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Gunadi JW, Welliangan AS, Soetadji RS, Jasaputra DK, Lesmana R. The Role of Autophagy Modulated by Exercise in Cancer Cachexia. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:781. [PMID: 34440525 DOI: 10.3390/life11080781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a syndrome experienced by many patients with cancer. Exercise can act as an autophagy modulator, and thus holds the potential to be used to treat cancer cachexia. Autophagy imbalance plays an important role in cancer cachexia, and is correlated to skeletal and cardiac muscle atrophy and energy-wasting in the liver. The molecular mechanism of autophagy modulation in different types of exercise has not yet been clearly defined. This review aims to elaborate on the role of exercise in modulating autophagy in cancer cachexia. We evaluated nine studies in the literature and found a potential correlation between the type of exercise and autophagy modulation. Combined exercise or aerobic exercise alone seems more beneficial than resistance exercise alone in cancer cachexia. Looking ahead, determining the physiological role of autophagy modulated by exercise will support the development of a new medical approach for treating cancer cachexia. In addition, the harmonization of the exercise type, intensity, and duration might play a key role in optimizing the autophagy levels to preserve muscle function and regulate energy utilization in the liver.
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2
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Kunz HE, Dorschner JM, Berent TE, Meyer T, Wang X, Jatoi A, Kumar R, Lanza IR. Methylarginine metabolites are associated with attenuated muscle protein synthesis in cancer-associated muscle wasting. J Biol Chem 2021; 295:17441-17459. [PMID: 33453990 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is characterized by reductions in peripheral lean muscle mass. Prior studies have primarily focused on increased protein breakdown as the driver of cancer-associated muscle wasting. Therapeutic interventions targeting catabolic pathways have, however, largely failed to preserve muscle mass in cachexia, suggesting that other mechanisms might be involved. In pursuit of novel pathways, we used untargeted metabolomics to search for metabolite signatures that may be linked with muscle atrophy. We injected 7-week-old C57/BL6 mice with LLC1 tumor cells or vehicle. After 21 days, tumor-bearing mice exhibited reduced body and muscle mass and impaired grip strength compared with controls, which was accompanied by lower synthesis rates of mixed muscle protein and the myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic muscle fractions. Reductions in protein synthesis were accompanied by mitochondrial enlargement and reduced coupling efficiency in tumor-bearing mice. To generate mechanistic insights into impaired protein synthesis, we performed untargeted metabolomic analyses of plasma and muscle and found increased concentrations of two methylarginines, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and NG-monomethyl-l-arginine, in tumor-bearing mice compared with control mice. Compared with healthy controls, human cancer patients were also found to have higher levels of ADMA in the skeletal muscle. Treatment of C2C12 myotubes with ADMA impaired protein synthesis and reduced mitochondrial protein quality. These results suggest that increased levels of ADMA and mitochondrial changes may contribute to impaired muscle protein synthesis in cancer cachexia and could point to novel therapeutic targets by which to mitigate cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawley E Kunz
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jessica M Dorschner
- Nephrology and Hypertension Research Unit, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Taylor E Berent
- Nephrology and Hypertension Research Unit, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thomas Meyer
- Nephrology and Hypertension Research Unit, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xuewei Wang
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aminah Jatoi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Nephrology and Hypertension Research Unit, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Ian R Lanza
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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3
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Miyagawa Y, Nukaga S, Mori T, Fujiwara-Tani R, Fujii K, Mori S, Goto K, Kishi S, Sasaki T, Nakashima C, Ohmori H, Kawahara I, Luo Y, Kuniyasu H. Evaluation of cancer-derived myocardial impairments using a mouse model. Oncotarget 2020; 11:3712-3722. [PMID: 33110478 PMCID: PMC7566807 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial damage in cancer patients is emphasized as a cause of death; however, there are not many murine cachexia models to evaluate cancer-derived heart disorder. Using the mouse cachexia model that we established previously, we investigated myocardial damage in tumor-bearing mice. In cachexic mice, decreased heart weight and myocardial volume, and dilated left ventricular lumen, and atrophied cardiomyocytes were noted. The cardiomyocytes also showed accumulated 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, decreased leucine zipper and EF-hand-containing transmembrane protein-1, and increased microtubule-associated protein light chain3-II. Levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and high-mobility group box-1 proteins in the myocardium were increased, and nuclear factor κB, a signaling molecule associated with these proteins, was activated. When rat cardiomyoblasts (H9c2 cells) were treated with mouse cachexia model ascites and subjected to flux analysis, both oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis were suppressed, and the cells were in a quiescent state. These results are in good agreement with those previously reported on cancerous myocardial damage. The established mouse cachexia model can therefore be considered useful for analyzing cancer-derived myocardial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Miyagawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Shota Nukaga
