1
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Moss DL, Paine AC, Krug PW, Kanekiyo M, Ruckwardt TJ. Enterovirus virus-like-particle and inactivated poliovirus vaccines do not elicit substantive cross-reactive antibody responses. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012159. [PMID: 38662650 PMCID: PMC11045126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human enteroviruses are the most common human pathogen with over 300 distinct genotypes. Previous work with poliovirus has suggested that it is possible to generate antibody responses in humans and animals that can recognize members of multiple enterovirus species. However, cross protective immunity across multiple enteroviruses is not observed epidemiologically in humans. Here we investigated whether immunization of mice or baboons with inactivated poliovirus or enterovirus virus-like-particles (VLPs) vaccines generates antibody responses that can recognize enterovirus D68 or A71. We found that mice only generated antibodies specific for the antigen they were immunized with, and repeated immunization failed to generate cross-reactive antibody responses as measured by both ELISA and neutralization assay. Immunization of baboons with IPV failed to generate neutralizing antibody responses against enterovirus D68 or A71. These results suggest that a multivalent approach to enterovirus vaccination is necessary to protect against enterovirus disease in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Moss
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alden C. Paine
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter W. Krug
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tracy J. Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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2
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Fall A, Kenmoe S, Ebogo-Belobo JT, Mbaga DS, Bowo-Ngandji A, Foe-Essomba JR, Tchatchouang S, Amougou Atsama M, Yéngué JF, Kenfack-Momo R, Feudjio AF, Nka AD, Mbongue Mikangue CA, Taya-Fokou JB, Magoudjou-Pekam JN, Noura EA, Zemnou-Tepap C, Meta-Djomsi D, Maïdadi-Foudi M, Kame-Ngasse GI, Nyebe I, Djukouo LG, Kengne Gounmadje L, Tchami Ngongang D, Oyono MG, Demeni Emoh CP, Tazokong HR, Mahamat G, Kengne-Ndé C, Sadeuh-Mba SA, Dia N, La Rosa G, Ndip L, Njouom R. Global prevalence and case fatality rate of Enterovirus D68 infections, a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010073. [PMID: 35134062 PMCID: PMC8824346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial amount of epidemiological data has been reported on Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) infections after the 2014 outbreak. Our goal was to map the case fatality rate (CFR) and prevalence of current and past EV-D68 infections. We conducted a systematic review (PROSPERO, CRD42021229255) with published articles on EV-68 infections in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Global Index Medicus up to January 2021. We determined prevalences using a model random effect. Of the 4,329 articles retrieved from the databases, 89 studies that met the inclusion criteria were from 39 different countries with apparently healthy individuals and patients with acute respiratory infections, acute flaccid myelitis and asthma-related diseases. The CFR estimate revealed occasional deaths (7/1353) related to EV-D68 infections in patients with severe acute respiratory infections. Analyses showed that the combined prevalence of current and past EV-D68 infections was 4% (95% CI = 3.1–5.0) and 66.3% (95% CI = 40.0–88.2), respectively. The highest prevalences were in hospital outbreaks, developed countries, children under 5, after 2014, and in patients with acute flaccid myelitis and asthma-related diseases. The present study shows sporadic deaths linked to severe respiratory EV-D68 infections. The study also highlights a low prevalence of current EV-D68 infections as opposed to the existence of EV-D68 antibodies in almost all participants of the included studies. These findings therefore highlight the need to implement and/or strengthen continuous surveillance of EV-D68 infections in hospitals and in the community for the anticipation of the response to future epidemics. Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) infections represent a global public health concern. EV-D68 are detected in apparently healthy subjects and patients with acute respiratory illnesses, acute flaccid myelitis, and asthma-related illnesses. Enterovirus D68 was first described in 1962 and exhibited sporadic circulation until August 2014 when outbreaks of EV-D68 infections were reported in the USA and Canada mainly in children with acute flaccid myelitis and severe acute respiratory disease. We systematically reviewed the literature on EV-D68 infections globally in the present study to determine the case fatality rate and prevalence of current and past infections. Our results show sporadic deaths in patients with severe acute respiratory EV-D68 infections. Our data also show a low prevalence of EV-D68 in current infections unlike the presence of EV-D68 antibodies (past infections) in almost all individuals of all ages. EV-D68 infections were more prevalent in hospital outbreaks, industrialized countries, children < 5 years, and patients with acute flaccid myelitis and asthma-related diseases. These data highlight the need to strengthen the surveillance of EV-D68 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amary Fall
- Virology Department, Institute Pasteur of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Sebastien Kenmoe
- Virology Department, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- * E-mail: (SK); (RN)
| | - Jean Thierry Ebogo-Belobo
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Arnol Bowo-Ngandji
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Marie Amougou Atsama
