKA by a single surgeon at Siriraj Hospital. There was no loss to follow-up in the study. All procedures in both groups were performed using similar surgical exposure, prosthesis implant, perioperative and postoperative protocols. Participants in the iAssist group received the iAssist system as an assistive technique, while those in the conventional group only had conventional instruments. Surgical alignments (HKA, FCA, TCA, FSA, and TSA) were recorded using CT scan at six weeks post-operation. Functional outcomes were assessed with knee ROM, KSS, and EQ-5D at 6 months, 1 year and 2 years post-operation. Baseline characteristics including age, sex, the affected knee side, and body mass index were comparable between the two groups, similar to preoperative ROM, KSS, and EQ-5D.

Results

The mean operative time was relatively longer in the iAssist than the conventional group, although not statistically significant (88.1 ± 13.7 versus 83.4 ± 21.3; p = 0.314). Among the surgical alignment parameters evaluated, FCA was the only radiographic parameter with a statistically significant difference between the two groups and was closer to 90º in the iAssist group (89.4 ± 2.2 in the iAssist versus 87.2 ± 2.1 in the conventional group; p = 0.003). Also, there was a higher proportion of outliers in the conventional than the iAssist group (23.3% versus 10%; p = 0.086). Nonetheless, HKA and TCA did not differ between the two groups (p = 0.25 and 0.096, respectively), although the percentages of outliers were higher in the conventional than the iAssist group (HKA: 26.7% vs. 13.3%; p = 0.101 and TCA: 6.7% versus 0%; p = 0.078). Likewise, we observed other radiographic parameters had no significant group differences, including FSA and TSA. Furthermore, at two years post-operation, we found no differences between the iAssist and the conventional group in knee ROM (106.7 ± 14.6 versus 108.2 ± 12.7; p = 0.324), KSS (82.5 ± 6.4 versus 83.8 ± 3.4; p = 0.324), and EQ-5D (0.9 ± 0.2 versus 1.0 ± 0.1; p = 0.217). All functional outcomes were also comparable at 6 months and 12 months of follow-up postoperatively.

Conclusion

The iAssist technology increase surgical precision by allowing for a more precise FCA with fewer outliers than conventional equipment. iAssist had longer operative time. Functional outcomes and quality of life were not different.

Level of evidence:

I

Characteristics and trends of the most cited papers in robotic assisted arthroplasty

Purpose

To compile and analyze the top 50 most frequently cited articles published on robotic-assisted arthroplasty, allowing clinicians to effectively identify the most influential literature pertaining to this topic.

Methods

Guidelines set by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews were used as the foundation for data collection and analysis. All papers pertaining to robotic-assisted arthroplasty were retrieved using the Scopus database. Data including: manuscript title, authors, total citation count, level of evidence, journal, publication year, and country of publication was extracted from a final list of articles.

Results

The top 50 publications regarding robotic assisted arthroplasty were cited a total of 4530 times (including self-citations), with an average total of 91. The years with the most publications in the top 50 were: 2017, 2018, and 2019, producing 7, 6, and 5 papers, respectively. Only 4 papers in the top 50 were published prior to the year 2003. The most common level of evidence was level V, and the most common category was Clinical Outcomes (74%). The United States contributed half of the 50 articles, and Princess Grace Hospital and University of London were the most contributory institutions, each with 6 of the top 50 articles.

Conclusion

This analysis provides a comprehensive review of the most cited and influential papers in robotic-assisted arthroplasty. Understanding these trends in the literature will ultimately pave the way for physicians and researchers to continue to innovate and research in a targeted manner as they gain an understanding of what has been studied and what remains inadequately explored.

Level of evidence

3.

Initial Experience with the NAVIO Robotic-Assisted Total Knee Replacement-Coronal Alignment Accuracy and the Learning Curve

One of the primary aim of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is restoration of the mechanical axis of the lower limb. Maintenance of the mechanical axis within 3 degrees of neutral has been shown to result in improved clinical results and implant longevity. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of this robotic-assisted system in coronal plane component positioning in TKA. We also describe the learning curve associated with adoption of this technology. A total of 72 total knee replacements were completed between November 2017 and September 2018 by a single surgeon using the robotic-assisted surgery (RAS) system. Cases were recorded from the time the study surgeon first adopted this technology and represent the "learning curve." Pre- and postoperative coronal weight-bearing alignments were measured and intraoperative robotic-assisted registration data and duration of use were collected. Of the 72 TKAs in this series, 93.3% were corrected to the desired alignment of within 3 degrees of neutral. The knees that were not corrected to neutral had a mean preoperative alignment of 11.57 degrees of deformity as compared with 4.29 degrees for those that were corrected to neutral. A learning curve effect during adoption of this new technology was not found when analyzing RAS usage time. The RAS system produced accurate coronal alignment in TKA in more than 93% of cases with no learning curve effect. Our study suggests that this system is easily adopted, safe, and accurate.

[Market overview: Robotic-assisted arthroplasty : Current robotic systems, learning curve and cost analysis]

Robotic-assisted arthroplasty has been rapidly entering clinical routine in recent years. The leading endoprosthesis manufacturers have all meanwhile placed robotic systems on the market, which, however, differ significantly from one another technically. Current systems are currently classified according to the degree of autonomy (active vs. semi-active vs. passive) and the data/image source (image-based: CT vs. X‑ray, imageless). Some systems already offer the possibility of robotic-assisted or navigated implantation of hip endoprostheses. In the following review article, the currently leading robotic systems will be presented and compared with regard to their characteristics. Furthermore, the analysis of the learning curves for the different systems, currently available cost analysis models and an outlook on future developments and challenges will be given.

