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Fall A, Kenmoe S, Ebogo-Belobo JT, Mbaga DS, Bowo-Ngandji A, Foe-Essomba JR, Tchatchouang S, Amougou Atsama M, Yéngué JF, Kenfack-Momo R, Feudjio AF, Nka AD, Mbongue Mikangue CA, Taya-Fokou JB, Magoudjou-Pekam JN, Noura EA, Zemnou-Tepap C, Meta-Djomsi D, Maïdadi-Foudi M, Kame-Ngasse GI, Nyebe I, Djukouo LG, Kengne Gounmadje L, Tchami Ngongang D, Oyono MG, Demeni Emoh CP, Tazokong HR, Mahamat G, Kengne-Ndé C, Sadeuh-Mba SA, Dia N, La Rosa G, Ndip L, Njouom R. Global prevalence and case fatality rate of Enterovirus D68 infections, a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010073. [PMID: 35134062 PMCID: PMC8824346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial amount of epidemiological data has been reported on Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) infections after the 2014 outbreak. Our goal was to map the case fatality rate (CFR) and prevalence of current and past EV-D68 infections. We conducted a systematic review (PROSPERO, CRD42021229255) with published articles on EV-68 infections in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Global Index Medicus up to January 2021. We determined prevalences using a model random effect. Of the 4,329 articles retrieved from the databases, 89 studies that met the inclusion criteria were from 39 different countries with apparently healthy individuals and patients with acute respiratory infections, acute flaccid myelitis and asthma-related diseases. The CFR estimate revealed occasional deaths (7/1353) related to EV-D68 infections in patients with severe acute respiratory infections. Analyses showed that the combined prevalence of current and past EV-D68 infections was 4% (95% CI = 3.1–5.0) and 66.3% (95% CI = 40.0–88.2), respectively. The highest prevalences were in hospital outbreaks, developed countries, children under 5, after 2014, and in patients with acute flaccid myelitis and asthma-related diseases. The present study shows sporadic deaths linked to severe respiratory EV-D68 infections. The study also highlights a low prevalence of current EV-D68 infections as opposed to the existence of EV-D68 antibodies in almost all participants of the included studies. These findings therefore highlight the need to implement and/or strengthen continuous surveillance of EV-D68 infections in hospitals and in the community for the anticipation of the response to future epidemics. Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) infections represent a global public health concern. EV-D68 are detected in apparently healthy subjects and patients with acute respiratory illnesses, acute flaccid myelitis, and asthma-related illnesses. Enterovirus D68 was first described in 1962 and exhibited sporadic circulation until August 2014 when outbreaks of EV-D68 infections were reported in the USA and Canada mainly in children with acute flaccid myelitis and severe acute respiratory disease. We systematically reviewed the literature on EV-D68 infections globally in the present study to determine the case fatality rate and prevalence of current and past infections. Our results show sporadic deaths in patients with severe acute respiratory EV-D68 infections. Our data also show a low prevalence of EV-D68 in current infections unlike the presence of EV-D68 antibodies (past infections) in almost all individuals of all ages. EV-D68 infections were more prevalent in hospital outbreaks, industrialized countries, children < 5 years, and patients with acute flaccid myelitis and asthma-related diseases. These data highlight the need to strengthen the surveillance of EV-D68 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amary Fall
- Virology Department, Institute Pasteur of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Sebastien Kenmoe
- Virology Department, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- * E-mail: (SK); (RN)
| | - Jean Thierry Ebogo-Belobo
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Arnol Bowo-Ngandji
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Marie Amougou Atsama
- Centre de Recherche sur les Maladies Émergentes et Re-Emergentes, Institut de Recherches Médicales et d’Etudes des Plantes Médicinales, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Raoul Kenfack-Momo
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Alex Durand Nka
- Virology Laboratory, Chantal Biya International Reference Center for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Efietngab Atembeh Noura
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Dowbiss Meta-Djomsi
- Centre de Recherche sur les Maladies Émergentes et Re-Emergentes, Institut de Recherches Médicales et d’Etudes des Plantes Médicinales, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Martin Maïdadi-Foudi
- Centre de Recherche sur les Maladies Émergentes et Re-Emergentes, Institut de Recherches Médicales et d’Etudes des Plantes Médicinales, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Ginette Irma Kame-Ngasse
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Inès Nyebe
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Martin Gael Oyono
- Department of Animals Biology and Physiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Gadji Mahamat
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Cyprien Kengne-Ndé
- Research Monitoring and Planning Unit, National Aids Control Committee, Douala, Cameroon
| | | | - Ndongo Dia
- Virology Department, Institute Pasteur of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucy Ndip
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Richard Njouom
- Virology Department, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon
- * E-mail: (SK); (RN)
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Jackson ML, Starita L, Kiniry E, Phillips CH, Wellwood S, Cho S, Kiavand A, Truong M, Han P, Richardson M, Wolf CR, Heimonen J, Nickerson DA, Chu HY. Incidence of Medically Attended Acute Respiratory Illnesses Due to Respiratory Viruses Across the Life Course During the 2018/19 Influenza Season. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:802-807. [PMID: 33590002 PMCID: PMC7929037 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While multiple respiratory viruses circulate in humans, few studies have compared the incidence of different viruses across the life course. We estimated the incidence of outpatient illness due to 12 different viruses during November 2018 through April 2019 in a fully enumerated population. Methods We conducted active surveillance for ambulatory care visits for acute respiratory illness (ARI) among members of Kaiser Permanente Washington (KPWA). Enrolled patients provided respiratory swab specimens which were tested for 12 respiratory viruses using RT-PCR. We estimated the cumulative incidence of infection due to each virus overall and by age group. Results The KPWA population under surveillance included 202,562 individuals, of whom 2,767 (1.4%) were enrolled in the study. Influenza A(H3N2) was the most commonly detected virus, with an overall incidence 21 medically attended illnesses per 1,000 population; the next most common viruses were influenza A(H1N1) (18 per 1,000), coronaviruses (13 per 1,000), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, 13 per 1,000), and rhinovirus (9 per 1,000). RSV was the most common cause of medically attended ARI among children aged 1-4 years; coronaviruses were the most common among adults aged ≥65 years. Conclusions Consistent with other studies focused on single viruses, we found that influenza and RSV were major causes of acute respiratory illness in persons of all ages. In comparison, coronaviruses and rhinovirus were also important pathogens. Prior to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, coronaviruses were the second-most common cause of medically attended ARI during the 2018/19 influenza season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lea Starita