- Centre de Recherche sur les Maladies Émergentes et Re-Emergentes, Institut de Recherches Médicales et d’Etudes des Plantes Médicinales, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Raoul Kenfack-Momo
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Alex Durand Nka
- Virology Laboratory, Chantal Biya International Reference Center for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Efietngab Atembeh Noura
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Dowbiss Meta-Djomsi
- Centre de Recherche sur les Maladies Émergentes et Re-Emergentes, Institut de Recherches Médicales et d’Etudes des Plantes Médicinales, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Martin Maïdadi-Foudi
- Centre de Recherche sur les Maladies Émergentes et Re-Emergentes, Institut de Recherches Médicales et d’Etudes des Plantes Médicinales, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Ginette Irma Kame-Ngasse
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Inès Nyebe
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Martin Gael Oyono
- Department of Animals Biology and Physiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Gadji Mahamat
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Cyprien Kengne-Ndé
- Research Monitoring and Planning Unit, National Aids Control Committee, Douala, Cameroon
| | | | - Ndongo Dia
- Virology Department, Institute Pasteur of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucy Ndip
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Richard Njouom
- Virology Department, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon
- * E-mail: (SK); (RN)
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3
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Liu Y, Gong C, Luo M, Zhang T, Li M, Shen L, Zhang H, Huang F. Seroepidemiology of enterovirus D68 in a healthy population in Beijing, China, between 2012 and 2017: A retrospective study. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3524-3531. [PMID: 32492201 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the seroepidemiological features of enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) in the healthy population from 2012 to 2017 in Beijing, China. A retrospective cross-sectional investigation was conducted using serum specimens collected from healthy individuals in Beijing from 2012 to 2017. These samples were tested for neutralization antibodies (NtAbs) against EV-D68. The sera from six EV-D68 infected patients in the acute or convalescent phase were used to determine the protection level of NtAbs against EV-D68. The geometric means of the titers (GMT) of EV-D68 NtAbs in 2012 and 2017 were 92.82 and 242.91, respectively; the seroprevalences of EV-D68 were 89.43% and 98.43%, respectively. The GMT reached its peak in the 11 to 15 age group in 2012, while in 16 to 20 age group in 2017. We also observed that EV-D68 NtAbs titers of six sera from the acute phase were all less than equal to 1:64 and that of three sera from the convalescent phase were all more than 1:64. Anti-EV-D68 NtAbs in the population remained low from 2012 to 2016 but increased significantly in 2017. Although most of the EV-D68 infections remain undetected in Beijing, the risk of a large outbreak of EV-D68 exists and should be taken seriously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- College of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Gong
- Planned Immunity Inoculation Institute, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Planned Immunity Inoculation Institute, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Tiegang Zhang
- Planned Immunity Inoculation Institute, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Maozhong Li
- Planned Immunity Inoculation Institute, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyu Shen
- Planned Immunity Inoculation Institute, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Herun Zhang
- Planned Immunity Inoculation Institute, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Huang
- College of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Planned Immunity Inoculation Institute, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
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4
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Zhang C, Xu C, Dai W, Wang Y, Liu Z, Zhang X, Wang X, Wang H, Gong S, Cong Y, Huang Z. Functional and structural characterization of a two-MAb cocktail for delayed treatment of enterovirus D68 infections. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2904. [PMID: 34006855 PMCID: PMC8131599 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an emerging pathogen associated with respiratory diseases and/or acute flaccid myelitis. Here, two MAbs, 2H12 and 8F12, raised against EV-D68 virus-like particle (VLP), show distinct preference in binding VLP and virion and in neutralizing different EV-D68 strains. A combination of 2H12 and 8F12 exhibits balanced and potent neutralization effects and confers broader protection in mice than single MAbs when given at onset of symptoms. Cryo-EM structures of EV-D68 virion complexed with 2H12 or 8F12 show that both antibodies bind to the canyon region of the virion, creating steric hindrance for sialic acid receptor binding. Additionally, 2H12 binding can impair virion integrity and trigger premature viral uncoating. We also capture an uncoating intermediate induced by 2H12 binding, not previously described for picornaviruses. Our study elucidates the structural basis and neutralizing mechanisms of the 2H12 and 8F12 MAbs and supports further development of the 2H12/8F12 cocktail as a broad-spectrum therapeutic agent against EV-D68 infections in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Enterovirus D, Human/drug effects
- Enterovirus D, Human/immunology
- Enterovirus D, Human/physiology
- Enterovirus Infections/drug therapy
