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Zhao W, Li M, Song S, Zhi Y, Huan C, Lv G. The role of natural killer T cells in liver transplantation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1274361. [PMID: 38250325 PMCID: PMC10796773 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1274361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T cells (NKTs) are innate-like lymphocytes that are abundant in the liver and participate in liver immunity. NKT cells express both NK cell and T cell markers, modulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Type I and Type II NKT cells are classified according to the TCR usage, while they recognize lipid antigen in a non-classical major histocompatibility (MHC) molecule CD1d-restricted manner. Once activated, NKT cells can quickly produce cytokines and chemokines to negatively or positively regulate the immune responses, depending on the different NKT subsets. In liver transplantation (LTx), the immune reactions in a series of processes determine the recipients' long-term survival, including ischemia-reperfusion injury, alloresponse, and post-transplant infection. This review provides insight into the research on NKT cells subpopulations in LTx immunity during different processes, and discusses the shortcomings of the current research on NKT cells. Additionally, the CD56-expressing T cells are recognized as a NK-like T cell population, they were also discussed during these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mingqian Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shifei Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yao Zhi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chen Huan
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guoyue Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Xu J, Yang N, Xie T, Yang G, Chang L, Yan D, Li T. Summary and comparison of the perforin in teleosts and mammals: A review. Scand J Immunol 2021; 94:e13047. [PMID: 33914954 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Perforin, a pore-forming glycoprotein, has been demonstrated to play key roles in clearing virus-infected cells and tumour cells due to its ability of forming 'pores' on the cell membranes. Additionally, perforin is also found to be associated with human diseases such as tumours, virus infections, immune rejection and some autoimmune diseases. Until now, plenty of perforin genes have been identified in vertebrates, especially the mammals and teleost fish. Conversely, vertebrate homologue of perforin gene was not identified in the invertebrates. Although recently there have been several reviews focusing on perforin and granzymes in mammals, no one highlighted the current advances of perforin in the other vertebrates. Here, in addition to mammalian perforin, the structure, evolution, tissue distribution and function of perforin in bony fish are summarized, respectively, which will allow us to gain more insights into the perforin in lower animals and the evolution of this important pore-forming protein across vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Xu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Ning Yang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Ting Xie
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Linrui Chang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Dongchun Yan
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Ting Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
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Matz M, Lorkowski C, Fabritius K, Wu K, Rudolph B, Frischbutter S, Brakemeier S, Gaedeke J, Neumayer HH, Mashreghi MF, Budde K. The selective biomarker IL-8 identifies IFTA after kidney transplantation in blood cells. Transpl Immunol 2016; 39:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bachelet T, Couzi L, Pitard V, Sicard X, Rigothier C, Lepreux S, Moreau JF, Taupin JL, Merville P, Déchanet-Merville J. Cytomegalovirus-responsive γδ T cells: novel effector cells in antibody-mediated kidney allograft microcirculation lesions. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2471-82. [PMID: 24744438 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013101052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus infection in transplant recipients has been associated with adverse renal allograft outcome and with a large γδ T-cell response, but whether both mechanisms are connected is unknown. We previously showed that most expanded circulating cytomegalovirus-responsive γδ T cells express the Fcγ-receptor CD16, suggesting that γδ T cells may participate in allograft lesions mediated by donor-specific antibodies through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Here, we show that cytomegalovirus-specific CD16(pos) γδ T cells can perform antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against stromal cells coated with donor-specific antibodies in vitro. In vivo, graft-infiltrating γδ T cells localized in close contact with endothelial cells only in patients who experienced cytomegalovirus infection and were more frequent within peritubular capillaries and glomeruli from antibody-mediated acute rejections than within those from T cell-mediated acute rejections. Finally, a persistently increased percentage of circulating cytomegalovirus-induced γδ T cells correlated inversely with the 1-year eGFR only in kidney recipients with donor-specific antibodies. Collectively, these data support the conclusion that cytomegalovirus-induced γδ T cells are involved in, and may serve as a clinical biomarker of, antibody-mediated lesions of kidney transplants. Moreover, these findings offer a new physiopathologic link between cytomegalovirus infection and allograft dysfunction in recipients with donor-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bachelet
