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Wang Z, Li L, Yang S, Li Z, Zhang P, Shi R, Zhou X, Tang X, Li Q. Possible mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-associated myocardial fibrosis: reflections in the post-pandemic era. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1470953. [PMID: 39444690 PMCID: PMC11497467 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1470953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been spreading worldwide with devastating immediate or long-term effects on people's health. Although the lungs are the primary organ affected by COVID-19, individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 also develop systemic lesions involving multiple organs throughout the body, such as the cardiovascular system. Emerging evidence reveals that COVID-19 could generate myocardial fibrosis, termed "COVID-19-associated myocardial fibrosis." It can result from the activation of fibroblasts via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), microRNAs, and other pathways, and can also occur in other cellular interactions with SARS-CoV-2, such as immunocytes, endothelial cells. Nonetheless, to gain a more profound insight into the natural progression of COVID-19-related myocardial fibrosis, additional investigations are necessary. This review delves into the underlying mechanisms contributing to COVID-19-associated myocardial fibrosis while also examining the antifibrotic potential of current COVID-19 treatments, thereby offering guidance for future clinical trials of these medications. Ultimately, we propose future research directions for COVID-19-associated myocardial fibrosis in the post-COVID-19 era, such as artificial intelligence (AI) telemedicine. We also recommend that relevant tests be added to the follow-up of COVID-19 patients to detect myocardial fibrosis promptly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Luwei Li
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhengrui Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengpeng Zhang
- Department of Lung Cancer, Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Run Shi
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Tang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Chalise U, Hale TM. Fibroblasts under pressure: cardiac fibroblast responses to hypertension and antihypertensive therapies. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H223-H237. [PMID: 37999643 PMCID: PMC11219059 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00401.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 50% of Americans have hypertension, which significantly increases the risk of heart failure. In response to increased peripheral resistance in hypertension, intensified mechanical stretch in the myocardium induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and fibroblast activation to withstand increased pressure overload. This changes the structure and function of the heart, leading to pathological cardiac remodeling and eventual progression to heart failure. In the presence of hypertensive stimuli, cardiac fibroblasts activate and differentiate to myofibroblast phenotype capable of enhanced extracellular matrix secretion in coordination with other cell types, mainly cardiomyocytes. Both systemic and local renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation lead to increased angiotensin II stimulation of fibroblasts. Angiotensin II directly activates fibrotic signaling such as transforming growth factor β/SMAD and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling to produce extracellular matrix comprised of collagens and matricellular proteins. With the advent of single-cell RNA sequencing techniques, heterogeneity in fibroblast populations has been identified in the left ventricle in models of hypertension and pressure overload. The various clusters of fibroblasts reveal a range of phenotypes and activation states. Select antihypertensive therapies have been shown to be effective in limiting fibrosis, with some having direct actions on cardiac fibroblasts. The present review focuses on the fibroblast-specific changes that occur in response to hypertension and pressure overload, the knowledge gained from single-cell analyses, and the effect of antihypertensive therapies. Understanding the dynamics of hypertensive fibroblast populations and their similarities and differences by sex is crucial for the advent of new targets and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra Chalise
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Taben M Hale
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
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From dissection of fibrotic pathways to assessment of drug interactions to reduce cardiac fibrosis and heart failure. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100036. [PMID: 34909666 PMCID: PMC8663973 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is characterized by extracellular matrix deposition in the cardiac interstitium, and this contributes to cardiac contractile dysfunction and progression of heart failure. The main players involved in this process are the cardiac fibroblasts, which, in the presence of pro-inflammatory/pro-fibrotic stimuli, undergo a complete transformation acquiring a more proliferative, a pro-inflammatory and a secretory phenotype. This review discusses the cellular effectors and molecular pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis and suggests potential strategies to monitor the effects of specific drugs designed to slow down the progression of this disease by specifically targeting the fibroblasts.