No Benefit to Sensor-guided Balancing Compared With Freehand Balancing in TKA: A Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

Soft tissue balancing in TKA has traditionally relied on surgeons' subjective tactile feedback. Although sensor-guided balancing devices have been proposed to provide more objective feedback, it is unclear whether their use improves patient outcomes.

QUESTIONS/PURPOSES

We conducted a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing freehand balancing with the use of a sensor-guided balancing device and evaluated (1) knee ROM, (2) patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) (SF-12, WOMAC, and Knee Society Functional Scores [KSFS]), and (3) various surgical and hospital parameters (such as operative time, length of stay [LOS], and surgical complications) at a minimum of 2 years of follow-up.

METHODS

A total of 152 patients scheduled for primary TKA were recruited and provided informed consent to participate in this this study. Of these, 22 patients were excluded preoperatively, intraoperatively, or postoperatively due to patient request, surgery cancellation, anatomical exclusion criteria determined during surgery, technical issues with the sensor device, or loss to follow-up. After the minimum 2-year follow-up was accounted for, there were 63 sensor-guided and 67 freehand patients, for a total of 130 patients undergoing primary TKA for osteoarthritis. The procedures were performed by one of three fellowship-trained arthroplasty surgeons (RPS, HJC, JAG) and were randomized to either soft tissue balancing via a freehand technique or with a sensor-guided balancing device at one institution from December 2017 to December 2018. There was no difference in the mean age (72 ± 8 years versus 70 ± 9 years, mean difference 2; p = 0.11), BMI (30 ± 6 kg/m 2 versus 29 ± 6 kg/m 2 , mean difference 1; p = 0.83), gender (79% women versus 70% women; p = 0.22), and American Society of Anesthesiology score (2 ± 1 versus 2 ± 1, mean difference 0; p = 0.92) between the sensor-guided and freehand groups, respectively. For both groups, soft tissue balancing was performed after all bony cuts were completed and trial components inserted, with the primary difference in technique being the ability to quantify the intercompartmental balance using the trial tibial insert embedded with a wireless sensor in the sensor-guided cohort. Implant manufacturers were not standardized. Primary outcomes were knee ROM and PROMs at 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years. Secondary outcomes included pain level evaluated by the VAS, opioid consumption, inpatient physical therapy performance, LOS, discharge disposition, surgical complications, and reoperations.

RESULTS

There was no difference in the mean knee ROM at 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years postoperatively between the sensor-guided cohort (113° ± 11°, 119° ± 13°, and 116° ± 12°, respectively) and the freehand cohort (116° ± 13° [p = 0.36], 117° ± 13° [p = 0.41], and 117° ± 12° [p = 0.87], respectively). There was no difference in SF-12 physical, SF-12 mental, WOMAC pain, WOMAC stiffness, WOMAC function, and KSFS scores between the cohorts at 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years postoperatively. The mean operative time in the sensor-guided cohort was longer than that in the freehand cohort (107 ± 0.02 versus 84 ± 0.04 minutes, mean difference = 23 minutes; p = 0.008), but there were no differences in LOS, physical therapy performance, VAS pain scores, opioid consumption, discharge disposition, surgical complications, or percentages of patients in each group who underwent reoperation.

CONCLUSION

This RCT demonstrated that at 2 years postoperatively, the use of a sensor-balancing device for soft tissue balancing in TKA did not confer any additional benefit in terms of knee ROM, PROMs, and clinical outcomes. Given the significantly increased operative time and costs associated with the use of a sensor-balancing device, we recommend against its routine use in clinical practice by experienced surgeons.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level I, therapeutic study.

A Newly Designed "SkyWalker" Robot Applied in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Cohort Study for Femoral Rotational Alignment Restoration

Objective

This study explored whether robotic arm‐assisted total knee arthroplasty (RATKA) has the advantage of restoring femoral rotational alignment compared to conventional total knee arthroplasty (COTKA).

Methods

Sixty patients (45 women and 15 men) attending our department from May 2019 to December 2020 were selected and divided into two groups, with 30 patients in each group, according to whether they underwent COTKA or RATKA. Femoral rotational alignment results, such as, posterior condylar angle (PCA), patella transverse axis‐femoral transepicondylar axis angle (PFA), radiological findings, such as, hip‐knee‐ankle angle (HKA), lateral distal femoral angle (LDFA), and medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA), and operative data (operation time, intraoperative blood loss, tourniquet time, and length of stay (LOS), and clinical outcomes, such as maximum knee flexion angle (MKFA), Knee Society Score (KSS), and Western Ontario Mac Master University Index Score (WOMAC) were compared within and between the two groups.

Results

PCA and PFA in the RATKA group were (0.6 ± 0.3)° and (0.9 ± 0.3)°, respectively, which were smaller than (1.5 ± 2.0)° and (3.1 ± 1.1)° in the COTKA group (P < 0.05), and were closer to 0°; the differences in HKA, LDFA, and MPTA were not statistically significant. With the exception of the LDFA, the HKA, MPTA, PCA, and PFA improved in both groups after surgery (P < 0.05). The blood loss and the LOS of RATKA group were 192.3 ± 23.1 mL and 8.2 ± 1.4 days, which were less than 203.7 ± 29.8 mL and 9.3 ± 1.1 days of the COTKA group, but the operation time showed no statistically significant difference, and the tourniquet time was longer (P < 0.05). The MKFA in the RATKA group was (123.0 ± 3.7)°, which was greater than (116.3 ± 4.6)° in the COTKA group (P < 0.05). In terms of scores, the postoperative results were better than the preoperative results in both groups (P < 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups.

