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Current Perspectives on the Beneficial Effects of Soybean Isoflavones and Their Metabolites for Humans. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071064. [PMID: 34209224 PMCID: PMC8301030 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybeans are rich in proteins and lipids and have become a staple part of the human diet. Besides their nutritional excellence, they have also been shown to contain various functional components, including isoflavones, and have consequently received increasing attention as a functional food item. Isoflavones are structurally similar to 17-β-estradiol and bind to estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ). The estrogenic activity of isoflavones ranges from a hundredth to a thousandth of that of estrogen itself. Isoflavones play a role in regulating the effects of estrogen in the human body, depending on the situation. Thus, when estrogen is insufficient, isoflavones perform the functions of estrogen, and when estrogen is excessive, isoflavones block the estrogen receptors to which estrogen binds, thus acting as an estrogen antagonist. In particular, estrogen antagonistic activity is important in the breast, endometrium, and prostate, and such antagonistic activity suppresses cancer occurrence. Genistein, an isoflavone, has cancer-suppressing effects on estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) cancers, including breast cancer. It suppresses the function of enzymes such as tyrosine protein kinase, mitogen-activated kinase, and DNA polymerase II, thus inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Genistein is the most biologically active and potent isoflavone candidate for cancer prevention. Furthermore, among the various physiological functions of isoflavones, they are best known for their antioxidant activities. S-Equol, a metabolite of genistein and daidzein, has strong antioxidative effects; however, the ability to metabolize daidzein into S-equol varies based on racial and individual differences. The antioxidant activity of isoflavones may be effective in preventing dementia by inhibiting the phosphorylation of Alzheimer's-related tau proteins. Genistein also reduces allergic responses by limiting the expression of mast cell IgE receptors, which are involved in allergic responses. In addition, they have been known to prevent and treat various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndromes, osteoporosis, diabetes, brain-related diseases, high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and inflammation. Further, it also has positive effects on menstrual irregularity in non-menopausal women and relieving menopausal symptoms in middle-aged women. Recently, soybean consumption has shown steep increasing trend in Western countries where the intake was previously only 1/20-1/50 of that in Asian countries. In this review, I have dealt with the latest research trends that have shown substantial interest in the biological efficacy of isoflavones in humans and plants, and their related mechanisms.
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Khan NG, Correia J, Adiga D, Rai PS, Dsouza HS, Chakrabarty S, Kabekkodu SP. A comprehensive review on the carcinogenic potential of bisphenol A: clues and evidence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:19643-19663. [PMID: 33666848 PMCID: PMC8099816 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13071-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A [BPA; (CH3)2C(C6H4OH)2] is a synthetic chemical used as a precursor material for the manufacturing of plastics and resins. It gained attention due to its high chances of human exposure and predisposing individuals at extremely low doses to diseases, including cancer. It enters the human body via oral, inhaled, and dermal routes as leach-out products. BPA may be anticipated as a probable human carcinogen. Studies using in vitro cell lines, rodent models, and epidemiological analysis have convincingly shown the increasing susceptibility to cancer at doses below the oral reference dose set by the Environmental Protection Agency for BPA. Furthermore, BPA exerts its toxicological effects at the genetic and epigenetic levels, influencing various cell signaling pathways. The present review summarizes the available data on BPA and its potential impact on cancer and its clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Ghani Khan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Jacinta Correia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Divya Adiga
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Padmalatha Satwadi Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Herman Sunil Dsouza
- Department of Radiation Biology and Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Sanjiban Chakrabarty
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
- Center for DNA repair and Genome Stability (CDRGS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Shama Prasada Kabekkodu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
- Center for DNA repair and Genome Stability (CDRGS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Chen LR, Chen KH. Utilization of Isoflavones in Soybeans for Women with Menopausal Syndrome: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3212. [PMID: 33809928 PMCID: PMC8004126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on their nutrient composition, soybeans and related foods have been considered to be nutritious and healthy for humans. Particularly, the biological activity and subsequent benefits of soy products may be associated with the presence of isoflavone in soybeans. As an alternative treatment for menopause-related symptoms, isoflavone has gained much popularity for postmenopausal women who have concerns related to undergoing hormone replacement therapy. However, current research has still not reached a consensus on the effects of isoflavone on humans. This overview is a summary of the current literature about the processing of soybeans and isoflavone types (daidzein, genistein, and S-equol) and supplements and their extraction and analysis as