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.,Division of Rehabilitation, Hanna Central Hospital, Ikoma, Nara 630-0243, Japan
| | - Takuya Mori
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Rina Fujiwara-Tani
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kiyomu Fujii
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Shiori Mori
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kei Goto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.,Division of Rehabilitation, Hoshida Minami Hospital, Katano, Osaka 576-0022, Japan
| | - Shingo Kishi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Chie Nakashima
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ohmori
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Isao Kawahara
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.,Division of Rehabilitation, Hanna Central Hospital, Ikoma, Nara 630-0243, Japan
| | - Yi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Hiroki Kuniyasu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
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Abstract
Metastasis arises when cancer cells disseminate from their site of origin and invade distant organs. While cancer cells rarely colonize muscle, they often induce a debilitating muscle-wasting condition known as cachexia that compromises feeding, breathing, and cardiac function in metastatic cancer patients. In fact, nearly 80% of metastatic cancer patients experience a spectrum of muscle-wasting states, which deteriorates the quality of life and overall survival of cancer patients. Muscle wasting in cancer results from increased muscle catabolism induced by circulating tumor factors and a systemic metabolic dysfunction. In addition, muscle loss can be exacerbated by the exposure to antineoplastic therapies and the process of aging. With no approved therapies to alleviate cachexia, muscle health, therefore, becomes a key determinant of prognosis, treatment response, and survival in metastatic cancer patients. This review will discuss the current understanding of cancer-associated cachexia and highlight promising therapeutic strategies to treat muscle wasting in the context of metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup K Biswas
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Swarnali Acharyya
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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5
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Abstract
Significance: The management of cancer patients is frequently complicated by the occurrence of a complex syndrome known as cachexia. It is mainly characterized by muscle wasting, a condition that associates with enhanced protein breakdown and with negative energy balance. While the mechanisms underlying cachexia have been only partially elucidated, understanding the pathogenesis of muscle wasting in cancer hosts is mandatory to design new targeted therapeutic strategies. Indeed, most of cancer patients will experience cachexia during the course of their disease, and about 25% of cancer-related deaths are due to this syndrome, rather than to the tumor itself. Recent Advances: Compelling evidence suggests that an altered redox homeostasis likely contributes to cancer-induced muscle protein depletion, directly or indirectly activating the intracellular degradative pathways. In addition, oxidative stress impinges on both mitochondrial number and function; the other way round, altered mitochondria lead to enhanced redox imbalance, creating a vicious loop that eventually results in negative energy metabolism. Critical Issues: The present review focuses on the possibility that pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies able to restore a physiologic redox balance could be useful components of treatment schedules aimed at counteracting cancer-induced muscle wasting. Future Directions: Exercise and the use of exercise mimetic drugs represent the most promising approaches capable of reinforcing the muscle antioxidant defenses of cancer patients. The results from ongoing and new clinical trials are needed to validate the preclinical studies and provide effective therapies for cancer cachexia. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 33, 542-558.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ballarò