Conclusion

The accuracy of femoral rotational alignment reconstructed achieved by RATKA is significantly better than that of COTKA and is more conducive to the recovery of knee flexion function after surgery; although RATKA reduces intraoperative blood loss and postoperative LOS, the short‐term clinical efficacy comparison has not yet demonstrated the advantages of robotic technology, and a more optimized design is needed to improve the efficiency of RATKA surgery.

Are there avoidable causes of early revision total knee arthroplasty?

Introduction

Surgeons can improve their practice by understanding potentially avoidable reasons for early revision total knee arthroplasty (rTKA). The purpose of this study is to describe potentially avoidable indications for rTKA within 5 years of the index procedure.

Methods

This retrospective observational analysis utilized the rTKA database at a large, academic orthopedic specialty hospital to identify 167 consecutive rTKA from 2014 to 2019 performed within 5 years after primary TKA (pTKA). Two fellowship-trained arthroplasty surgeons reviewed the cases to classify them as potentially avoidable or unavoidable. Unavoidable indications for rTKA included infection/wound complication, arthrofibrosis, instability due to underlying collagen disease or significant weight loss, and any traumatic event leading to pTKA failure. Potentially avoidable indications included atraumatic instability, intraoperative fracture, metal allergy, and atraumatic patellar instability or maltracking. Aseptic loosening was considered avoidable if it occurred in the presence of component malpositioning or poor cementation technique.

Results

There were 112 (67.1%) unavoidable cases and 55 avoidable cases (32.9%). Of the unavoidable cases, there were 68 rTKA for infection or wound complications (60.7%), 23 for arthrofibrosis (20.5%), 6 for instability (5.4%), 6 for postoperative fracture (5.4%), 6 for aseptic loosening (5.4%), and 3 for extensor mechanism pathology following trauma (2.6%). Of the potentially avoidable rTKA, 24 were for aseptic loosening (43.7%), 23 for atraumatic instability (41.8%), 6 for atraumatic extensor mechanism pathology (10.9%), 1 for nickel allergy (1.8%), and 1 for intraoperative fracture (1.8%).

Conclusion

These findings indicate that over 30% of early rTKA are potentially avoidable. Interventions should focus on addressing potentially avoidable causes such as short-term aseptic loosening and instability to reduce the need for costly and resource-intensive rTKA.

Level of evidence III, retrospective observational analysis

Patient Interest in Robotic Total Joint Arthroplasty Is Exponential: A 10-Year Google Trends Analysis

Background

The use of robotics in arthroplasty continues to increase. Patient demand, patient expectations, and patient-directed marketing by industry and care providers each likely contributes to its increasing popularity. Trends in patient interest have not been well described. We used the online Google Trends tool to analyze trends in national public interest toward robotic and nonrobotic arthroplasty between 2011 and 2021.

Material and methods

Google Trends online was queried for search terms related to nonrobotic hip and knee arthroplasty in addition to robotic hip, robotic knee, and general robotic arthroplasty between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2021.

Results

Google Trends Data demonstrated a significant linear increase in online searches related to nonrobotic total knee and hip arthroplasty. Online search volume for robotic hip arthroplasty was significant and linear, while that of robotic knee arthroplasty was significant and exponential. When combined, robotic joint arthroplasty demonstrated an exponential trend over the 10-year period. This increase was noted to be statistically significant when compared with nonrobotic arthroplasty search volume.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that public interest in robotic total joint arthroplasty has increased significantly from 2011 through 2020. When compared with online search volume for conventional arthroplasty, this increasing growth is statistically significant. Public interest in robotic arthroplasty is anticipated to continue to increase, and care providers should be aware of this trend that impacts patient perceptions and expectations. Despite significant growth in interest for robotic arthroplasty, there is incomplete evidence supporting its use over nonrobotic arthroplasty. Additional high-quality studies are needed to inform provider decision-making and appropriately guide public interest in robot-assisted arthroplasty.

Short-Term Outcomes Are Comparable between Robotic-Arm Assisted and Traditional Total Knee Arthroplasty

Robotic-arm assisted total knee arthroplasty (rTKA) was developed to provide for increased accuracy of component placement compared with conventional manual TKA (mTKA). Whether or not rTKA is cost-effective in a bundled payment model has yet to be addressed. The purpose of this comparative study was to evaluate the short-term clinical outcomes of rTKA and mTKA. We retrospectively reviewed a series of 4,086 consecutive primary TKA performed by one of five surgeons across six different hospitals at our institution from January 2016 to December 2018. Outcomes for rTKA cases (n = 581) and mTKA cases (n = 3,505) were compared using unmatched multivariate analysis and a matched cohort. We analyzed 90-day outcomes, episode-of-care claims data, and short form (SF-12) outcome scores to 2 years postoperatively. In matched bivariate analysis, there was no difference in episode-of-care costs, postacute care costs, complications, 90-day readmission rates, emergency department/urgent care visits, reoperations, and mortality between rTKA and mTKA patients (p > 0.05). Matched patients undergoing rTKA did have a shorter hospital length of stay (1.46 vs. 1.80 days, p < 0.001) and decreased rates of discharge to rehabilitation facilities (5.5 vs. 14.8%, p < 0.001). SF-12 scores were clinically similar. Multivariate analysis demonstrated no differences in any 90-day outcome. We conclude that patients undergoing rTKA have comparable costs, 90-day outcomes, and clinically similar improvements in functional outcome scores compared with mTKA patients. Further study is needed to determine whether rTKA will result in improved implant survivorship and long-term functional outcomes (Level of evidence III).

