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Gao Y, Tang Y, Yu T, Ding Y, Chen Y, Ye W, Zhao C, Lu R. Relationship between lymphocytes and idiopathic macular hole. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:187. [PMID: 38654253 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03424-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An idiopathic macular hole (IMH) is a full-thickness anatomic defect extending from the internal limiting membrane to the photoreceptor layer of the macula without any known cause. Recently, clinical laboratory markers of systemic inflammatory status derived from complete blood counts have been evaluated in ocular diseases. This study aimed to explore whether they could predict the development and progression of IMHs. METHODS A retrospective review of 36 patients with IMH and 36 sex-and-age-matched patients with cataracts was conducted. We collected complete blood counts of all participating individuals and calculated systemic immunoinflammatory indicators. The maximum base diameter of the IMH (BD), minimum diameter of the IMH (MIN), height of the IMH (H), area of the intraretinal cyst (IRC), and curve lengths of the detached photoreceptor arms were measured on optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. We used these values to calculate the macular hole index (MHI), tractional hole index (THI), diameter hole index (DHI), hole form factor (HFF), and macular hole closure index (MHCI). We performed a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of 30 patients with IMH who were followed up 1 month after surgery. RESULTS Lymphocyte counts were significantly higher in the IMH group. No other significant differences were observed between the IMH and control groups. Lymphocyte counts in the IMH group were significantly negatively correlated with MIN and BD and were significantly positively correlated with MHI, THI, and MHCI. However, lymphocyte counts were not significantly correlated with H, IRC, DHI, and HFF. In the ROC analysis, BD, MIN, MHI, THI, and MHCI were significant predictors of anatomical outcomes. According to the cut-off points of the ROC analysis, lymphocyte counts were compared between the above-cut-off and below-cut-off groups. Lymphocyte counts were significantly higher in the MIN ≤ 499.61 μm, MHI ≥ 0.47, THI ≥ 1.2, and MHCI ≥ 0.81 groups. There were no significant differences between the above-cut-off and below-cut-off BD groups. CONCLUSIONS Although inflammation may not be an initiating factor, it may be involved in IMH formation. Lymphocytes may play a relatively important role in tissue repair during the developmental and postoperative recovery phases of IMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yilu Chen
- Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Changlin Zhao
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Rongxin Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Neubauer J, Gelisken F, Ozturk T, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Dimopoulos S. The time course of spontaneous closure of idiopathic full-thickness macular holes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024:10.1007/s00417-024-06465-2. [PMID: 38587655 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-024-06465-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Spontaneous closure of idiopathic full-thickness macular holes (iFTMH) has been reported regularly. However, little is known about its probability and timeline. METHODS In this retrospective study all consecutive patients who presented between August 2008 and August 2019 were screened for the presence of a macular hole and only iFTMHs were included. The primary outcome measure was the spontaneous closure of the iFTMH. RESULTS Of 1256 eyes with macular holes, 338 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Spontaneous closure of the iFTMH was detected in 31 eyes (9.2%) with a median time of 44 days after diagnosis. Eyes exhibiting spontaneous closure demonstrated a higher baseline best-corrected visual-acuity (BCVA) and smaller iFTMH diameter (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). The mean BCVA improved from 0.4 logMAR (SD ± 0.21) to 0.29 logMAR (SD ± 0.20) after spontaneous closure (p = 0.031). The iFTMH diameter was positively correlated with the time to spontaneous closure (Pearson-r = 0.37, p = 0.0377). Spontaneously closed iFTMHs reopened in 16% (n = 5) of cases, with a median of 136 days after closure. A logistic regression model showed the hole diameter was associated with spontaneous closure (odds-Ratio 0.97, 95%CI [0.96, 0.98]). The Kaplan-Meier-Curve revealed that approximately 25% of small-iFTMH (n = 124) and 55% of iFTMH with a diameter < 150µm (n = 48) closed spontaneously within two months. CONCLUSION The established gold-standard for the treatment of iFTMHs is macular surgery. However, the potential for spontaneous closure of small iFTMHs must be acknowledged. Therefore, if surgical treatment is delayed in individual cases, close observation is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Neubauer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Faik Gelisken
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Taylan Ozturk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Karl-Ulrich Bartz-Schmidt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Spyridon Dimopoulos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