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Costelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Dave DT, Patel BM. Mitochondrial Metabolism in Cancer Cachexia: Novel Drug Target. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 20:1141-1153. [PMID: 31418657 DOI: 10.2174/1389200220666190816162658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia is a metabolic syndrome prevalent in the majority of the advanced cancers and is associated with complications such as anorexia, early satiety, weakness, anaemia, and edema, thereby reducing performance and impairing quality of life. Skeletal muscle wasting is a characteristic feature of cancer-cachexia and mitochondria is responsible for regulating total protein turnover in skeletal muscle tissue. METHODS We carried out exhaustive search for cancer cachexia and role of mitochondria in the same in various databases. All the relevant articles were gathered and the pertinent information was extracted out and compiled which was further structured into different sub-sections. RESULTS Various findings on the mitochondrial alterations in connection to its disturbed normal physiology in various models of cancer-cachexia have been recently reported, suggesting a significant role of the organelle in the pathogenesis of the complications involved in the disorder. It has also been reported that reduced mitochondrial oxidative capacity is due to reduced mitochondrial biogenesis as well as altered balance between fusion and fission protein activities. Moreover, autophagy in mitochondria (termed as mitophagy) is reported to play an important role in cancer cachexia. CONCLUSION The present review aims to put forth the changes occurring in mitochondria and hence explore possible targets which can be exploited in cancer-induced cachexia for treatment of such a debilitating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhwani T Dave
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhoomika M Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India
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Cruz B, Oliveira A, Viana LR, Lopes-Aguiar L, Canevarolo R, Colombera MC, Valentim RR, Garcia-Fóssa F, de Sousa LM, Castelucci BG, Consonni SR, Martins-de-Souza D, de Jesus MB, Russell ST, Gomes-Mardondes MCC. Leucine-Rich Diet Modulates the Metabolomic and Proteomic Profile of Skeletal Muscle during Cancer Cachexia. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1880. [PMID: 32668598 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cancer-cachexia induces a variety of metabolic disorders, including skeletal muscle imbalance. Alternative therapy, as nutritional supplementation with leucine, shows a modulatory effect over tumour damage in vivo and in vitro. Method: Adult rats distributed into Control (C), Walker tumour-bearing (W), control fed a leucine-rich diet (L), and tumour-bearing fed a leucine-rich diet (WL) groups had the gastrocnemius muscle metabolomic and proteomic assays performed in parallel to in vitro assays. Results: W group presented an affected muscle metabolomic and proteomic profile mainly related to energy generation and carbohydrates catabolic processes, but leucine-supplemented group (WL) recovered the energy production. In vitro assay showed that cell proliferation, mitochondria number and oxygen consumption were higher under leucine effect than the tumour influence. Muscle proteomics results showed that the main affected cell component was mitochondria, leading to an impacted energy generation, including impairment in proteins of the tricarboxylic cycle and carbohydrates catabolic processes, which were modulated and improved by leucine treatment. Conclusion: In summary, we showed a beneficial effect of leucine upon mitochondria, providing information about the muscle glycolytic pathways used by this amino acid, where it can be associated with the preservation of morphometric parameters and consequent protection against the effects of cachexia.
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Montero-Bullon JF, Melo T, Ferreira R, Padrão AI, Oliveira PA, Domingues MRM, Domingues P. Exercise training counteracts urothelial carcinoma-induced alterations in skeletal muscle mitochondria phospholipidome in an animal model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13423. [PMID: 31530825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer associated body wasting is the cause of physical disability, reduced tolerance to anticancer therapy and reduced survival of cancer patients and, similarly to cancer, its incidence is increasing. There is no cure for this clinical condition, and the pathophysiological process involved is largely unknown. Exercise training appears as the gold standard non-pharmacological therapy for the management of this wasting syndrome. Herein we used a lipidomics approach based on liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS) to study the effect of exercise in the modulation of phospholipids profile of mitochondria isolated from gastrocnemius muscle of a pre-clinical model of urothelial carcinoma-related body wasting (BBN induced), submitted to 13 weeks of treadmill exercise after diagnosis. Multivariate analysis showed a close relationship between the BBN exercise group and both control groups (control sedentary and control exercise), while the BBN sedentary group was significantly separated from the control groups and the BBN exercise group. Univariate statistical analysis revealed differences mainly in phosphatidylserine (PS) and cardiolipin (CL), although some differences were also observed in phosphatidylinositol (PI, LPI) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) phospholipids. PS with shorter fatty acyl chains were up-regulated in the BBN sedentary group, while the other species of PS with longer FA and a higher degree of unsaturation were down-regulated, but the BBN exercise group was mostly similar to control groups. Remarkably, exercise training prevented these alterations and had a positive impact on the ability of mitochondria to produce ATP, restoring the healthy phospholipid profile. The remodelling of mitochondria phospholipid profile in rats with urothelial carcinoma allowed confirming the importance of the lipid metabolism in mitochondria dysfunction in cancer-induced skeletal muscle remodelling. The regulation of phospholipid biosynthetic pathways observed in the BBN exercise group supported the current perspective that exercise is an adequate therapeutic approach for the management of cancer-related muscle remodeling.
