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Frank D, Gruenbaum BF, Zlotnik A, Semyonov M, Frenkel A, Boyko M. Pathophysiology and Current Drug Treatments for Post-Stroke Depression: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315114. [PMID: 36499434 PMCID: PMC9738261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a biopsychosocial disorder that affects individuals who have suffered a stroke at any point. PSD has a 20 to 60 percent reported prevalence among stroke survivors. Its effects are usually adverse, can lead to disability, and may increase mortality if not managed or treated early. PSD is linked to several other medical conditions, including anxiety, hyper-locomotor activity, and poor functional recovery. Despite significant awareness of its adverse impacts, understanding the pathogenesis of PSD has proved challenging. The exact pathophysiology of PSD is unknown, yet its complexity has been definitively shown, involving mechanisms such as dysfunction of monoamine, the glutamatergic systems, the gut-brain axis, and neuroinflammation. The current effectiveness of PSD treatment is about 30-40 percent of all cases. In this review, we examined different pathophysiological mechanisms and current pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches for the treatment of PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Frank
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Correspondence: or
| | - Benjamin F. Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Alexander Zlotnik
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Michael Semyonov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Amit Frenkel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Matthew Boyko
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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Kumar JSD, Prabhakaran J, Molotkov A, Sattiraju A, Kim J, Doubrovin M, Mann JJ, Mintz A. Radiosynthesis and evaluation of [ 18F]FMTP, a COX-2 PET ligand. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:1433-1440. [PMID: 32632914 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00124-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is involved in neuroinflammation associated with many neurological diseases as well as cancers of the brain. Outside the brain, inflammation and COX-2 induction contribute to the pathogenesis of pain, arthritis, acute allograft rejection, and in response to infections, tumors, autoimmune disorders, and injuries. Herein, we report the radiochemical synthesis and evaluation of [18F]6-fluoro-2-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-N-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)pyrimidin-4-amine ([18F]FMTP), a high-affinity COX-2 inhibitor, by cell uptake and PET imaging studies. METHODS The radiochemical synthesis of [18F]FMTP was optimized using chlorine to fluorine displacement method, by reacting [18F]fluoride/K222/K2CO3 with the precursor molecule. Cellular uptake studies of [18F]FMTP was performed in COX-2 positive BxPC3 and COX-2 negative PANC-1 cell lines with unlabeled FMTP as well as celecoxib to define specific binding agents. Dynamic microPET image acquisitionwas performed in anesthetized nude mice (n = 3), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced neuroinflammation mice (n = 4), and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) administered control mice (n = 4) using a Trifoil microPET/CT for a scan period of 60 min. RESULTS A twofold higher binding of [18F]FMTP was found in COX-2 positive BxPC3 cells compared with COX-2 negative PANC-1 cells. The radioligand did not show specific binding to COX-2 negative PANC-1 cells. MicroPET imaging in wild-type mice indicated blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration and fast washout of [18F]FMTP in the brain, likely due to the low constitutive COX-2 expression in the normal brain. In contrast, a ~ twofold higher uptake of the radioligand was found in LPS-induced mice brain than PBS treated control mice. CONCLUSIONS Specific binding to COX-2 in BxPC3 cell lines, BBB permeability, and increased brain uptake in neuroinflammation mice qualifies [18F]FMTP as a potential PET tracer for studying inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Dileep Kumar
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Manhattan, NY, USA.
| | - Jaya Prabhakaran
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Manhattan, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - Andrei Molotkov
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - Anirudh Sattiraju
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - Jongho Kim
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - Mikhail Doubrovin
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - J John Mann
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Manhattan, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, Manhattan, NY, USA.,Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, Manhattan, NY, USA.