- Enterovirus Infections/immunology
- Enterovirus Infections/virology
- Female
- Humans
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Time-to-Treatment
- Treatment Outcome
- Virion/drug effects
- Virion/immunology
- Virion/metabolism
- Virion/ultrastructure
- Virus Uncoating/drug effects
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenlong Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haikun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sitang Gong
- Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yao Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhong Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Mishra N, Ng TFF, Marine RL, Jain K, Ng J, Thakkar R, Caciula A, Price A, Garcia JA, Burns JC, Thakur KT, Hetzler KL, Routh JA, Konopka-Anstadt JL, Nix WA, Tokarz R, Briese T, Oberste MS, Lipkin WI. Antibodies to Enteroviruses in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Acute Flaccid Myelitis. mBio 2019; 10:e01903-19. [PMID: 31409689 PMCID: PMC6692520 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01903-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) has caused motor paralysis in >560 children in the United States since 2014. The temporal association of enterovirus (EV) outbreaks with increases in AFM cases and reports of fever, respiratory, or gastrointestinal illness prior to AFM in >90% of cases suggest a role for infectious agents. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 14 AFM and 5 non-AFM patients with central nervous system (CNS) diseases in 2018 were investigated by viral-capture high-throughput sequencing (VirCapSeq-VERT system). These CSF and serum samples, as well as multiple controls, were tested for antibodies to human EVs using peptide microarrays. EV RNA was confirmed in CSF from only 1 adult AFM case and 1 non-AFM case. In contrast, antibodies to EV peptides were present in CSF of 11 of 14 AFM patients (79%), significantly higher than controls, including non-AFM patients (1/5 [20%]), children with Kawasaki disease (0/10), and adults with non-AFM CNS diseases (2/11 [18%]) (P = 0.023, 0.0001, and 0.0028, respectively). Six of 14 CSF samples (43%) and 8 of 11 sera (73%) from AFM patients were immunoreactive to an EV-D68-specific peptide, whereas the three control groups were not immunoreactive in either CSF (0/5, 0/10, and 0/11; P = 0.008, 0.0003, and 0.035, respectively) or sera (0/2, 0/8, and 0/5; P = 0.139, 0.002, and 0.009, respectively).IMPORTANCE The presence in cerebrospinal fluid of antibodies to EV peptides at higher levels than non-AFM controls supports the plausibility of a link between EV infection and AFM that warrants further investigation and has the potential to lead to strategies for diagnosis and prevention of disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/cerebrospinal fluid
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Central Nervous System Viral Diseases/blood
- Central Nervous System Viral Diseases/cerebrospinal fluid
- Child
- Enterovirus D, Human/genetics
- Enterovirus D, Human/immunology
- Enterovirus D, Human/isolation & purification
- Enterovirus Infections/blood
- Enterovirus Infections/cerebrospinal fluid
- Female
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Myelitis/blood
- Myelitis/cerebrospinal fluid
- Neuromuscular Diseases/blood
- Neuromuscular Diseases/cerebrospinal fluid
- Protein Array Analysis
- RNA, Viral/blood
- RNA, Viral/cerebrospinal fluid
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Nischay Mishra
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Terry Fei Fan Ng
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rachel L Marine
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Komal Jain
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - James Ng
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Riddhi Thakkar
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adrian Caciula
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam Price
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joel A Garcia
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jane C Burns
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kiran T Thakur
- Division of Critical Care and Hospitalist Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia Irving University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kimbell L Hetzler
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Janell A Routh
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - W Allan Nix
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rafal Tokarz
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas Briese
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - M Steven Oberste
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Tetro JA. Enterovirus D68 and acute flaccid myelitis: do we need a measles mentality? Microbes Infect 2019; 21:271-272. [PMID: 30844444 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Tetro
- College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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7
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Harrison CJ, Weldon WC, Pahud BA, Jackson MA, Oberste MS, Selvarangan R. Neutralizing Antibody against Enterovirus D68 in Children and Adults before 2014 Outbreak, Kansas City, Missouri, USA 1. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:585-588. [PMID: 30789123 PMCID: PMC6390745 DOI: 10.3201/eid2503.180960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated enterovirus D68 seroprevalence in Kansas City, Missouri, USA, from samples obtained during 2012-2013. Neutralizing antibodies against Fermon and the dominant 2014 Missouri isolate were universally detected. Titers increased with age. Widespread circulation of enterovirus D68 occurred before the 2014 outbreak. Research is needed to determine a surrogate of protection.