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Garvin AM, Khokhar BS, Czubryt MP, Hale TM. RAS inhibition in resident fibroblast biology. Cell Signal 2020; 80:109903. [PMID: 33370581 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a primary mediator of profibrotic signaling in the heart and more specifically, the cardiac fibroblast. Ang II-mediated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in combination with cardiac fibroblast proliferation, activation, and extracellular matrix production compromise cardiac function and increase mortality in humans. Profibrotic actions of Ang II are mediated by increasing production of fibrogenic mediators (e.g. transforming growth factor beta, scleraxis, osteopontin, and periostin), recruitment of immune cells, and via increased reactive oxygen species generation. Drugs that inhibit Ang II production or action, collectively referred to as renin angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, are first line therapeutics for heart failure. Moreover, transient RAS inhibition has been found to persistently alter hypertensive cardiac fibroblast responses to injury providing a useful tool to identify novel therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the profibrotic actions of Ang II and the known impact of RAS inhibition on cardiac fibroblast phenotype and cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Garvin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Bilal S Khokhar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Michael P Czubryt
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Taben M Hale
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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Stilhano RS, Samoto VY, Silva LM, Pereira GJ, Erustes AG, Smaili SS, Won Han S. Reduction in skeletal muscle fibrosis of spontaneously hypertensive rats after laceration by microRNA targeting angiotensin II receptor. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186719. [PMID: 29059221 PMCID: PMC5653346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of injured skeletal muscles is affected by fibrosis, which can be improved by the administration of angiotensin II (AngII) receptor (ATR) blockers in normotensive animals. However, the role of ATR in skeletal muscle fibrosis in hypertensive organisms has not been investigated yet. The tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar rats (WR) were lacerated and a lentivector encoding a microRNA targeting AngII receptor type 1 (At1) (Lv-mirAT1a) or control (Lv-mirCTL) was injected. The TA muscles were collected after 30 days to evaluate fibrosis by histology and gene expression by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot. SHR's myoblasts were analyzed by RT-qPCR, 48 h after transduction. In the SHR's TA, AT1 protein expression was 23.5-fold higher than in WR without injury, but no difference was observed in the angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AT2) protein expression. TA laceration followed by suture (LS) produced fibrosis in the SHR (23.3±8.5%) and WR (7.9±1.5%). Lv-mirAT1 treatment decreased At1 gene expression in 50% and reduced fibrosis to 7% 30 days after. RT-qPCR showed that reduction in At1 expression is due to downregulation of the At1a but not of the At1b. RT-qPCR of myoblasts from SHR transduced with Lv-mirAT1a showed downregulation of the Tgf-b1, Tgf-b2, Smad3, Col1a1, and Col3a1 genes by mirAT1a. In vivo and in vitro studies indicate that hypertension overproduces skeletal muscle fibrosis, and AngII-AT1a signaling is the main pathway of fibrosis in SHR. Moreover, muscle fibrosis can be treated specifically by in loco injection of Lv-mirAT1a without affecting other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Sessa Stilhano
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vivian Yochiko Samoto
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Martins Silva
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo José Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adolfo Garcia Erustes
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Soraya Soubhi Smaili
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sang Won Han
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Chen Y, Meng G, Bai W, Ma Y, Xie L, Altaf N, Qian Y, Han Y, Ji Y. Aliskiren protects against myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury via an endothelial nitric oxide synthase dependent manner. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:266-274. [PMID: 27809355 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Anaesthesia; First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Guoliang Meng
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Nantong University; Nantong China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine; School of Pharmacy; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Wenli Bai
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine; School of Pharmacy; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Yan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine; School of Pharmacy; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Liping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine; School of Pharmacy; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Naila Altaf
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine; School of Pharmacy; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Yanning Qian
- Department of Anaesthesia; First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Geriatrics; First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Yong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine; School of Pharmacy; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
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Hale TM. Persistent phenotypic shift in cardiac fibroblasts: impact of transient renin angiotensin system inhibition. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 93:125-32. [PMID: 26631495 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibrotic cardiac remodeling ultimately leads to heart failure - a debilitating and costly condition. Select antihypertensive agents have been effective in reducing or slowing the development of cardiac fibrosis. Moreover, some experimental studies have shown that the reduction in fibrosis induced by these agents persists long after stopping treatment. What has not been as well investigated is whether this transient treatment results in a protection against future fibrotic cardiac remodeling. In the present review, previously published studies are re-examined to assess whether the relative percent increase in collagen deposition over an off-treatment period is attenuated, relative to control, following transient antihypertensive treatment in young or adult rats. Present findings suggest that transient inhibition of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) not only produces a sustained reduction in cardiac fibrosis, but also results in a degree of protection against future collagen deposition. In addition, prior transient RAS inhibition appears to alter the cardiac fibroblast phenotype such that these cells show a muted response to myocardial injury - namely reduced proliferation, chemokine release, and collagen deposition. This review puts forth several potential mechanisms underlying this long-term cardiac protection that is afforded by transient RAS inhibition. Specifically, fibroblast phenotypic change, cardiac fibroblast apoptosis, sustained suppression of the RAS, persistent reduction in left ventricular hypertrophy, and persistent reduction in arterial pressure are each discussed. Identifying the mechanisms ultimately responsible for this change in cardiac fibroblast response to injury, hypertension, and aging may reveal novel targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taben M Hale
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona, College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N 5th St, ABC1, Rm 327, USA.