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9
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de Castro GS, Simoes E, Lima JDCC, Ortiz-Silva M, Festuccia WT, Tokeshi F, Alcântara PS, Otoch JP, Coletti D, Seelaender M. Human Cachexia Induces Changes in Mitochondria, Autophagy and Apoptosis in the Skeletal Muscle. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1264. [PMID: 31466311 PMCID: PMC6770124 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a wasting syndrome characterized by the continuous loss of skeletal muscle mass due to imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation, which is related with poor prognosis and compromised quality of life. Dysfunctional mitochondria are associated with lower muscle strength and muscle atrophy in cancer patients, yet poorly described in human cachexia. We herein investigated mitochondrial morphology, autophagy and apoptosis in the skeletal muscle of patients with gastrointestinal cancer-associated cachexia (CC), as compared with a weight-stable cancer group (WSC). CC showed prominent weight loss and increased circulating levels of serum C-reactive protein, lower body mass index and decreased circulating hemoglobin, when compared to WSC. Electron microscopy analysis revealed an increase in intermyofibrillar mitochondrial area in CC, as compared to WSC. Relative gene expression of Fission 1, a protein related to mitochondrial fission, was increased in CC, as compared to WSC. LC3 II, autophagy-related (ATG) 5 and 7 essential proteins for autophagosome formation, presented higher content in the cachectic group. Protein levels of phosphorylated p53 (Ser46), activated caspase 8 (Asp384) and 9 (Asp315) were also increased in the skeletal muscle of CC. Overall, our results demonstrate that human cancer-associated cachexia leads to exacerbated muscle-stress response that may culminate in muscle loss, which is in part due to disruption of mitochondrial morphology, dysfunctional autophagy and increased apoptosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing quantitative morphological alterations in skeletal muscle mitochondria in cachectic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela S de Castro
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Estefania Simoes
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joanna D C C Lima
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milene Ortiz-Silva
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - William T Festuccia
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Tokeshi
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Alcântara
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José P Otoch
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dario Coletti
- Department of Biological Adaptation and Aging, B2A (CNRS UMR 8256-INSERM ERL U1164-UPMC P6), Sorbonne University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marilia Seelaender
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
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Ballarò R, Penna F, Pin F, Gómez-Cabrera MC, Viña J, Costelli P. Moderate Exercise Improves Experimental Cancer Cachexia by Modulating the Redox Homeostasis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E285. [PMID: 30823492 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a debilitating syndrome that complicates the management of cancer patients. Muscle wasting, one of the main features of cachexia, is associated with hyper-activation of protein degradative pathways and altered mitochondrial function that could both result from impaired redox homeostasis. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of oxidative stress to cancer-induced cachexia in the presence or in the absence of moderate exercise training. Mice bearing the colon C26 carcinoma, either sedentary or exercised, were used. The former showed muscle wasting and redox imbalance, with the activation of an antioxidant response and with upregulation of markers of proteasome-dependent protein degradation and autophagy. Moderate exercise was able to relieve muscle wasting and prevented the loss of muscle strength; such a pattern was associated with reduced levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), carbonylated proteins and markers of autophagy and with improved antioxidant capacity. The muscle of sedentary tumor hosts also showed increased levels of molecular markers of mitophagy and reduced mitochondrial mass. Conversely, exercise in the C26 hosts led to increased mitochondrial mass. In conclusion, moderate exercise could be an effective non-pharmacological approach to prevent muscle wasting in cancer patients, decreasing muscle protein catabolism and oxidative stress and preserving mitochondria.