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Komi Y, Katsumoto T, Yoshikawa Y, Shibuya M, Shoji T, Makita J, Shinoda K. Case of Spontaneous Closure and Recurrence of Macular Hole in Vitrectomized Eye. Int Med Case Rep J 2023; 16:641-645. [PMID: 37808920 PMCID: PMC10557958 DOI: 10.2147/imcrj.s429577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale Development and spontaneous closure of a macular hole (MH) in a vitrectomized eye is relatively rare. We report our findings in a case in which vitrectomy was performed successfully to treat a vitreous hemorrhage (VH), but a MH developed eight months later. The MH spontaneously closed 2 weeks later, but then reopened. A second vitrectomy was performed with insertion of the internal limiting membrane flap into the MH which led to the successful closure of the MH. The purpose of this article is to present an explanation of how MH developed in this eye without vitreous traction. Patient A 64-year-old woman visited an eye clinic with vision reduction in her right eye of 3 days duration. A VH was detected in the right eye and pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) was performed. A retinal tear was detected which was the origin of the VH. The vision was restored to a decimal visual acuity of 1.2. Eight months later, the patient noticed that her vision was distorted and was referred to our hospital. Diagnosis Optical coherence tomographic (OCT) images showed a thin epiretinal membrane on the macula, cystoid changes in the macular area, and a full-thickness MH. Interventions The MH closed spontaneously in two weeks, however a lamellar MH with an epiretinal proliferation (EP) developed 11 months later. Two months later, OCT showed cyst-like changes in the retina and a full-thickness MH. A second PPV was performed with the insertion of the ILM flap and EP into the MH to close the MH. Her visual acuity improved, and distorted vision was not present. Lessons Clinicians should be aware that a MH can develop in a vitrectomized eye without vitreous traction but can close spontaneously. We conclude that careful follow-up examinations are necessary even in vitrectomized eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Komi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Katsumoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuji Yoshikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shibuya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takuhei Shoji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Saitama, Japan
- Koedo Eye Institute, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jun Makita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kei Shinoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Saitama, Japan
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Funahashi S, Ito Y, Kataoka K, Takeuchi J, Nakano Y, Fujita A, Horiguchi E, Taki Y, Terasaki H. SPONTANEOUS CLOSURE OF MACULAR HOLE AFTER VITRECTOMY FOR MYOPIC RETINOSCHISIS WITH FOVEAL DETACHMENT. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2023; 17:98-100. [PMID: 33492077 DOI: 10.1097/icb.0000000000001130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To discuss a case of a macular hole formation after vitrectomy for myopic retinoschisis with foveal detachment and spontaneous closure, during long-term follow-up. METHODS Case report. RESULTS A 71-year-old man with myopic retinoschisis with foveal detachment had a vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling combined with cataract surgery in the left eye. The preoperative best-corrected visual acuity was 8/20, and the axial length was 27.11 mm. A macular hole with foveal detachment was observed 1 month after surgery. However, the macular hole closed spontaneously with foveal detachment at 4 months of follow-up. Foveal detachment resolved, and the best-corrected visual acuity improved to 20/20 at nine months of follow-up. CONCLUSION This case suggests that the macular hole formed after vitrectomy for myopic retinoschisis with foveal detachment with internal limiting membrane peeling can close spontaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Funahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Luo RH, Tram NK, Parekh AM, Puri R, Reilly MA, Swindle-Reilly KE. The Roles of Vitreous Biomechanics in Ocular Disease, Biomolecule Transport, and Pharmacokinetics. Curr Eye Res 2023; 48:195-207. [PMID: 35179421 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2033271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The biomechanical properties of the vitreous humor and replication of these properties to develop substitutes for the vitreous humor have rapidly become topics of interest over the last two decades. In particular, the behavior of the vitreous humor as a viscoelastic tissue has been investigated to identify its role in a variety of processes related to biotransport, aging, and age-related pathologies of the vitreoretinal interface. METHODS A thorough search and review of peer-reviewed publications discussing the biomechanical properties of the vitreous humor in both human and animal specimens was conducted. Findings on the effects of biomechanics on vitreoretinal pathologies and vitreous biotransport were analyzed and discussed. RESULTS The pig and rabbit vitreous have been found to be most mechanically similar to the human vitreous. Age-related liquefaction of the vitreous creates two mechanically unique phases, with an overall effect of softening the vitreous. However, the techniques used to acquire this mechanical data are limited by the in vitro testing methods used, and the vitreous humor has been hypothesized to behave differently in vivo due in part to its swelling properties. The impact of