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Hydrogen Sulfide Donor GYY4137 Protects against Myocardial Fibrosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:691070. [PMID: 26078813 PMCID: PMC4442292 DOI: 10.1155/2015/691070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gasotransmitter which regulates multiple cardiovascular functions. However, the precise roles of H2S in modulating myocardial fibrosis in vivo and cardiac fibroblast proliferation in vitro remain unclear. We investigated the effect of GYY4137, a slow-releasing H2S donor, on myocardial fibrosis. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were administrated with GYY4137 by intraperitoneal injection daily for 4 weeks. GYY4137 decreased systolic blood pressure and inhibited myocardial fibrosis in SHR as evidenced by improved cardiac collagen volume fraction (CVF) in the left ventricle (LV), ratio of perivascular collagen area (PVCA) to lumen area (LA) in perivascular regions, reduced hydroxyproline concentration, collagen I and III mRNA expression, and cross-linked collagen. GYY4137 also inhibited angiotensin II- (Ang II-) induced neonatal rat cardiac fibroblast proliferation, reduced the number of fibroblasts in S phase, decreased collagen I and III mRNA expression and protein synthesis, attenuated oxidative stress, and suppressed α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression as well as Smad2 phosphorylation. These results indicate that GYY4137 improves myocardial fibrosis perhaps by a mechanism involving inhibition of oxidative stress, blockade of the TGF-β1/Smad2 signaling pathway, and decrease in α-SMA expression in cardiac fibroblasts.
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Chen Y, Yang S, Yao W, Zhu H, Xu X, Meng G, Zhang W. Prostacyclin analogue beraprost inhibits cardiac fibroblast proliferation depending on prostacyclin receptor activation through a TGF β-Smad signal pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98483. [PMID: 24852754 PMCID: PMC4031177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that prostacyclin inhibited fibrosis. However, both receptors of prostacyclin, prostacyclin receptor (IP) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), are abundant in cardiac fibroblasts. Here we investigated which receptor was vital in the anti-fibrosis effect of prostacyclin. In addition, the possible mechanism involved in protective effects of prostacyclin against cardiac fibrosis was also studied. We found that beraprost, a prostacyclin analogue, inhibited angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced neonatal rat cardiac fibroblast proliferation in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent manner. Beraprost also suppressed Ang II-induced collagen I mRNA expression and protein synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts. After IP expression was knocked down by siRNA, Ang II-induced proliferation and collagen I synthesis could no longer be rescued by beraprost. However, treating cells with different specific inhibitors of PPAR subtypes prior to beraprost and Ang II stimulation, all of the above attenuating effects of beraprost were still available. Moreover, beraprost significantly blocked transforming growth factor β (TGF β) expression as well as Smad2 phosphorylation and reduced Smad-DNA binding activity. Beraprost also increased phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) at Ser133 in the nucleus. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that beraprost increased CREB but decreased Smad2 binding to CREB-binding protein (CBP) in nucleus. In conclusion, beraprost inhibits cardiac fibroblast proliferation by activating IP and suppressing TGF β-Smad signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengju Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjuan Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaole Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoliang Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (GM); (WZ)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (GM); (WZ)
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Overexpression of Smad7 suppressed ROS/MMP9-dependent collagen synthesis through regulation of heme oxygenase-1. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:5307-14. [PMID: 23661026 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that AngiotensinII receptor blocker effectively inhibited TGF-β1-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition progress through regulating Smad7. However, the underlying mechanism by which Smad7 exerted in regulating MMP9 and fibrogenic response has not been fully elucidated. In the current study, we proved that NADPH p47(phox)-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production contributed to MMP9 activation and collagen expression, which was suppressed by transfecting pcDNA3-Smad7 in cardiac fibroblasts. The effect of Smad7 overexpression on MMP9 activity and collagen expression was further reversed by adding H2O2 (10 μmol/L). In contrast, knockdown of Smad7 caused the enhanced collagen synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts, which was also reversed by treating cells with a ROS inhibitor, YCG063 (2 μmol/L). Further investigation showed that Smad7 regulated NADPH-mediated ROS production through activating Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Meanwhile, the intercellular level of bilirubin (product of hemin) and nitric oxide (NO) in cell supernatant were not significantly increased in cells treated with AngII or transfected with Smad7. Knockdown of HO-1 in Smad7-overexpressed cardiac fibroblasts or cells pretreated with SnPP IX, a competitive inhibitor of HO-1 activity, resulted in increased productions of ROS and NADPH p47(phox), and abolished the inhibitory effects of Smad7 on MMP9 activity and collagen expression. Our results indicated that HO-1 might be critically involved in Smad7-mediated regulation of MMP9 activity and fibrogenic genes expression via antagonizing the enhanced myocardial oxidative stress.