well as information about the utilization of isoflavones in soybeans. The processes of preparation (cleaning, drying, crushing and dehulling) and extraction of soybeans are implemented to produce refined soy oil, soy lecithin, free fatty acids, glycerol and soybean meal. The remaining components consist of inorganic constituents (minerals) and the minor components of biologically interesting small molecules. Regarding the preventive effects on diseases or cancers, a higher intake of isoflavones is associated with a moderately lower risk of developing coronary heart disease. It may also reduce the risks of breast and colorectal cancer as well as the incidence of breast cancer recurrence. Consumption of isoflavones or soy foods is associated with reduced risks of endometrial and bladder cancer. Regarding the therapeutic effects on menopausal syndrome or other diseases, isoflavones have been found to alleviate vasomotor syndromes even after considering placebo effects, reduce bone loss in the spine and ameliorate hypertension and in vitro glycemic control. They may also alleviate depressive symptoms during pregnancy. On the other hand, isoflavones have not shown definitive effects regarding improving cognition and urogenital symptoms. Because of lacking standardization in the study designs, such as the ingredients and doses of isoflavones and the durations and outcomes of trials, it currently remains difficult to draw overall conclusions for all aspects of isoflavones. These limitations warrant further investigations of isoflavone use for women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ru Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10049, Taiwan;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National YangMing ChiaoTung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Tzu-Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei 231, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
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Chen LR, Ko NY, Chen KH. Isoflavone Supplements for Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112649. [PMID: 31689947 PMCID: PMC6893524 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones have gained popularity as an alternative treatment for menopausal symptoms for people who cannot or are unwilling to take hormone replacement therapy. However, there is still no consensus on the effects of isoflavones despite over two decades of vigorous research. This systematic review aims to summarize the current literature on isoflavone supplements, focusing on the active ingredients daidzein, genistein, and S-equol, and provide a framework to guide future research. We performed a literature search in Ovid Medline using the search terms “isoflavone” and “menopause”, which yielded 95 abstracts and 68 full-text articles. We found that isoflavones reduce hot flashes even accounting for placebo effect, attenuate lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) loss, show beneficial effects on systolic blood pressure during early menopause, and improve glycemic control in vitro. There are currently no conclusive benefits of isoflavones on urogenital symptoms and cognition. Due to the lack of standardized research protocols including isoflavone component and dosage, outcomes, and trial duration, it is difficult to reach a conclusion at this point in time. Despite these limitations, the evidence thus far favors the use of isoflavones due to their safety profile and benefit to overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ru Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Nai-Yu Ko
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Hu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Tzu-Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei 23142, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
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Chen L, Ou S, Zhou L, Tang H, Xu J, Guo K. Formononetin attenuates Aβ25-35-induced cytotoxicity in HT22 cells via PI3K/Akt signaling and non-amyloidogenic cleavage of APP. Neurosci Lett 2017; 639:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Risk assessment for peri- and post-menopausal women taking food supplements containing isolated isoflavones. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Effect of formononetin on mechanical properties and chemical composition of bones in rats with ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:457052. [PMID: 23762138 PMCID: PMC3666393 DOI: 10.1155/2013/457052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Formononetin is a naturally occurring isoflavone, which can be found in low concentrations in many dietary products, but the greatest sources of this substance are Astragalus membranaceus, Trifolium pratense, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Pueraria lobata, which all belong to Fabaceae family. Due to its structural similarity to 17β-estradiol, it can mimic estradiol's effect and therefore is considered as a “phytoestrogen.” The aim of this study was to examine the effect of formononetin on mechanical properties and chemical composition of bones in rats with ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis. 12-week-old female rats were divided into 4 groups: sham-operated, ovariectomized, ovariectomized treated with estradiol (0.2 mg/kg) and ovariectomized treated with formononetin (10 mg/kg). Analyzed substances were administered orally for 4 weeks. Ovariectomy caused osteoporotic changes, which can be observed in bone biomechanical features (decrease of maximum load and fracture load and increase of displacements for maximum and fracture loads) and bone chemical composition (increase of water and organic fraction content, while a decrease of minerals takes place). Supplementation with formononetin resulted in slightly enhanced bone mechanical properties and bone chemistry improvement (significantly lower water content and insignificantly higher mineral fraction content).
To summarize, administration of formononetin to ovariectomized rats shows beneficial effect on bone biomechanical features and chemistry; thus, it can prevent osteoporosis development.