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8
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Rajput C, Han M, Bentley JK, Lei J, Ishikawa T, Wu Q, Hinde JL, Callear AP, Stillwell TL, Jackson WT, Martin ET, Hershenson MB. Enterovirus D68 infection induces IL-17-dependent neutrophilic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121882. [PMID: 30135310 PMCID: PMC6141171 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) shares biologic features with rhinovirus (RV). In 2014, a nationwide outbreak of EV-D68 was associated with severe asthma-like symptoms. We sought to develop a mouse model of EV-D68 infection and determine the mechanisms underlying airway disease. BALB/c mice were inoculated intranasally with EV-D68 (2014 isolate), RV-A1B, or sham, alone or in combination with anti-IL-17A or house dust mite (HDM) treatment. Like RV-A1B, lung EV-D68 viral RNA peaked 12 hours after infection. EV-D68 induced airway inflammation, expression of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12b, IL-17A, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL10, and CCL2), and airway hyperresponsiveness, which were suppressed by anti-IL-17A antibody. Neutrophilic inflammation and airway responsiveness were significantly higher after EV-D68 compared with RV-A1B infection. Flow cytometry showed increased lineage-, NKp46-, RORγt+ IL-17+ILC3s and γδ T cells in the lungs of EV-D68-treated mice compared with those in RV-treated mice. EV-D68 infection of HDM-exposed mice induced additive or synergistic increases in BAL neutrophils and eosinophils and expression of IL-17, CCL11, IL-5, and Muc5AC. Finally, patients from the 2014 epidemic period with EV-D68 showed significantly higher nasopharyngeal IL-17 mRNA levels compared with patients with RV-A infection. EV-D68 infection induces IL-17-dependent airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness, which is greater than that generated by RV-A1B, consistent with the clinical picture of severe asthma-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Rajput
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mingyuan Han
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - J. Kelley Bentley
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jing Lei
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tomoko Ishikawa
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Qian Wu
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joanna L. Hinde
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amy P. Callear
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Terri L. Stillwell
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William T. Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily T. Martin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marc B. Hershenson
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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9
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Sun S, Gao F, Hu Y, Bian L, Wu X, Su Y, Du R, Fu Y, Zhu F, Mao Q, Liang Z. A cross-sectional seroepidemiology study of EV-D68 in China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:99. [PMID: 29872035 PMCID: PMC5988671 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 68 (EV-D68) is associated with respiratory diseases, such as acute upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), pneumonia, neurological diseases, and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). In recent years, there have been global outbreaks of EV-D68 epidemics. However, there is no effective vaccine against EV-D68, and the understanding of the seroprevalence characteristics of EV-D68 is limited. To evaluate the epidemiological features of this emerging infection in mainland China, serum samples from 20 pairs of pregnant women and their neonates, 405 infants and children (ages 1 month-15 years), and 50 adults were collected to measure EV-D68 neutralizing antibodies (NtAbs). The results showed that the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of pregnant women and their neonates were 168 (95%CI: 93.6-301.7) and 162.3 (95%CI: 89.9-293.1), respectively. The seroprevalence rate of EV-D68 antibodies was negatively correlated with age in 1-month-old to 12-month-old infants (84% for 1-month-old infants vs 10% for 1-year-old infants), whereas it was positively correlated with age for 1-year-old to 15-year-old children (10% for 1-year-old children vs 92% for 15-year-old children). This study evaluated maternal antibodies against EV-D68 in neonates. Our results showed that if mothers had high levels of anti-EV-D68 NtAbs, the NtAbs titers in their neonates were also high. The GMTs and seroprevalence rates of each age group indicated that EV-D68 infection was very common in China. Periodical EV-D68 seroprevalence surveys and vaccination campaigns should be the top priority for preventing EV-D68 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Sun
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Gao
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yalin Hu
- Hualan Biological Engineering Inc, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lianlian Bian
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wu
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Su
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ruixiao Du
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Fu
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Qunying Mao
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.