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Schmaderer C, Xing CJ, Anderson G, Hermans R, Lutz J, Heemann U, Baumann M. AGE formation blockade with aminoguanidine does not ameliorate chronic allograft nephropathy. Life Sci 2011; 89:349-54. [PMID: 21763321 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are produced by glycoxidation and lipid peroxidation. AGEs induce oxidative stress and inflammation, and accumulate in tubular cells after kidney transplantation. We hypothesize that the AGE formation blocker aminoguanidine (AG) reduces AGE formation and improves renal transplant function. MAIN METHODS Fisher 344 kidneys were orthotopically transplanted into Lewis recipients. Recipients were treated with AG (100 mg/kg/day), candesartan (CAND; 5mg/kg/day), or vehicle (VEH) for 24 weeks. The major non-cross linking AGE N(ε)-carboxymethyllysine (CML) was measured post-transplantation with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry or immunohistochemistry. As a marker of systemic lipid peroxidation 8-isoprostane was measured by ELISA. We determined intra-arterial blood pressure, heart weight/body weight ratio, size of cardiomyocytes and cardiac hypertrophy as assessed by echocardiography. For biochemical evaluation of cardiac and renal fibrosis we measured hydroxyproline content. KEY FINDINGS AG significantly reduced serum CML and 8-isoprostane, but did not reduce signs of chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) or blood pressure. AG did not alter tubular AGE accumulation. AG reduced heart weight/body weight ratio (AG: 2.7 ± 0.1g/kg; CAND: 2.2 ± 0.1, VEH: 3.0 ± 0.4 g/kg), size of cardiomyocytes (P < 0.05) and showed a tendency to reduce cardiac hypertrophy (wall volume average radial AG 7.072 ± 0.83 cm(3) vs. CAND 6.841 ± 0.66 cm(3) vs. VEH 7.839 ± 0.74 cm(3)). SIGNIFICANCE Despite effective reduction of serum CML and 8-isoprostane, AG did not ameliorate CAN or reduce renal AGE accumulation. On the other hand AG reduced cardiac size suggesting a supportive cardio-protective action which is blood pressure independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schmaderer
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Germany.
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Diagnosis and management of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in the hypertensive patient. Am J Hypertens 2011; 24:507-17. [PMID: 21164497 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2010.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of hypertensive involvement toward heart failure includes myocardial fibrosis and changes of left ventricular (LV) geometry. In the presence of these abnormalities, diastolic abnormalities occur and are defined as LV diastolic dysfunction (DD). They include alterations of both relaxation and filling, precede alterations of chamber systolic function and can induce symptoms of heart failure even when ejection fraction is normal. The prevalence of heart failure with normal ejection fraction (HFNEF) increased over time whereas the rate of death from this disorder remained unchanged. In this view, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic management of DD and HFNEF in hypertensive patients is a growing public health problem. DD may be asymptomatic and identified occasionally during a Doppler-echocardiographic examination. This tool has gained, therefore, important clinical position for diagnosis of DD. Comprehensive assessment of diastolic function should be done not by a simple classification of DD progression but by estimating the degree of LV filling pressure (FP), a true determinant of symptoms and prognosis. This can be obtained by different ultrasound maneuvers/tools but the ratio between transmitral E velocity and pulsed tissue Doppler-derived early diastolic velocity (E/e' ratio) is the most feasible and accurate. The identification of left atrial enlargement may be useful in uncertain cases. The recommended management of DD in hypertensive patients should correspond to blood pressure (BP) lowering and to the attempt of reducing LV mass and normalizing LV geometry. Prospective studies with well-defined entry criteria are needed to establish whether this approach could reflect a better prognosis.
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Meng G, Zhu H, Yang S, Wu F, Zheng H, Chen E, Xu J. Attenuating effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on myocardial collagen cross-linking relates to advanced glycation end product and antioxidant enzymes in high-fat-diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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