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erika Kiniry
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - C Hallie Phillips
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stacie Wellwood
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shari Cho
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anahita Kiavand
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Melissa Truong
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter Han
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matthew Richardson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Caitlin R Wolf
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jessica Heimonen
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Helen Y Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Enteroviruses in Respiratory Samples from Paediatric Patients of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Germany. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050882. [PMID: 34064852 PMCID: PMC8151397 DOI: 10.3390/v13050882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are associated with various diseases accompanied by rare but severe complications. In recent years, outbreaks of enterovirus D68 and enterovirus A71 associated with severe respiratory infections and neurological complications have been reported worldwide. Since information on molecular epidemiology in respiratory samples is still limited, the genetic diversity of enteroviruses was retrospectively analysed over a 4-year period (2013-2016) in respiratory samples from paediatric patients. Partial viral major capsid protein gene (VP1) sequences were determined for genotyping. Enteroviruses were detected in 255 (6.1%) of 4187 specimens. Phylogenetic analyses of 233 (91.4%) strains revealed 25 different genotypes distributed to Enterovirus A (39.1%), Enterovirus B (34.3%), and Enterovirus D (26.6%). The most frequently detected genotypes were enterovirus D68 (26.6%), coxsackievirus A6 (15.9%), and enterovirus A71 (7.3%). Enterovirus D68 detections were associated with lower respiratory tract infections and increased oxygen demand. Meningitis/encephalitis and other neurological symptoms were related to enterovirus A71, while coxsackievirus A6 was associated with upper respiratory diseases. Prematurity turned out as a potential risk factor for increased oxygen demand during enterovirus infections. The detailed analysis of epidemiological and clinical data contributes to the non-polio enterovirus surveillance in Europe and showed high and rapidly changing genetic diversity of circulating enteroviruses, including different enterovirus D68 variants.
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Single B cells reveal the antibody responses of rhesus macaques immunized with an inactivated enterovirus D68 vaccine. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1777-1789. [PMID: 32462286 PMCID: PMC8851307 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04676-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) infection may cause severe respiratory system manifestations in pediatric populations. Because of the lack of an effective preventive vaccine or specific therapeutic drug for this infection, the development of EV-D68-specific vaccines and antibodies has become increasingly important. In this study, we prepared an experimental EV-D68 vaccine inactivated by formaldehyde and found that the serum of rhesus macaques immunized with the inactivated EV-D68 vaccine exhibited potent neutralizing activity against EV-D68 virus in vitro. Subsequently, the antibody-mediated immune response of B cells elicited by the inactivated vaccine was evaluated in a rhesus monkey model. The binding activity, in vitro neutralization activity, and sequence properties of 28 paired antibodies from the rhesus macaques’ EV-D68-specific single memory B cells were analyzed, and the EV-D68 VP1-specific antibody group was found to be the main constituent in vivo. Intriguingly, we also found a synergistic effect among the E15, E18 and E20 monoclonal antibodies from the rhesus macaques. Furthermore, we demonstrated the protective efficacy of maternal antibodies in suckling C57BL/6 mice. This study provides valuable information for the future development of EV-D68 vaccines.
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Camacho Ortega SJ, Bohorquez Avila SDP, Velandia Romero ML, Castellanos Parra JE. Isolation of the Human Cytomegalovirus from bodily fluids. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2019. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v24n3.79406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies on the pathogenesis of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) are conducted regularly using laboratory adapted strains that lose some characteristics during the adaptation process. Since HCMV is excreted from bodily fluids during infection or reactivation, this work aimed to isolate and culture HCMV from the MRC-5 human cells found in the urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, saliva, and plasma samples of pediatric patients with probable or confirmed infection. The samples were inoculated on cell cultures either for 14 days or until a cytopathic effect (CPE) of 80 % was observed. The cell lysates and supernatants were used to perform successive viral passages. Besides HCMV, the herpes simplex virus was detected from all the saliva samples. Inoculation of the HCMV positive sera induced cell clustering and immediate monolayer damage that restricted their use. One sample of bronchoalveolar lavage induced a CPE after inoculation like that of the HCMV reference strains (Towne and Merlin), which was consequently propagated and titrated. A second viral isolate derived from the urine sample of a patient with congenital infection did not demonstrate a CPE, although presence of the virus had been confirmed using PCR. The viral isolates were examined and found to be negative for adenoviruses or enteroviruses. Despite the evident difficulty encountered for the isolation and harvesting of the HCMV, this work shows that it was possible to obtain a low passage viral strain using a modified shell vial method and inoculation protocol with extended follow-up and confirmation.
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