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11
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Fix DK, VanderVeen BN, Counts BR, Carson JA. Regulation of Skeletal Muscle DRP-1 and FIS-1 Protein Expression by IL-6 Signaling. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019; 2019:8908457. [PMID: 30918582 PMCID: PMC6408992 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8908457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IL-6 signals through the ubiquitously expressed glycoprotein 130 (gp130) transmembrane protein to activate intracellular signaling that includes signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Dynamin-1-like protein (DRP-1) and mitochondrial fission 1 protein (FIS-1) are key proteins in the process of mitochondrial fission and have emerged as IL-6-sensitive targets. The purpose of this study was to examine the regulation of DRP-1 and FIS-1 expression by IL-6 and gp130 signaling in myotubes and skeletal muscle. Fully differentiated C2C12 myotubes were treated with 100 ng of IL-6 for 24 hours in the presence of gp130siRNA, C188-9 (STAT3 inhibitor), or PD98059 (ERK1/2 inhibitor). Male C57BL/6 (B6) and muscle-specific gp130 knockout mice (KO) had IL-6 systemically overexpressed for 2 weeks by transient transfection with 50 ng of an IL-6-expressing or control plasmid in the quadriceps muscles, and the tibialis anterior muscle was analyzed to determine systemic effects of IL-6. IL-6 induced DRP-1 and FIS-1 expression in myotubes 124% and 82% (p = .001) and in skeletal muscle 97% and 187% (p = .001). Myotube gp130 knockdown suppressed the IL-6 induction of DRP-1 68% (p = .002) and FIS-1 65% (p = .001). Muscle KO suppressed the IL-6 induction of DRP-1 220% (p = .001) and FIS-1 121% (p = .001). ERK1/2 inhibition suppressed the IL-6 induction of DRP-1 59% (p = .0003) and FIS-1 102% (p = .0001) in myotubes, while there was no effect of STAT3 inhibition. We report that chronically elevated IL-6 can directly induce DRP-1 and FIS-1 expression through gp130 signaling in cultured myotubes and skeletal muscle. Furthermore, ERK 1/2 signaling is necessary for the IL-6 induction of DRP-1 and FIS-1 expression in myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis K. Fix
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Division of Applied Physiology, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Brandon N. VanderVeen
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Division of Applied Physiology, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Brittany R. Counts
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Division of Applied Physiology, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - James A. Carson
- College of Health Professions, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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12
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van der Ende M, Grefte S, Plas R, Meijerink J, Witkamp RF, Keijer J, van Norren K. Mitochondrial dynamics in cancer-induced cachexia. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1870:137-150. [PMID: 30059724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-induced cachexia has a negative impact on quality of life and adversely affects therapeutic outcomes and survival rates. It is characterized by, often severe, loss of muscle, with or without loss of fat mass. Insight in the pathophysiology of this complex metabolic syndrome and direct treatment options are still limited, which creates a research demand. Results from recent studies point towards a significant involvement of muscle mitochondrial networks. However, data are scattered and a comprehensive overview is lacking. This paper aims to fill existing knowledge gaps by integrating published data sets on muscle protein or gene expression from cancer-induced cachexia animal models. To this end, a database was compiled from 94 research papers, comprising 11 different rodent models. This was combined with four genome-wide transcriptome datasets of cancer-induced cachexia rodent models. Analysis showed that the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial fusion, fission, ATP production and mitochondrial density is decreased, while that of genes involved ROS detoxification and mitophagy is increased. Our results underline the relevance of including post-translational modifications of key proteins involved in mitochondrial functioning in future studies on cancer-induced cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda van der Ende
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands; Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sander Grefte
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Rogier Plas
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jocelijn Meijerink
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Renger F Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Klaske van Norren
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
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13
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Abstract
Introduction Cachexia is a common complication of many and varied chronic disease processes, yet it has received very little attention as an area of clinical research effort until recently. We sought to survey the contemporary literature on published research into cachexia to define where it is being published and the proportion of output classified into the main types of research output. Methods I searched the PubMed listings under the topic research term "cachexia" and related terms for articles published in the calendar years of 2015 and 2016, regardless of language. Searches were conducted and relevant papers extracted by two observers, and disagreements were resolved by consensus. Results There were 954 publications, 370 of which were review articles or commentaries, 254 clinical observations or non-randomised trials, 246 original basic science reports and only 26 were randomised controlled trials. These articles were published in 478 separate journals but with 36% of them being published in a core set of 23 journals. The H-index of these papers was 25 and there were 147 papers with 10 or more citations. Of the top 100 cited papers, 25% were published in five journals. Of the top cited papers, 48% were review articles, 18% were original basic science, and 7% were randomised clinical trials. Discussion This analysis shows a steady but modest increase in publications concerning cachexia with a strong pipeline of basic science research but still a relative lack of randomised clinical trials, with none exceeding 1000 patients. Research in cachexia is still in its infancy, but the solid basic science effort offers hope that translation into randomised controlled clinical trials may eventually lead to effective therapies for this troubling and complex clinical disease process.