liquefaction and subsequent detachment of the vitreous humor from the posterior retinal surface is implicated in a variety of tractional pathologies of the retina and macula. Liquefaction also causes significant changes in the biotransport properties of the eye, allowing for significantly faster movement of molecules compared to the healthy vitreous. Recent developments in computational and ex vivo models of the vitreous humor have helped with understanding its behavior and developing materials capable of replacing it. CONCLUSIONS A better understanding of the biomechanical properties of the vitreous humor and how these relate to its structure will potentially aid in improving clinical metrics for vitreous liquefaction, design of biomimetic vitreous substitutes, and predicting pharmacokinetics for intravitreal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nguyen K Tram
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ankur M Parekh
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Raima Puri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew A Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Katelyn E Swindle-Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To report the outcomes of topical difluprednate 0.05% use in the closure of full-thickness macular holes. PATIENTS AND METHODS Retrospective chart review of 4 patients with full-thickness macular holes who received difluprednate drops 4 times daily for a minimum of 12 weeks. Main outcome measures were macular hole status assessed with optical coherence tomography, visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and complications of treatment. RESULTS All patients had macular hole closure within 12 weeks of difluprednate exposure. Mean time to macular hole closure was 5 weeks (range, 2-12 weeks). Visual acuity improved with macular hole closure. Average baseline visual acuity was 20/42. Average visual acuity after macular hole closure was 20/26 (P = 0.14). Two patients experienced increased intraocular pressure with topical steroid use. CONCLUSION Exposure to difluprednate in this cohort of patients with full-thickness macular holes was associated with reduced macular edema, macular hole closure, and visual improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa C Bonnell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and
| | - Sofia Prenner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and
- NJRetina, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Max S Weinstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and
- NJRetina, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Howard F Fine
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and
- NJRetina, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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Adıyeke SK, Kutlu N, Özen K, Doran MA, Demirbaş K, Ture G, Talay E. Is pseudoexfoliation syndrome associated with vitreoretinal interface abnormalities? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 260:431-437. [PMID: 34406503 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05373-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate vitreoretinal interface abnormalities in patients with pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome. METHODS This case-control study was performed in 136 patients diagnosed with unilateral PEX (PEX group) and 139 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers (Control group). Both the affected and contralateral eyes were evaluated in the PEX group and the right eye was evaluated in the Control group. Vitreoretinal interface abnormalities and posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) were evaluated on optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination. RESULTS The incidences of incomplete and complete PVD were significantly higher in the affected than contralateral eye in the PEX group and in the right eye in the Control group (P = 0.009, P = 0.012 and P = 0.004, P = 0.017, respectively). The rates of 'no PVD' were significantly higher in the contralateral eye in the PEX group and the Control group compared to the affected eye in the PEX group (P = 0.003 and P = 0.001, respectively). The odds ratio for incomplete PVD was 3.1 in PEX eyes compared to the contralateral eye in the PEX group and 3.9 compared to the Control group. The rate of epiretinal membranes (ERMs) in the affected eye was significantly different from the contralateral eye in the PEX and Control groups (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). The odds ratio for ERM in PEX eyes was 3.51 compared to the contralateral eye in the PEX group and 4.23 compared to the Control group. In the presence of incomplete PVD, the odds ratio for ERM development was 3.81 in PEX eyes. CONCLUSIONS We detected high rates of ERMs and incomplete PVD in patients with PEX. It is important to evaluate and follow up PEX cases in terms of vitreoretinal interface abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Karaca Adıyeke
- Tepecik Research and Training Hospital Ophthalmology Department, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Neslisah Kutlu
- Tepecik Research and Training Hospital Ophthalmology Department, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kıvanç Özen
- Tepecik Research and Training Hospital Ophthalmology Department, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Doran
- Tepecik Research and Training Hospital Ophthalmology Department, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kemal Demirbaş