Robotic arm-assisted arthroplasty: The latest developments

Joint arthroplasty is an effective method for treating end-stage joint lesions and damages. Robotic arm-assisted arthroplasty, a rapidly developing technology that combines navigation technology, minimally invasive technology, and precise control technology of the robotic arm, can achieve accurate preoperative planning, optimal selection of implants, minimally invasive surgery, precise osteotomy, and accurate placement of the artificial joint. It has the characteristics of high accuracy and stability, and thus is more and more widely used in the field of joint surgery. In this paper, we systematically reviewed the application and clinical efficacy of robotic arm-assisted technology in hip and knee arthroplasty to provide reference for its future promotion.

The Role of Stability and Alignment in Improving Patient Outcomes After Total Knee Arthroplasty

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Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is an effective treatment option for many patients, but a small group of patients are dissatisfied following TKA.

»

Alignment, in combination with balance, stability, and knee kinematics, is an important modifiable surgical factor that can affect patient outcomes.

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Driven by the subset of dissatisfied patients after TKA, new techniques have evolved in the search for a more anatomic reconstruction of individual knee morphology and a more accurate approximation of the individual lower-extremity alignment.

»

There is a need to optimize 3 aspects of TKA to improve patient outcomes-mechanical tooling processes, implants that resurface the epiphysis, and techniques that respect the variable anatomy of patients.

Biomechanical Effect of Coronal Alignment and Ligament Laxity in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Simulation Study

The purposes of this study were to develop a cruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty musculoskeletal model, which enables the adjustment of ligament length and implant alignment; validate the model; and evaluate the effects of varus/valgus alignment adjustment and unbalanced medial/lateral ligament laxity during gait. A cruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty musculoskeletal model was constructed and validated against the in vivo contact forces. This model was transformed to 2° varus/valgus alignment of femoral or tibial replacement models and 2° medial/lateral laxity models. The contact forces and ligament tensions of the adjusted models were calculated. The contact forces in the model showed good agreement with the in vivo contact forces. Valgus replacement alignment with balanced ligament models showed a lower contact force at the medial compartment than at the neutral alignment model, whereas the varus replacement alignment with balanced ligament models showed a greater contact force at the medial compartment and medial/posterior cruciate ligament tension. The medial laxity with neutral alignment model showed a similar contact force with decreased medial ligament tension compared to the balanced neutral alignment model, whereas the lateral laxity with the neutral alignment model showed a greater contact force and decreased lateral ligament tension. The cruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty model was validated using in vivo contact forces (r = 0.939) Two degrees of valgus alignment adjustment with balanced ligament or neutral alignment with 2° of medial laxity can be safe without increasing contact force or ligament tension compared to neutral alignment with a balanced extension gap. However, 2° of varus alignment adjustment with balanced ligament or neutral alignment with 2° of lateral laxity may be unfavorable due to the overloading of the joints and knee ligaments.

Effect of tourniquet use on blood loss, pain, functional recovery, and complications in robot-assisted total knee arthroplasty: a prospective, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial

Background

Robot-assisted total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been largely studied to confirm its advantages in terms of accurate component positioning, microembolus formation, less blood loss, and so on, but is currently usually performed under tourniquet due to its longer operative time than conventional TKA. The aim of this study was to estimate the effects of tourniquet use in robot-assisted TKA on blood loss, pain, functional recovery, and complications.

Methods

Patients scheduled for robot-assisted TKA were prospectively randomized into a tourniquet or non-tourniquet group (each n = 14). The primary outcome measure was blood loss. The secondary outcome measures were operation time; visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores; time to achieve the first straight-leg raise; swelling of the thigh, knee, and calf; range of motion; Hospital for Special Surgery score; length of stay; and postoperative complications.

Results

There was no significant difference in total blood loss between the tourniquet and non-tourniquet groups (738.57 ± 276.158 vs. 866.85 ± 243.422 ml, P = 0.061). The tourniquet group showed significantly lower intraoperative blood loss (P < 0.001), but higher hidden blood loss (P = 0.002). The non-tourniquet group showed better knee range of motion on postoperative days (PODs) 1–3 (all P < 0.001), less thigh swelling on PODs 2 and 3 (P < 0.05), earlier straight-leg raising (P = 0.044), and shorter length of stay (P = 0.044). Thigh pain VAS score at 1 month after surgery was significantly greater in the tourniquet group (P < 0.001), as was knee pain during activity and at rest on PODs 2–3 (all P < 0.05). The tourniquet group also showed a significantly higher rate of tension blisters (28.8% vs. 7.1%, P = 0.038).

Conclusions

Tourniquet use during robot-assisted TKA does not reduce total blood loss, and it appears to increase postoperative pain, aggravate muscle injury, and prolong postoperative recovery.

Trial registration ChiCTR, ChiCTR2100041800. Registered 5 January 2021, http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx.

Robotic-assisted TKA leads to a better prosthesis alignment and a better joint line restoration as compared to conventional TKA: a prospective randomized controlled trial

PURPOSE

Correct positioning and alignment of the prosthesis is a very important factor for durability of prosthesis and implant survival which is improved with the use of technology in total knee arthroplasty. However, the long-term functional outcomes and survivorship are unclear. For this study, it was hypothesized that mechanical axis alignment of lower limb, post-operative joint line restoration, femoral and tibial component alignment is more accurate with the new handheld semi-active robotic-assisted TKA.

METHOD

From April-2019 to March-2020, 60 patients with unilateral knee osteoarthritis who underwent total knee arthroplasties were included in this prospective randomised controlled study. Computer generated randomization was used. Study included 48 female patients and 12 male patients. Pre-operative and post-operative radiographic measurements were done and compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

There was a significant difference between two groups with respect to mechanical axis deviation, joint line deviation and coronal alignment of femoral and tibial prosthesis. Mechanical axis deviation > 3° was seen in eight cases (28.5%) in C-TKA group compared to one case (3.1%) in RA-TKA (p 0.019). Joint line deviation of 3.5 mm was noted in C-TKA group as compared to 0.9 mm in RA-TKA group (p < 0.001) which was statistically significant. However, whether this difference of 2.6 mm of joint line elevation between C-TKA and RA-TKA leads to any difference in clinical outcome in terms of knee kinematics and knee flexion needs to be investigated with further studies. Clinically restoring normal joint line is important for improved knee function after primary TKA. No significant difference was noted in femoral component rotation on post-operative computed tomography (CT) scan.