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10
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Zhang C, Zhang X, Dai W, Liu Q, Xiong P, Wang S, Geng L, Gong S, Huang Z. A Mouse Model of Enterovirus D68 Infection for Assessment of the Efficacy of Inactivated Vaccine. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020058. [PMID: 29385753 PMCID: PMC5850365 DOI: 10.3390/v10020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, enterovirus D68 (EVD68) has been reported increasingly to be associated with severe respiratory tract infections and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in children all over the world. Yet, no effective vaccines or antiviral drugs are currently available for EVD68. Although several experimental animal models have been developed, immunogenicity and protective efficacy of inactivated EVD68 vaccines has not been fully evaluated. To promote the development of vaccines, we established an Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) suckling mouse model of EVD68 infection in this study. The results showed that ICR neonatal mice up to about nine days of age were susceptible to infection with EVD68 clinical strain US/MO/14-18947 by intraperitoneal injection. The infected mice exhibited progressive limb paralysis prior to death and the mortality of mice was age- and virus dose-dependent. Tissue viral load analysis showed that limb muscle and spinal cord were the major sites of viral replication. Moreover, histopathologic examination revealed the severe necrosis of the limb and juxtaspinal muscles, suggesting that US/MO/14-18947 has a strong tropism toward muscle tissues. Additionally, β-propiolactone-inactivated EVD68 vaccine showed high purity and quality and induced robust EVD68-specific neutralizing antibody responses in adult mice. Importantly, results from both antisera transfer and maternal immunization experiments clearly showed that inactivated EVD68 vaccine was able to protect against lethal viral infection in the mouse model. In short, these results demonstrate the successful establishment of the mouse model of EVD68 infection for evaluating candidate vaccines against EVD68 and also provide important information for the development of inactivated virus-based EVD68 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China; (C.Z.); (L.G.)
- Unit of Vaccinology & Antiviral Strategies, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (X.Z); (W.D.); (Q.L.); (P.X.); (S.W)
| | - Xueyang Zhang
- Unit of Vaccinology & Antiviral Strategies, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (X.Z); (W.D.); (Q.L.); (P.X.); (S.W)
| | - Wenlong Dai
- Unit of Vaccinology & Antiviral Strategies, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (X.Z); (W.D.); (Q.L.); (P.X.); (S.W)
| | - Qingwei Liu
- Unit of Vaccinology & Antiviral Strategies, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (X.Z); (W.D.); (Q.L.); (P.X.); (S.W)
| | - Pei Xiong
- Unit of Vaccinology & Antiviral Strategies, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (X.Z); (W.D.); (Q.L.); (P.X.); (S.W)
| | - Shuxia Wang
- Unit of Vaccinology & Antiviral Strategies, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (X.Z); (W.D.); (Q.L.); (P.X.); (S.W)
| | - Lanlan Geng
- Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China; (C.Z.); (L.G.)
| | - Sitang Gong
- Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China; (C.Z.); (L.G.)
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Zhong Huang
- Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China; (C.Z.); (L.G.)
- Unit of Vaccinology & Antiviral Strategies, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (X.Z); (W.D.); (Q.L.); (P.X.); (S.W)
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (S.G.)