- Tepecik Research and Training Hospital Ophthalmology Department, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gamze Ture
- Tepecik Research and Training Hospital Ophthalmology Department, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ekrem Talay
- Tepecik Research and Training Hospital Ophthalmology Department, Izmir, Turkey
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Ebrahimi Z, Torkashvand A, Zarei M, Faghihi H, Khalili Pour E, Imani Fooldi M, Ebrahimiadib N. Treatment of Inflammatory Macular Hole: Case Series and Review of Literature. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2021; 30:966-972. [PMID: 33826475 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1867871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To present the success rate of nonsurgical management of full-thickness inflammatory macular hole (IMH)Method: Retrospective case series of five patients with IMH.Result: Five eyes from five patients with IMH enrolled in the current case series. All five eyes had successful closure with corticosteroid in the form of topical, periocular, or intravitreal injections. Systemic immunomodulatory treatment was employed for two patients, in addition to local therapy. For local therapy, one patient received topical eye drops, subtenon injection of corticosteroid, and intravitreal injection of combination of corticosteroid and anti-VEGF was performed in two patients. The closed macular hole reopened in one patient after two years, which required pars plana vitrectomy and anatomical and visual success achieved.Conclusion: Inflammatory macular holes can be closed with non-surgical interventions, although reopening may occur which requires surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Ebrahimi
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Torkashvand
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooshang Faghihi
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elias Khalili Pour
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Imani Fooldi
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Ebrahimiadib
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Closure of macular hole secondary to ischemic hemi-central retinal vein occlusion by retinal photocoagulation and topical anti-inflammatory treatment. Lasers Med Sci 2020; 36:469-471. [PMID: 32827075 PMCID: PMC7881958 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-03133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Chino M, Yoshikawa Y, Kanno J, Nagashima T, Sakaki Y, Katsumoto T, Shibuya M, Shoji T, Makita J, Shinoda K. Development and spontaneous closure of a secondary macular hole associated with submacular hemorrhage due to polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: a case report. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:108. [PMID: 32183733 PMCID: PMC7079491 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macular hole (MH) is a retinal break in the fovea involving partial or complete dehiscence of the neural retinal layers affecting the visual quality by decreasing visual acuity (VA) and visual deformation. We describe a case of secondary MH associated with submacular hemorrhage (SMH) due to polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), which showed spontaneous closure. CASE PRESENTATION A 67-year-old man developed decreased VA in his right eye due to an SMH. The VA was 20/50, and monthly intravitreal injection of aflibercept was administered three times. The SMH gradually decreased, and 10 months later the external limiting membrane was found to be perforated, resulting in MH. The old clot disappeared, and the MH remained for 10 months. Twenty-three months later, serous retinal detachment (SRD) involving the macula appeared and the MH had disappeared. SRD gradually disappeared, and macular configuration recovered. VA gradually improved and became 20/20 38 months later. CONCLUSION Dynamic change of the ultrastructure in an unusual case of secondary-developed and spontaneously closed MH was clearly observed. Although the mechanism was unknown, the small diameter size and exudative PCV are thought to have contributed to the closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minami Chino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-Hongo Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Yuji Yoshikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-Hongo Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Junji Kanno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-Hongo Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Nagashima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-Hongo Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan.,Kamishirane Hospital, 2-65-1, Kamishirane, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 241-0002, Japan
| | - Yu Sakaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-Hongo Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Takeshi Katsumoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-Hongo Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shibuya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-Hongo Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Takuhei Shoji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-Hongo Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Jun Makita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-Hongo Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Kei Shinoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-Hongo Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan.
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