CONCLUSION

The novel imageless, handheld semi-autonomous robotic system for TKA is highly accurate with respect to component positioning in coronal plane and mechanical alignment as compared to conventional TKA. Joint line is elevated in conventional TKA but is accurately restored using the robotic-assisted TKA which may lead to better patellofemoral kinematics.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

I.

Transitioning a Practice to Robotic Total Knee Arthroplasty Is Correlated with Favorable Short-Term Clinical Outcomes-A Single Surgeon Experience

BACKGROUND

 This study sought to evaluate the patient experience and short-term clinical outcomes associated with the hospital stay of patients who underwent robotic arm-assisted total knee arthroplasty (TKA). These results were compared with a cohort of patients who underwent TKA without robotic assistance performed by the same surgeon prior to the introduction of this technology.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 A cohort of consecutive patients undergoing primary TKA for the diagnosis of osteoarthritis by a single fellowship trained orthopaedic surgeon over a 39-month period was identified. Patients who underwent TKA during the year that this surgeon transitioned his entire knee arthroplasty practice to robotic assistance were excluded to eliminate selection bias and control for the learning curve. All patients received the same prosthesis and postoperative pain protocol. Patients that required intubation for failed spinal anesthetic were excluded. A final population of 492 TKAs was identified. Of these, 290 underwent TKA without robotic assistance and 202 underwent robotic arm-assisted TKA. Patient demographic characteristics and short-term clinical data were analyzed.

RESULTS

 Robotic arm-assisted TKA was associated with shorter length of stay (2.3 vs. 2.6 days, p < 0.001), a 50% reduction in morphine milligram equivalent utilization (from 214 to 103, p < 0.001), and a mean increase in procedure time of 9.3 minutes (p < 0.001). There was one superficial infection in the nonrobotic cohort and there were no deep postoperative infections in either cohort. There were no manipulations under anesthesia in the robotic cohort while there were six in the nonrobotic cohort. Additionally, there were no significant differences in emergency department visits, readmissions, or return to the operating room.

CONCLUSION

 This analysis corroborates existing literature suggesting that robotic arm-assisted TKA can be correlated with improved short-term clinical outcomes. This study reports on a single surgeon's experience with regard to analgesic requirements, length of stay, pain scores, and procedure time following a complete transition to robotic arm-assisted TKA. These results underscore the importance of continued evaluation of clinical outcomes as robotic arthroplasty technology continues to grow.

Total Knee Arthroplasty Hospital Costs by Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing: Robotic vs Conventional

Background

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) represents a major national health expenditure. The last decade has seen a surge in robotic-assisted TKA (roTKA); however, literature on the costs of roTKA as compared to conventional TKA (cTKA) is limited. The purpose of this study was to assess the costs associated with roTKA as compared to cTKA.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort cost-analysis study of patients undergoing primary, elective roTKA or cTKA from July 2020 to March 2021. Time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC) was used to determine granular costs. Patient demographics, medical/surgical details, and costs were compared.

Results

A total of 2058 TKAs were analyzed (1795 cTKAs and 263 roTKAs). roTKA patients were more often male (50.2% vs 42.3%; P = .016), and discharged home (98.5% vs 93.7%; P = .017), and had longer operating room (OR) time (144.6 vs 130.9 minutes; P < .0001), and lower length of stay (LOS) (1.8 vs 2.1 days; P < .0001). roTKA costs were 2.17× greater for supplies excluding implant (P < .0001), 1.18× for total supplies (P < .0001), 1.12× for OR personnel (P < .0001), and 1.05× for total personnel (P = .0001). Implant costs were similar (P = .076), but 0.98× cheaper for post-anesthesia care unit personnel (P = .018) and 0.84× for inpatient personnel (P < .0001). Overall hospital costs for roTKA were 1.10× more than cTKA (P < .0001).

Conclusion

roTKA had higher total hospital costs than cTKA. Despite a lower LOS, the longer OR time with higher supply and personnel costs resulted in a costlier procedure. Understanding the costs of roTKA is essential when considering the value (ie, outcomes per dollars spent) of this modern technology.

Component placement accuracy in two generations of handheld robotics-assisted knee arthroplasty

INTRODUCTION

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is the gold standard for treatment of end-stage osteoarthritis. Previous studies have shown that successful outcomes following TKA depend on accurate implant alignment and soft tissue balancing. Robotic-assisted TKA have demonstrated improved accuracy in component placement and have been associated with better outcomes and patient satisfaction. This study aims to report on the execution accuracy of two generations of handheld robotic-assisted surgical systems.

METHODS

This was a retrospective analysis of TKA procedures with two sequential generations of the same handheld robotic-assisted surgical system. Intra-operative data captured included pre-operative limb deformity, limb axes, range of motion, kinematic balance, and the resulting plan for component placement in three-dimensional space. Patients were stratified based on their preoperative coronal lower limb mechanical alignment (> 3° varus, < 3° varus, < 3° valgus, and ≥ 3° valgus). Measurements of component placement (overall lower limb alignment, medial and lateral flexion gaps, and tibial and femoral resection depths) were assessed using descriptive statistics.