- University of Bordeaux, Mixte Research Unit 5164, Bordeaux, France; National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Bordeaux, France; and Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, and Dialysis
| | - Lionel Couzi
- University of Bordeaux, Mixte Research Unit 5164, Bordeaux, France; National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Bordeaux, France; and Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, and Dialysis
| | - Vincent Pitard
- University of Bordeaux, Mixte Research Unit 5164, Bordeaux, France; National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Bordeaux, France; and
| | - Xavier Sicard
- University of Bordeaux, Mixte Research Unit 5164, Bordeaux, France; National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Bordeaux, France; and
| | | | | | - Jean-François Moreau
- University of Bordeaux, Mixte Research Unit 5164, Bordeaux, France; National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Bordeaux, France; and Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Luc Taupin
- University of Bordeaux, Mixte Research Unit 5164, Bordeaux, France; National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Bordeaux, France; and Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Merville
- University of Bordeaux, Mixte Research Unit 5164, Bordeaux, France; National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Bordeaux, France; and Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, and Dialysis
| | - Julie Déchanet-Merville
- University of Bordeaux, Mixte Research Unit 5164, Bordeaux, France; National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Bordeaux, France; and
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Dong GH, Li XF, Li JZ, Zhang ZD, Hu WM, Luo YH, Li ZD, Tian BL, He MX, Zhu XW. Intercellular adhesion molecular-1, Fas, and Fas ligand as diagnostic biomarkers for acute allograft rejection of pancreaticoduodenal transplantation in pigs. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:778-86. [PMID: 24162270 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2904-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early diagnosis of pancreas allograft dysfunction is crucial for the management and long-term survival of transplanted pancreases. We investigated whether intercellular adhesion molecular-1 (ICAM-1), Fas, and Fas ligand (FasL) can be used as novel biomarkers of acute pancreaticoduodenal allograft dysfunction in pigs. METHODS Forty outbred landraces were randomly divided into three groups. In the control group (8 pigs), a sham operation was performed but no drugs were administered. In groups 1 and 2 (8 pairs each), pancreaticoduodenal transplantation was performed, with the latter administered immunosuppressive drugs and the former not administered drugs. The expression of ICAM-1, Fas, and FasL mRNA in the peripheral vein blood was assessed by flow cytometry and RT-PCR, pre-transplant and on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 after transplantation. Simultaneously, the levels of glucose, insulin, and glucagon in the serum of the recipients were evaluated. The allograft pancreas tissue was obtained to assess the pathological damage and the expression of Fas and FasL by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS On the first 7 days after transplantation, ICAM-1, Fas, and FasL mRNA expression in the blood leukocytes of the recipient increased significantly in groups 1 and 2 compared with the control group (P < 0.01). However, the levels in group 2 were significantly lower than those in group 1 (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the FasL expression increased but the Fas expression decreased gradually in the graft pancreas tissue during the first week after transplantation in both groups 1 and 2 compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The levels of serous glucose, insulin, and glucagon in groups 1 and 2 obviously changed on day 1 after transplantation but returned to normal on day 2. The recipient's pancreas pathological sections did not exhibit any rejection changes on days 1 and 3 after transplantation but showed rejection damage on days 5 and 7. CONCLUSION ICAM-1, Fas, and FasL were found to be sensitive biomarkers of acute pancreas allograft dysfunction after pancreaticoduodenal transplantation in pigs, and their monitoring could be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the immunosuppression therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-hong Dong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