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14
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VanderVeen BN, Fix DK, Carson JA. Disrupted Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Dynamics, Mitophagy, and Biogenesis during Cancer Cachexia: A Role for Inflammation. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2017; 2017:3292087. [PMID: 28785374 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3292087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of cancer cachexia in both patients and preclinical models. Cachexia is prevalent in roughly 80% of cancer patients and accounts for up to 20% of all cancer-related deaths. Proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β have been widely examined for their regulation of cancer cachexia. An established characteristic of cachectic skeletal muscle is a disrupted capacity for oxidative metabolism, which is thought to contribute to cancer patient fatigue, diminished metabolic function, and muscle mass loss. This review's primary objective is to highlight emerging evidence linking cancer-induced inflammation to the dysfunctional regulation of mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, and biogenesis in cachectic muscle. The potential for either muscle inactivity or exercise to alter mitochondrial dysfunction during cancer cachexia will also be discussed.
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15
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Ferreira R, Nogueira-Ferreira R, Vitorino R, Santos LL, Moreira-Gonçalves D. The impact of exercise training on adipose tissue remodelling in cancer cachexia. Porto Biomed J 2017; 2:333-339. [PMID: 32258790 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbj.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia affects the majority of patients with advanced cancer and no effective treatment is currently available to address this paraneoplastic syndrome. It is characterized by a reduction in body weight due to the loss of white adipose tissue (WAT) and skeletal muscle. The loss of WAT seems to occur at an earlier time point than skeletal muscle proteolysis, with recent evidence suggesting that the browning of WAT may be a major contributor to this process. Several factors seem to modulate WAT browning including pro-inflammatory cytokines; however, the underlying molecular pathways are poorly characterized. Exercise training is currently recommended for the clinical management of low-grade inflammatory conditions as cancer cachexia. While it seems to counterbalance the impairment of skeletal muscle function and attenuate the loss of muscle mass, little is known regarding its effects in adipose tissue. The browning of WAT is one of the mechanisms through which exercise improves body composition in overweight/obese individuals. While this effect is obviously advantageous in this clinical setting, it remains to be clarified if exercise training could protect or exacerbate the cachexia-related catabolic phenotype occurring in adipose tissue of cancer patients. Herein, we overview the molecular players involved in adipose tissue remodelling in cancer cachexia and in exercise training and hypothesize on the mechanisms modulated by the synergetic effect of these conditions. A better understanding of how physical activity regulates body composition will certainly help in the development of successful multimodal therapeutic strategies for the clinical management of cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Ferreira
- QOPNA, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rita Nogueira-Ferreira
- QOPNA, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,iBiMED, Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group - Research Center, IPO-Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Health School of University of Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Surgical Oncology, IPO-Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel Moreira-Gonçalves
- QOPNA, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,CIAFEL, Faculdade de Desporto, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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16
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Boengler K, Kosiol M, Mayr M, Schulz R, Rohrbach S. Mitochondria and ageing: role in heart, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017; 8:349-369. [PMID: 28432755 PMCID: PMC5476857 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is the most important risk factor for most diseases. Mitochondria play a central role in bioenergetics and metabolism. In addition, several lines of evidence indicate the impact of mitochondria in lifespan determination and ageing. The best-known hypothesis to explain ageing is the free radical theory, which proposes that cells, organs, and organisms age because they accumulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage over time. Mitochondria play a central role as the principle source of intracellular ROS, which are mainly formed at the level of complex I and III of the respiratory chain. Dysfunctional mitochondria generating less ATP have been observed in various aged organs. Mitochondrial dysfunction comprises different