RESULTS

A total of 435 patients were included and stratified based on preoperative lower limb alignment: 229 with ≥ 3° varus, 78 with varus < 3° and 58 with valgus < 3°, and 70 with valgus > 3°. The mean difference between planned and achieved alignment in the lower limb valgus patients was < 1° across all groups. Mean differences between planned and achieved medial flexion gap was higher in the > 3° subgroup in the varus patient cohort ([< 3°]: 1.15 ± 1.92 vs. [> 3°]: 1.90 ± 2.57); this value was higher in the < 3° subgroup for valgus patients ([< 3°]: 1.34 ± 1.83 vs. [> 3°]: 0.956 ± 1.65). Average resection depth ranged from 9.46 to 10.4 mm in the posterior medial femur, 9.25 to 9.95 mm in the posterior lateral femur, 7.45 to 8.79 mm in the distal medial femur, 8.22 to 9.18 mm in the distal lateral femur, 6.70 to 7.07 mm in the medial tibial condyle and 6.40 to 7.19 mm in the lateral tibial condyle. Non-inferiority testing demonstrated the newer generation is non-inferior to the older generation.

CONCLUSION

Robotic-assisted knee replacement using handheld image-free systems is able to maintain accuracy of component placement. Further investigation of patient reported outcomes as well as long-term implant longevity are needed.

Robotics in orthopaedic surgery: why, what and how?

INTRODUCTION

Robotics applied to orthopedics has become an interesting topic both from the surgical point of view and the engineering one. The main goal of those systems is the enhancement of joint arthroplasty surgery, providing the robotic support to precisely and accurately prepare the bone, restore the limb alignment and the physiological kinematics of the joint. Various robotic systems are currently available on the market, each addressing specific kind of surgeries and characterized by a series of specific features that may involve different requirements and/or modus operandi.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

An overview of these devices was performed, addressing the different categories in which robots are subdivided in terms of: operations performed, requirements and level of interaction of the surgeon. The main models currently available on the market were addressed and relative studies in the literature were reported and compared, to highlight the benefits and drawbacks of the different technologies.

RESULTS

The different robotic systems were subdivided in: open/closed platform, image-based/imageless and active/passive/semi-active. Regardless of the typology of robotic system, the main aim is to improve precision and accuracy of the operation. It is to be noted that, regardless of the typology of robotic system, the surgeon is still in charge of the planning and approval of the operation: only the precise and consistent execution of his directives is entrusted to the robot. The positive factors have however to be weighed against the fact that robotic systems involve an important initial investment and most of the times require the surgeons and the staff to learn how to operate them (with a learning curve differing from system to system).

CONCLUSIONS

Each surgeon, when considering if and which robotic system to adopt, has to properly evaluate the different benefits and drawbacks involved to find the surgical robot that fits his needs the best.

Concepts and techniques of a new robotically assisted technique for total knee arthroplasty: the ROSA knee system

INTRODUCTION

The ROSA (Robotic Surgical Assistant) Knee system (Zimmer Biomet, Warsaw, IN) for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) can be considered as collaborative robotics, where the surgeon remains in charge of the procedure and collaborates with a smart robotic tool, to perform the surgery with a high accuracy and reproducibility. The aim was to describe: (1) its concept and surgical technique; (2) its advantages and potential limits; (3) the early experience with this system.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The goal during its development phase was to keep the surgeon active and at the center of the operation: the surgeon handles the saw and performs the cuts while the robotic arm places and holds the guide at the right place. The ROSA knee platform assists the surgeon for the distal femoral cut, the femoral component sizing and positioning, the tibial cut and the ligament balance. This robotic system has two options: image-based with 3D virtual model; or image-less, based on intraoperative landmarks acquisition. All the classic surgical techniques can be used: measured resection, gap balancing, functional alignment, kinematic alignment. Some techniques recently developed are more ROSA-specific: Robotic personalized TKA, ROSA-FuZion technique.

RESULTS

Its advantages as compared to other available systems include: radiographs in standing position, collaborative robotic system where the robot completes the surgeon skills, "off-the-shelf" implants, predictive robotic with concept of machine learning incorporated into the system. Two cadaveric studies have reported the high accuracy and reproducibility of this device. This robotic system is recent and currently no clinical series has enough follow-up to report clinical outcomes.

CONCLUSION

The ROSA knee system is a robotically assisted semi-autonomous surgical system with some specific characteristics. The aim of this collaborative robotic system is to improve the accuracy and reliability of the bone resections and the ligament balancing, without replacing the steps well performed by the surgeon.

Machine Learning Algorithms Identify Optimal Sagittal Component Position in Total Knee Arthroplasty

BACKGROUND

Advanced technologies, like robotics, provide enhanced precision for implanting total knee arthroplasty (TKA) components; however, the optimal targets for implant position specifically in the sagittal plane do not exist. This study identified sagittal implant position which may predict improved outcomes using machine learning algorithms.

METHODS

A retrospective review of 1091 consecutive TKAs was performed. All TKAs were posterior cruciate ligament retaining or sacrificing with an anterior-lip (49.4%) or conforming bearing (50.6%) and performed with modern perioperative protocols. Preoperative and postoperative tibial slope and postoperative femoral component flexion were measured with standardized radiographic protocols. Analysis groups were categorized by satisfaction scores and the Knee Society Score question 'does this knee feel normal to you?' Machine learning algorithms were used to identify optimal sagittal alignment zones that predict superior satisfaction and knees "always feeling normal" scores.

RESULTS

Mean age and median body mass index were 66 years and 34 kg/m², respectively, with 67% being female. The machine learning model predicted an increased likelihood of being "satisfied or very satisfied" and a knee "always feeling normal" with a change in tibial slope closer to native (-2 to +2°) and femoral component flexion 0 to +7°. Worse outcomes were predicted with any femoral component extension, femoral component flexion beyond +10°, and adding or removing >5° of native tibial slope.