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11
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Suresh S, Forgie S, Robinson J. Non-polio Enterovirus detection with acute flaccid paralysis: A systematic review. J Med Virol 2018; 90:3-7. [PMID: 28857219 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), is characterized by an acute onset of limb weakness. In the post-polio era, other enterovirus (EV) serotypes associated with AFP may become more prominent. This study aims to collate the data on the non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV) associated with AFP. A systematic review of published case reports, case series, and surveillance studies of AFP from 1960 through 2017 was undertaken. Data were collected including the country of the study, number of specimens positive for NPEV and available clinical data. The majority of studies originated from Asia. In surveillance studies, EV 71 (a serotype of Enterovirus A) was the most commonly detected serotype with AFP, followed by Enterovirus B serotype echovirus 11 and then Enterovirus B serotype echovirus 11. In case studies and case reports, EV 71 and EV 68 (a serotype of Enterovirus D), were the most commonly detected NPEV. As poliovirus eradication continues, there is a need to ensure that AFP surveillance will also detect other potentially vaccine preventable viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Asia/epidemiology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Enterovirus A, Human/genetics
- Enterovirus A, Human/immunology
- Enterovirus A, Human/isolation & purification
- Enterovirus A, Human/pathogenicity
- Enterovirus B, Human/genetics
- Enterovirus B, Human/immunology
- Enterovirus B, Human/isolation & purification
- Enterovirus B, Human/pathogenicity
- Enterovirus D, Human/genetics
- Enterovirus D, Human/immunology
- Enterovirus D, Human/isolation & purification
- Enterovirus D, Human/pathogenicity
- Enterovirus Infections/complications
- Enterovirus Infections/epidemiology
- Enterovirus Infections/virology
- Feces/virology
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques
- Paraplegia/epidemiology
- Paraplegia/etiology
- Paraplegia/virology
- Phylogeny
- Poliovirus
- Serogroup
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Suresh
- Department of Pediatrics, Stollery Children's Hospital and University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah Forgie
- Department of Pediatrics, Stollery Children's Hospital and University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joan Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Stollery Children's Hospital and University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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12
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Xiang Z, Liu L, Lei X, Zhou Z, He B, Wang J. 3C Protease of Enterovirus D68 Inhibits Cellular Defense Mediated by Interferon Regulatory Factor 7. J Virol 2016; 90:1613-21. [PMID: 26608321 PMCID: PMC4719596 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02395-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human enterovirus 68 (EV-D68) is a member of the EV-D species, which belongs to the EV genus of the Picornaviridae family. Over the past several years, clusters of EV-D68 infections have occurred worldwide. A recent outbreak in the United States is the largest one associated with severe respiratory illness and neurological complication. Although clinical symptoms are recognized, the virus remains poorly understood. Here we report that EV-D68 inhibits innate antiviral immunity by downregulation of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), an immune factor with a pivotal role in viral pathogenesis. This process depends on 3C(pro), an EV-D68-encoded protease, to mediate IRF7 cleavage. When expressed in host cells, 3C(pro) targets Q167 and Q189 within the constitutive activation domain, resulting in cleavage of IRF7. Accordingly, wild-type IRF7 is fully active. However, IRF7 cleavage abrogated its capacity to activate type I interferon expression and limit replication of EV-D68. Notably, IRF7 cleavage strictly requires the protease activity of 3C(pro). Together, these results suggest that a dynamic interplay between 3C(pro) and IRF7 may determine the outcome of EV-D68 infection. IMPORTANCE EV-D68 is a globally emerging pathogen, but the molecular basis of EV-D68 pathogenesis is unclear. Here we report that EV-D68 inhibits innate immune responses by targeting an immune factor, IRF7. This involves the 3C protease encoded by EV-D68, which mediates the cleavage of IRF7. These observations suggest that the 3C(pro)-IRF7 interaction may represent an interface that dictates EV-D68 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichun Xiang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Liu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Lei
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Zhou
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jianwei Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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13
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Shimizu H, Takeda N. [Laboratory diagnosis for acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis]. Nihon Rinsho 2005; 63 Suppl 7:386-8. [PMID: 16111281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Biomarkers/blood
- Clinical Laboratory Techniques
- Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/diagnosis
- Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/virology