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Peng Z, Li M, Tan X, Xiang P, Wang H, Luo Y, Yang Y, Huang H, Chen Z, Xia H, Li Y, Zhang J, Gu C, Liu M, Wang Q, Chen M, Yang J. miR-211-5p alleviates focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by down-regulating the expression of COX2. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113983. [PMID: 32311346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study was to investigate the role of microRNA (miR)-211-5p on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) and clarify its underlying mechanisms. Middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) was operated on male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) was conducted on pheochromocytoma-12 (PC12) cells. Here, we found that miR-211-5p and Cyclooxygenase (COX2) expressions were altered in the plasma, cortex and hippocampus of MCAO/R-treated rats, as well as in the OGD/R-treaded PC12 cells. In vivo, overexpression of miR-211-5p resulted in decrease of infarct volumes, neurological deficit scores and histopathological damage. In vitro, miR-211-5p overexpression significantly decreased cell apoptosis and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release rate, increased cell viability. Furthermore, our data showed that miR-211-5p overexpression markedly reduced the expressions of COX2 mRNA and protein, and the contents of Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), PGE2, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and Interleukin-1β (IL-1β). In addition, inhibition of COX2 significantly rescued the effects of miR-211-5p inhibitor. At last, dual luciferase experimental data showed that miR-211-5p regulated the mRNA stability of COX2 by directly binding to the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of COX2. In conclusion, our data suggested the neuroprotective effects of miR-211-5p on CIRI by targeting COX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaodan Tan
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Pu Xiang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ying Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Haifeng Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhihao Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hui Xia
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yuke Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jiahua Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chao Gu
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Maozhu Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Mengyuan Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junqing Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Using anesthetics and analgesics in experimental traumatic brain injury. Lab Anim (NY) 2014; 42:286-91. [PMID: 23877609 DOI: 10.1038/laban.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Valid modeling of traumatic brain injury (TBI) requires accurate replication of both the mechanical forces that cause the primary injury and the conditions that lead to secondary injuries observed in human patients. The use of animals in TBI research is justified by the lack of in vitro or computer models that can sufficiently replicate the complex pathological processes involved. Measures to reduce nociception and distress must be implemented, but the administration of anesthetics and analgesics can influence TBI outcomes, threatening the validity of the research. In this review, the authors present evidence for the interference of anesthetics and analgesics in the natural course of brain injury in animal models of TBI. They suggest that drugs should be selected for or excluded from experimental TBI protocols on the basis of IACUC-approved experimental objectives in order to protect animal welfare and preserve the validity of TBI models.
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An Y, Belevych N, Wang Y, Zhang H, Herschman H, Chen Q, Quan N. Neuronal and nonneuronal COX-2 expression confers neurotoxic and neuroprotective phenotypes in response to excitotoxin challenge. J Neurosci Res 2013; 92:486-95. [PMID: 24375716 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Treating acute brain injuries with COX-2 inhibitors can produce both neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects. This study investigated the role of COX-2 in modulating acute brain injury induced by excitotoxic neural damage. Intrastriatal injection of excitotoxin (RS)-(tetrazole-5yl) glycine elicited COX-2 expression in two distinct groups of cells. cortical neurons surrounding the lesion and vascular cells in the lesion core. The vascular COX-2 was expressed in two cell types, endothelial cells and monocytes. Selective deletion of COX-2 in vascular cells in Tie2Cre Cox-2(flox/flox) mice did not affect the induction of COX-2 in neurons after the excitotoxin injection but resulted in increased lesion volume, indicating a neuroprotective role for the COX-2 expressed in the vascular cells. Selective deletion of monocyte COX-2 in LysMCre Cox-2(flox/flox) mice did not reduce COX-2-dependent neuroprotection, suggesting that endothelial COX-2 is sufficient to confer neuroprotection. Pharmacological inhibition of COX-2 activity in Tie2Cre Cox-2(flox/flox) mice reduced lesion volume, indicating a neurotoxic role for the COX-2 expressed in neurons. Furthermore, COX-2-dependent neurotoxicity was mediated, at least in part, via the activation of the EP1 receptor. These results show that Cox-2 expression induced in different cell types can confer opposite effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying An
- Institute for Behavior Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Turner CP, Gutierrez S, Liu C, Miller L, Chou J, Finucane B, Carnes A, Kim J, Shing E, Haddad T, Phillips A. Strategies to defeat ketamine-induced neonatal brain injury. Neuroscience 2012; 210:384-92. [PMID: 22406413 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies using animal models have shown that general anesthetics such as ketamine trigger widespread and robust apoptosis in the infant rodent brain. Recent clinical evidence suggests that the use of general anesthetics on young children (at ages equivalent to those used in rodent studies) can promote learning deficits as they mature. Thus, there is a growing need to develop strategies to prevent this injury. In this study, we describe a number of independent approaches to address therapeutic intervention. Postnatal day 7 (P7) rats were injected with vehicle (sterile PBS) or the NMDAR antagonist ketamine (20 mg/kg). After 8 h, we prepared brains for immunohistochemical detection of the pro-apoptotic enzyme activated caspase-3 (AC3). Focusing on the somatosensory cortex, AC3-positive cells were then counted in a non-biased stereological manner. We found AC3 levels were markedly increased in ketamine-treated animals. In one study, microarray analysis of the somatosensory cortex from ketamine-treated P7 pups revealed that expression of activity dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) was enhanced. Thus, we injected P7 animals with the ADNP peptide fragment NAPVSIPQ (NAP) 15 min before ketamine administration and found we could dose-dependently reverse the injury. In separate studies, pretreatment of P6 animals with 20 mg/kg vitamin D(3) or a nontoxic dose of ketamine (5 mg/kg) also prevented ketamine-induced apoptosis at P7. In contrast, pretreatment of P7 animals with aspirin (30 mg/kg) 15 min before ketamine administration actually increased AC3 counts in some regions. These data show that a number of unique approaches can be taken to address anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity in the infant brain, thus providing MDs with a variety of alternative strategies that enhance therapeutic flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Turner
- Neurobiology & Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010, USA.
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