CONCLUSION

Superior patient-reported outcomes were predicted with approximating native tibial slope and incorporating some femoral component flexion. Deviation from native tibial slope and excessive femoral flexion or any femoral component extension were predictive of worse outcomes.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Therapeutic level III.

Verification and clinical translation of a newly designed "Skywalker" robot for total knee arthroplasty: A prospective clinical study

Objective

To evaluate accuracy of an innovative “Skywalker” system, a newly designed, robot-assisted operation system for orthopaedics via a clinical trial at knee joint.

Methods

We conducted a prospective analysis of the clinical data of 31 patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty assisted by the “Skywalker” robot (Microport, Suzhou, China) from June 2020 to January 2021. Five male patients and 26 female patients aged 69.68 ​± ​6.11 years (range: 57–79 years) were diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis and indicated for surgery. The “Skywalker” surgical robotic system was adopted to make a preoperative plan for knee arthroplasty. When the robotic arm reached the specified position during the operation, a single surgeon performed the osteotomy with a cutting saw through the cutting jig, and the difference between the actual and the expected resection thickness, and the preoperative and postoperative lower limb alignments were measured.

Results

The actual error of the resection thickness was the difference between the actual and the expected resection thickness. The absolute error of the resection thickness was the absolute value of the actual error of resection thickness. The absolute errors of the resection thickness of the medial and lateral condyle of the distal femur, the medial and lateral posterior condyle of the femur, and the medial and lateral sides of the tibial plateau were 0.87 ​± ​0.63 ​mm, 1.02 ​± ​0.67 ​mm, 0.74 ​± ​0.46 ​mm, 0.98 ​± ​0.81 ​mm, 0.92 ​± ​0.66 ​mm, and 1.04 ​± ​0.84 ​mm, respectively. The absolute angle errors between the actual postoperative angles and the preoperative planned angles of the lower limb alignment angles, coronal femoral component angles, and coronal tibial component angles were 1.46° ​± ​0.95°, 1.13° ​± ​1.01°, and 1.05° ​± ​0.73°, respectively. Besides, 100% of the absolute error of the HKA angles was within 3°. In addition, compared to the preoperative lower limb alignment angle, 90.32% of the postoperative lower limb alignment angles of 31 patients were closer to 180° after the operation. All 31 patients underwent a successful surgery, and no relevant complications occurred after the operation, such as surgical site infection, deep venous thrombosis, or vascular and nerve injury.

Conclusion

The “Skywalker” system has good osteotomy accuracy, can achieve the planned angles well, and is expected to assist surgeons in performing accurate bone cuts and reconstructing planned lower limb alignments in the relevant clinical applications in future.

The successful implementation of the Navio robotic technology required 29 cases

Robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty (RA-TKA) has potential benefits of improved restoration of mechanical alignment, accuracy of bony resection, and balancing. The purpose of this study was to determine the number of cases necessary for a single surgeon to achieve a constant, steady-state surgical time. The secondary purpose was to identify which steps demonstrated the most time reduced. This was a prospective study assessing intraoperative time for 60 RA-TKA with the Navio surgical system. Overall arthroplasty time and duration for each step were recorded. Statistical analysis included a nonlinear regression and survival regression. Successful implementation required 29 cases to achieve a steady-state. The average time decreased from 41.8 min for the first cohort to 31.1 min for the last cohort, a 26% decrease. The step with the greatest reduction was the "Review of Intraoperative Plan" with a reduction of 2.1 min. This study demonstrates surgical times averaging below 60 min and a learning curve that is complete in 29 cases with the surgeon reporting a high level of confidence with the system at 10 cases. Though Navio assisted TKA showed a significantly slower operative time, we are hopeful that future generations of robotic technology will be more efficiently implemented by surgeons.

Robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty improves accuracy and precision compared to conventional techniques

AIMS

Robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty (RA-TKA) is theoretically more accurate for component positioning than TKA performed with mechanical instruments (M-TKA). Furthermore, the ability to incorporate soft-tissue laxity data into the plan prior to bone resection should reduce variability between the planned polyethylene thickness and the final implanted polyethylene. The purpose of this study was to compare accuracy to plan for component positioning and precision, as demonstrated by deviation from plan for polyethylene insert thickness in measured-resection RA-TKA versus M-TKA.

METHODS

A total of 220 consecutive primary TKAs between May 2016 and November 2018, performed by a single surgeon, were reviewed. Planned coronal plane component alignment and overall limb alignment were all 0° to the mechanical axis; tibial posterior slope was 2°; and polyethylene thickness was 9 mm. For RA-TKA, individual component position was adjusted to assist gap-balancing but planned coronal plane alignment for the femoral and tibial components and overall limb alignment remained 0 ± 3°; planned tibial posterior slope was 1.5°. Mean deviations from plan for each parameter were compared between groups for positioning and size and outliers were assessed.

RESULTS

In all, 103 M-TKAs and 96 RA-TKAs were included. In RA-TKA versus M-TKA, respectively: mean femoral positioning (0.9° (SD 1.2°) vs 1.7° (SD 1.1°)), mean tibial positioning (0.3° (SD 0.9°) vs 1.3° (SD 1.0°)), mean posterior tibial slope (-0.3° (SD 1.3°) vs 1.7° (SD 1.1°)), and mean mechanical axis limb alignment (1.0° (SD 1.7°) vs 2.7° (SD 1.9°)) all deviated significantly less from the plan (all p < 0.001); significantly fewer knees required a distal femoral recut (10 (10%) vs 22 (22%), p = 0.033); and deviation from planned polyethylene thickness was significantly less (1.4 mm (SD 1.6) vs 2.7 mm (SD 2.2), p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

RA-TKA is significantly more accurate and precise in planning both component positioning and final polyethylene insert thickness. Future studies should investigate whether this increased accuracy and precision has an impact on clinical outcomes. The greater accuracy and reproducibility of RA-TKA may be important as precise new goals for component positioning are developed and can be further individualized to the patient. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(6 Supple A):74-80.