features including reduced mitochondrial content, altered mitochondrial morphology, reduced activity of the complexes of the electron transport chain, opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, and increased ROS formation. Furthermore, abnormalities in mitochondrial quality control or defects in mitochondrial dynamics have also been linked to senescence. Among the tissues affected by mitochondrial dysfunction are those with a high-energy demand and thus high mitochondrial content. Therefore, the present review focuses on the impact of mitochondria in the ageing process of heart and skeletal muscle. In this article, we review different aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction and discuss potential therapeutic strategies to improve mitochondrial function. Finally, novel aspects of adipose tissue biology and their involvement in the ageing process are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Boengler
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Maik Kosiol
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Rohrbach
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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17
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Padrão AI, Figueira ACC, Faustino-Rocha AI, Gama A, Loureiro MM, Neuparth MJ, Moreira-Gonçalves D, Vitorino R, Amado F, Santos LL, Oliveira PA, Duarte JA, Ferreira R. Long-term exercise training prevents mammary tumorigenesis-induced muscle wasting in rats through the regulation of TWEAK signalling. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:803-813. [PMID: 27228549 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Exercise training has been suggested as a non-pharmacological approach to prevent skeletal muscle wasting and improve muscle function in cancer cachexia. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying such beneficial effect. In this study, we aimed to, firstly, examine the contribution of TWEAK signalling to cancer-induced skeletal muscle wasting and, secondly, evaluate whether long-term exercise alters TWEAK signalling and prevents muscle wasting. METHODS Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to control and exercise groups. Fifteen animals from each group were exposed to N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea carcinogen. Animals in exercise groups were submitted to moderate treadmill exercise for 35 weeks. After the experimental period, animals were killed and gastrocnemius muscles were harvested for morphological and biochemical analysis. RESULTS We verified that exercise training prevented tumour-induced TWEAK/NF-κB signalling in skeletal muscle with a beneficial impact in fibre cross-sectional area and metabolism. Indeed, 35 weeks of exercise training promoted the upregulation of PGC-1α and oxidative phosphorylation complexes. This exercise-induced muscle remodelling in tumour-bearing animals was associated with less malignant mammary lesions. CONCLUSION Data support the benefits of an active lifestyle for the prevention of muscle wasting secondary to breast cancer, highlighting TWEAK/NF- κB signalling as a potential therapeutic target for the preservation of muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. I. Padrão
- QOPNA; Department of Chemistry; University of Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
- CIAFEL; Faculty of Sport; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
| | | | - A. I. Faustino-Rocha
- CITAB; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
| | - A. Gama
- CITAB; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
| | - M. M. Loureiro
- QOPNA; Department of Chemistry; University of Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
| | - M. J. Neuparth
- CIAFEL; Faculty of Sport; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - D. Moreira-Gonçalves
- CIAFEL; Faculty of Sport; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery; Faculty of Medicine; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - R. Vitorino
- QOPNA; Department of Chemistry; University of Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute for Biomedicine - iBiMED; University of Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
| | - F. Amado
- QOPNA; Department of Chemistry; University of Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
| | - L. L. Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group; Portuguese Institute of Oncology; Porto Portugal
| | - P. A. Oliveira
- CITAB; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
| | - J. A. Duarte
- CIAFEL; Faculty of Sport; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - R. Ferreira
- QOPNA; Department of Chemistry; University of Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
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18
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Marzetti E, Lorenzi M, Landi F, Picca A, Rosa F, Tanganelli F, Galli M, Doglietto GB, Pacelli F, Cesari M, Bernabei R, Calvani R, Bossola M. Altered mitochondrial quality control signaling in muscle of old gastric cancer patients with cachexia. Exp Gerontol 2017; 87:92-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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