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Gaete L, Tchernitchin AN, Bustamante R, Villena J, Lemus I, Gidekel M, Cabrera G, Astorga P. Daidzein-estrogen interaction in the rat uterus and its effect on human breast cancer cell growth. J Med Food 2012; 15:1081-90. [PMID: 23216111 PMCID: PMC3523250 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex hormone replacement therapy provides several advantages in the quality of life for climacteric women. However, estrogen-induced cell proliferation in the uterus and mammary gland increases the risk of cancer development in these organs. The lower incidence of mammary cancer in Asian women as compared with Western women has been attributed to high intake of soy isoflavones, including genistein. We have previously shown that genistein induces an estradiol-like hypertrophy of uterine cells, but does not induce cell proliferation, uterine eosinophilia, or endometrial edema. It also inhibits estradiol-induced mitosis in uterine cells and hormone-induced uterine eosinophilia and endometrial edema. Nevertheless, genistein stimulates growth of human breast cancer cells in culture; therefore, it is not an ideal estrogen for use in hormone replacement therapy (HRD). The present study investigated the effect of another soy isoflavone, daidzein (subcutaneous, 0.066 mg/kg body weight), in the same animal model, and its effect on responses induced by subsequent treatment (1 h later) with estradiol-17β (E(2); subcutaneous, 0.33 mg/kg body weight). In addition, we investigated the effects of daidzein (1 μg/mL) or E(2) on the growth of human breast cancer cells in culture. Results indicate that daidzein stimulates growth of breast cancer cells and potentiates estrogen-induced cell proliferation in the uterus. We suggest caution for the use of daidzein or formulas containing this compound in HRD. Future research strategies should be addressed in the search for new phytoestrogens that selectively inhibit cell proliferation in the uterus and breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Gaete
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrei N. Tchernitchin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Bustamante
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joan Villena
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Igor Lemus
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Paola Astorga
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Molzberger AF, Vollmer G, Hertrampf T, Möller FJ, Kulling S, Diel P. In utero and postnatal exposure to isoflavones results in a reduced responsivity of the mammary gland towards estradiol. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 56:399-409. [PMID: 22183799 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Exposure scenarios during different stages of development of an organism are discussed to trigger adverse and beneficial effects of isoflavones (ISO). The aim of this study was to investigate how in utero and postnatal ISO exposure modulates the estrogen sensitivity of the mammary gland and to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Therefore, rats were exposed to either ISO-free (IDD), ISO-rich (IRD) or genistein-rich diet (GRD), up to young adulthood. Proliferative activity (PCNA expression) in the mammary gland at different ages and the estrogen sensitivity of the mammary gland to estradiol (E₂) or genistein (GEN) in adult ovariectomized animals was determined and compared with different treatments. Treatment with E₂ resulted in a significant lower proliferative and estrogenic response of the mammary gland in IRD and GRD compared with IDD. This correlates to a change in the gene expression pattern and a decrease in the ratio of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) beta (ERβ CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that in utero and postnatal exposure to a diet rich in ISO but also to GEN reduces the sensitivity of the mammary gland toward estrogens and support the hypothesis that in utero and postnatal ISO exposure reduces the risk to develop breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almut F Molzberger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, Germany.
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Weaver CM, Legette LL. Equol, via dietary sources or intestinal production, may ameliorate estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss. J Nutr 2010; 140:1377S-9S. [PMID: 20505019 PMCID: PMC2884336 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.118331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Equol, a product of intestinal metabolism of daidzein, is chemically similar to estrogen (without the lipophilic moiety) and has higher estrogen receptor-beta binding affinity than its parent precursor. In 2004, a long-term, randomized controlled trial that characterized postmenopausal women by their equol-producing status showed stronger advantages to lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) in equol- compared with nonequol-producers. Subsequent studies have related equol status of participants to change in bone turnover markers or BMD in response to soy isoflavone interventions. To our knowledge, we are the first to prescreen women for equol-producing status prior to initiating an intervention. In menopausal Western women, equol status did not affect the modest, but significant, reduction in bone resorption achieved with a soy isoflavone intervention.