An improved method for assessing the technical accuracy of optical tracking systems for orthopaedic surgical navigation

BACKGROUND

Optical tracking systems (OTSs) are essential components of many modern computer assisted orthopaedic surgery (CAOS) systems but patient movement is often neglected in the evaluation of the accuracy. The aim of this study was to develop a representative test to assess the accuracy of OTSs including patient movement and demonstrate the effect of pointer design and OTS choice.

METHOD

A mobile phantom with dynamic reference base (DRB) attached was designed and constructed. The point registration trueness and precision were evaluated for measurements with both a static and moving phantom.

RESULTS

The trueness of the total target registration error (TTRE) was 1.4 to 2.7 times worse with a moving phantom compared to a static phantom.

CONCLUSION

The accuracy of OTSs for CAOS applications should be evaluated by measurements with a moving phantom as the evaluation of the TTRE with a static frame significantly underestimates the measurement error.

Online Crowdsourcing to Explore Public Perceptions of Robotic-Assisted Orthopedic Surgery

BACKGROUND

The clinical benefits of robotic-assisted technology in total joint arthroplasty are unclear, but its use is increasing. This study employed online crowdsourcing to explore public perceptions and beliefs regarding robotic-assisted orthopedic surgery.

METHODS

A 30-question survey was completed by 588 members of the public using Amazon Mechanical Turk. Participants answered questions regarding robotic-assisted orthopedic surgery, sociodemographic factors, and validated assessments of health literacy and patient engagement. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to determine population characteristics associated with preference for robotic technology.

RESULTS

Most respondents believe robotic-assisted surgery leads to better results (69%), fewer complications (69%), less pain (59%), and faster recovery (62%) than conventional manual methods. About half (49%) would prefer a low-volume surgeon using robotic technology to a high-volume surgeon using conventional manual methods. The 3 main concerns regarding robotic technology included lack of surgeon experience with robotic surgery, robot malfunction causing harm, and increased cost. Only half of respondents accurately understand the actual role of the robot in the operating room. Overall, 34% of participants have a clear preference for robotic-assisted surgery over a conventional manual approach. After multivariable regression analysis, Asian race, working in healthcare, early technology adoption, and prior knowledge of robotic surgery were independent predictors of preferring robotic-assisted surgery.

CONCLUSION

The public's unawareness of the dubious outcome superiority associated with robotic-assisted orthopedic surgery may contribute to misinformed decisions in some patients. Robotic-assisted technology appears to be a powerful marketing tool for surgeons and hospitals.

The Use of Computer Navigation and Robotic Technology in Complex Total Knee Arthroplasty

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The potential benefits of computer-assisted surgical (CAS) navigation and robotic total knee arthroplasty (TKA) systems, such as increased reliability of restoring the mechanical axis, fewer outliers, more rapid hospital discharge, less physical therapy requirements, decreased blood loss, and decreased revision rates, have led to their application not only in primary cases but also in complex cases such as preoperative deformity and revision.

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Early evidence demonstrates that CAS navigation may help to improve alignment in complex cases of femoral and tibial deformity and in cases of femoral bowing.

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Data regarding deformity correction with robotic systems are similar to CAS navigation with regard to alignment, but are more limited. There are also scant data regarding revision cases and cases of previous intramedullary canal instrumentation.

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Concerns remain regarding cost, learning curves, and operative times. There are potential long-term cost savings associated with a decrease in revisions and readmissions that require additional investigation.

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Early evidence for the use of these emerging technologies for deformity correction and revision cases is promising, but their impact on long-term functional outcomes remains to be demonstrated. Additional well-designed comparative studies are warranted.

The current state of robotics in total knee arthroplasty

Robotic total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has demonstrated improved component positioning and a reduction of alignment outliers with regard to pre-operative planning.

Early robotic TKA technologies were mainly active systems associated with significant technical and surgical complications.

Current robotic TKA systems are predominantly semi-active with additional haptic feedback which minimizes iatrogenic soft tissue injury compared to conventional arthroplasty and older systems.

Semi-active systems demonstrate advantages in terms of early functional recovery and hospital discharge compared to conventional arthroplasty.

Limitations with current robotic technology include high upfront costs, learning curves and lack of long-term outcomes.

The short-term gains and greater technical reliability associated with current systems may justify the ongoing investment in robotic technology.

Further long-term data are required to fully ascertain the cost-effectiveness of newer robotic systems.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:270-279. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200052

A clinical review of robotic navigation in total knee arthroplasty: historical systems to modern design

Robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty (RA-TKA) has shown improved reproducibility and precision in mechanical alignment restoration, with improvement in early functional outcomes and 90-day episode of care cost savings compared to conventional TKA in some studies. However, its value is still to be determined.Current studies of RA-TKA systems are limited by short-term follow-up and significant heterogeneity of the available systems.In today's paradigm shift towards an increased emphasis on quality of care while curtailing costs, providing value-based care is the primary goal for healthcare systems and clinicians. As robotic technology continues to develop, longer-term studies evaluating implant survivorship and complications will determine whether the initial capital is offset by improved outcomes.Future studies will have to determine the value of RA-TKA based on longer-term survivorships, patient-reported outcome measures, functional outcomes, and patient satisfaction measures. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:252-269. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200071.