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Enterovirus C, Human/genetics
- Enterovirus C, Human/immunology
- Enterovirus C, Human/isolation & purification
- Enterovirus D, Human/genetics
- Enterovirus D, Human/immunology
- Enterovirus D, Human/isolation & purification
- Enterovirus Infections/diagnosis
- Enterovirus Infections/virology
- Humans
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Serologic Tests
- Virology/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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14
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Chen D, Duggan C, Texada DE, Reden TB, Kooragayala LM, Langford MP. Immunogenicity of enterovirus 70 capsid protein VP1 and its non-overlapping N- and C-terminal fragments. Antiviral Res 2005; 66:111-7. [PMID: 15911028 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2004] [Revised: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 02/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Currently no practical treatment method or effective virus vaccine is available for acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) caused by enterovirus 70 (EV70). Antibodies to UV-inactivated EV70 (J670/71 epidemic isolate) and to the inclusion bodies of recombinant proteins of full-length EV70 VP1 (GST-VP1m), its non-overlapping terminal fragments N138 (1-138 aa) and C170 (141-310 aa) (or GST-N138m and GST-C170) were developed in rabbits. The anti-EV70 neutralizing activities of the rabbit sera were determined by standard neutralization assays. The antibodies to UV-inactivated EV70, were immuno-reactive with EV70 capsid proteins VP1 and VP3 of four EV70 epidemic isolates (KW/97, T260/74, J670/71 and AE/72) in Western-blot analysis, and immunoprecipitated the capsid proteins VP1 and VP3 from the cell lysates of virus-infected human Chang's conjunctival (HCC) cells. The antibodies to GST-VP1m, GST-N138m and GST-C170, immunoprecipitated only the VP1 proteins of the four EV70 isolates. Anti-EV70 J670/71 antibodies and the antibodies to the three recombinant VP1 proteins were all capable of immunoprecipitating EV70 whole-virus of the four EV70 epidemic isolates grown in HCC cells. The anti-EV70 virion antibodies neutralized EV70 isolates with titers of 6000-10,000 units/ml while the antibodies to GST-VP1m, GST-N138m or GST-C170 neutralized EV70 isolates with titers of 20-320units/ml. The results suggest that (a) immunization with bacterially produced recombinant EV70 VP1 and its non-overlapping N- and C-terminal fragments, was capable of eliciting EV70-neutralizing antibodies; (b) the neutralization titers of antibodies to the recombinant VP1 proteins were lower than that of antibodies to the UV-inactivated EV70 virions; and (c) the non-overlapping N138 and C170 fragments of EV70 VP1 both harbor independent anti-EV70 neutralization antigenic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dequan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA.
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15
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Langford MP, Orillac R, Chen D, Texada D. Systemic and ocular antibody responses to inactivated acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) virus; enterovirus 70 (EV70). Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2004; 11:197-209. [PMID: 14566646 DOI: 10.1076/ocii.11.3.197.17352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate the immune response in rabbits injected with EV70, the agent of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) and AHC associated neuropathy. METHODS Rabbits were injected intramuscularly with uv-light inactivated EV70 isolate J670/71. Neutralizing activity against EV70 was quantified in serum and tear samples and the immunoglobulin (Ig) classes of the neutralizing activity in serum identified by sucrose gradient ultra-centrifugation. Adjuvant muramyl dipeptide (MDP) was applied topically to assess the role of ocular inflammation on levels of neutralizing antibody, proteins and Ig in tears. The protective effects of human and rabbit sera and interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) against EV70 were compared in human conjunctival and lens cells. RESULTS Sera collected at 6 and 13 d contained 19S IgM anti-EV70 neutralizing antibody, while serum collected 21 d post injection contained 19S IgM and 7S IgG anti-EV70 neutralizing antibody. Low titers of anti-EV70 activity (< or =30 U/ml) were detected in tears of seropositive rabbits. MDP induction of conjunctivitis in seropositive rabbits increased tear IgG concentration (3-fold) and anti-EV70 neutralizing antibody titers (> or =10-fold). The protective effect of the rabbit and human sera against EV70 infection in conjunctival, but not lens epithelial cells, was enhanced by the addition of IFN-alpha. CONCLUSIONS Immunization with uv-light inactivated EV70 elicits a classical humoral immune response in rabbits. The protective activity of serum in EV70-infected human conjunctival cells, but not lens cells, was increased by IFN-alpha. Adjuvant MDP-induced conjunctivitis, increased blood-conjunctival barrier (BCB) permeability and anti-EV70 neutralizing activity in tear of seropositive rabbits. The results suggest immunization with inactivated EV70 could provide systemic as well as ocular protection during natural EV70 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlyn P Langford
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 70112-3932, USA.
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