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Legette LL, Martin BR, Shahnazari M, Lee WH, Helferich WG, Qian J, Waters DJ, Arabshahi A, Barnes S, Welch J, Bostwick DG, Weaver CM. Supplemental dietary racemic equol has modest benefits to bone but has mild uterotropic activity in ovariectomized rats. J Nutr 2009; 139:1908-13. [PMID: 19710157 PMCID: PMC2744611 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.108225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy isoflavones and their metabolites, with estrogenic activity, have been considered candidates for reducing postmenopausal bone loss. In this study, we examined the effect of dietary equol, a bioactive metabolite of the soy isoflavone daidzein, on equol tissue distribution, bone parameters, and reproductive tissue activity using an adult ovariectomized (OVX) rat model. An 8-wk feeding study was conducted to compare 4 dietary treatments of equol (0, 50, 100, 200 mg/kg diet) in 6-mo-old OVX female Sprague-Dawley rats. A dose response increase in tissue equol concentrations was observed for serum, liver, kidney, and heart, and a plateau occurred at 100 mg equol/kg diet for intestine. In OVX rats receiving 200 mg equol/kg diet, femoral calcium concentration was greater than those receiving lower doses but was still less than SHAM (P < 0.05), and other bone measures were not improved. Tibia calcium concentrations were lower in OVX rats receiving 100 and 200 mg equol/kg diet compared with the OVX control rats. Trabecular bone mineral density of tibia was also lower in equol-fed OVX rats. At this dietary equol intake, uterine weight was higher (P < 0.05) than in other OVX groups but lower than the SHAM-operated intact rats. The 200 mg/kg diet dose of dietary equol significantly increased proliferative index in the uterine epithelium. Dietary equol had no stimulatory effect on mammary gland epithelium. We conclude that in OVX rats, a dietary equol dose that had modest effect on bone also exerts mild uterotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeeCole L. Legette
- Department of Foods and Nutrition and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; Bostwick Laboratories, Richmond, VA 23060; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Berdine R. Martin
- Department of Foods and Nutrition and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; Bostwick Laboratories, Richmond, VA 23060; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Mohammad Shahnazari
- Department of Foods and Nutrition and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; Bostwick Laboratories, Richmond, VA 23060; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Wang-Hee Lee
- Department of Foods and Nutrition and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; Bostwick Laboratories, Richmond, VA 23060; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - William G. Helferich
- Department of Foods and Nutrition and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; Bostwick Laboratories, Richmond, VA 23060; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Junqi Qian
- Department of Foods and Nutrition and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; Bostwick Laboratories, Richmond, VA 23060; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - David J. Waters
- Department of Foods and Nutrition and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; Bostwick Laboratories, Richmond, VA 23060; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Alireza Arabshahi
- Department of Foods and Nutrition and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; Bostwick Laboratories, Richmond, VA 23060; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Department of Foods and Nutrition and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; Bostwick Laboratories, Richmond, VA 23060; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Jo Welch
- Department of Foods and Nutrition and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; Bostwick Laboratories, Richmond, VA 23060; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - David G. Bostwick
- Department of Foods and Nutrition and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; Bostwick Laboratories, Richmond, VA 23060; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Connie M. Weaver
- Department of Foods and Nutrition and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; Bostwick Laboratories, Richmond, VA 23060; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
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Developmental and Reproductive Effects of SE5-OH: An Equol-Rich Soy-Based Ingredient. J Toxicol 2008; 2009:307618. [PMID: 20107584 PMCID: PMC2809433 DOI: 10.1155/2009/307618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of the isoflavones daidzein, genistein, glycitein, and their structural analogues is generally considered beneficial to human health. Equol is not found in soy, but is converted from daidzein by human gut bacterial flora. Research indicates that between 30-50% of the population is capable of converting daidzein to equol; therefore, there has been recent development of a new equol-rich functional food that relies on bacterial conversion of daidzein to equol under strictly controlled conditions. Therefore, a new equol-rich soy product (SE5-OH) has been developed, based on the bacterial conversion of daidzein; and its reproductive and developmental toxicity has been evaluated in a two-generation study and a developmental toxicity study with Sprague-Dawley rats at dose levels of 200, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day by gavage. SE5-OH contains approximately 0.65% equol, 0.024% daidzein, 0.022% genistein, and 0.30% glycitein. From the reproductive study, the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) for SE5-OH determined for both male and female rats is 1000 mg/kg/day (6.5 mg equol/kg/day). In the developmental toxicity phase of the study, no effects by SE5-OH were found in the embryo-fetus at any of the doses tested. The NOAEL for developmental effects of SE5-OH is 2000 mg/kg/day (13 mg equol/kg/day).
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