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Corrales-Tellez E, Vu D, Shah T, Hutchinson I, Min DI. Association between granzyme B and perforin I polymorphisms and allograft outcomes in Hispanic kidney transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 2013; 27:E308-15. [DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Olson JC, Wiesner RH. Immunomodulating therapy in liver transplantation: principles and practice. Immunotherapy 2013; 4:793-805. [PMID: 22947008 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation has enjoyed dramatic success as a treatment option for patients suffering from chronic end-stage liver diseases. It also serves as a definitive treatment for certain genetic conditions such as familial amyloidosis and primary oxalosis, and as a potential curative therapy in selected cases of primary liver cancer. Currently, over 50,000 patients are alive with functioning liver transplants. Liver transplantation owes its success to advances in surgical technique, improvements in anesthesia and critical care, and advances in treatment of post-transplant complications including improved therapies for cytomegalovirus infections. But perhaps the most important advances in liver transplantation arise in the context of improvements in our understanding of the molecular biology of transplant immunology and the development of new agents that allow for manipulation of immunological signaling pathways. These improvements in immunosuppressive therapy have dramatically increased both graft and patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody C Olson
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Wang T, Lee MH, Choi E, Pardo-Villamizar CA, Lee SB, Yang IH, Calabresi PA, Nath A. Granzyme B-induced neurotoxicity is mediated via activation of PAR-1 receptor and Kv1.3 channel. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43950. [PMID: 22952817 PMCID: PMC3430617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports a critical role of T cells in neurodegeneration associated with acute and subacute brain inflammatory disorders. Granzyme B (GrB), released by activated T cells, is a cytotoxic proteinase which may induce perforin-independent neurotoxicity. Here, we studied the mechanism of perforin-independent GrB toxicity by treating primary cultured human neuronal cells with recombinant GrB. GrBactivated the protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 receptor on the neuronal cell surface leading to decreased intracellular cyclic AMP levels. This was followed by increased expression and translocation of the voltage gated potassium channel, Kv1.3 to the neuronal cell membrane. Similar expression of Kv1.3 was also seen in neurons of the cerebral cortex adjacent to active inflammatory lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis. Kv1.3 expression was followed by activation of Notch-1 resulting in neurotoxicity. Blocking PAR-1, Kv1.3 or Notch-1 activation using specific pharmacological inhibitors or siRNAs prevented GrB-induced neurotoxicity. Furthermore, clofazimine protected against GrB-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampus, in vivo. These observations indicate that GrB released from T cells induced neurotoxicity by interacting with the membrane bound Gi-coupled PAR-1 receptor and subsequently activated Kv1.3 and Notch-1. These pathways provide novel targets to treat T cell-mediated neuroinflammatory disorders. Kv1.3 is of particular interest since it is expressed on the cell surface, only under pathological circumstances, and early in the cascade of events making it an attractive therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongguang Wang
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Myoung-Hwa Lee
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elliot Choi
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Sung Bin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - In Hong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Singapore Institute for Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter A. Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Avindra Nath
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sommaggio R, Cohnen A, Watzl C, Costa C. Multiple receptors trigger human NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against porcine chondrocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2075-83. [PMID: 22287712 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation of genetically engineered porcine chondrocytes may provide a therapeutic solution for the repair of cartilage defects of various types. However, the mechanisms underlying the humoral and cellular responses that lead to rejection of xenogeneic cartilage are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the interaction between human NK cells and isolated porcine costal chondrocytes (PCC). Our data show that freshly isolated NK cells adhere weakly to PCC. Consequently, PCC were highly resistant to cytolysis mediated by freshly isolated NK cells. However, the presence of human natural Abs in the coculture was often sufficient to trigger cytotoxicity against PCC. Furthermore, IL-2 stimulation of NK cells or activation of PCC with the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α or IL-1α resulted in increased adhesion, which was paralleled by increased NK cell-mediated lysis of PCC. NK cell adhesion to PCC could be blocked by Abs against human LFA-1 and porcine VCAM-1. NKG2D and NKp44 were involved in triggering cytotoxicity against PCC, which expressed ligands for these activating NK cell receptors. Our data further suggest that NKp30 and NKp46 may contribute to the activation of NK cells by PCC under certain conditions. Finally, comparative studies confirmed that PCC are more resistant than porcine aortic endothelial cells to human NK cell-mediated lysis. Thus, the data demonstrate that human NK cells can kill pig chondrocytes and may therefore contribute to rejection of xenogeneic cartilage. In addition, we identify potential targets for intervention to prevent the NK cell response against pig xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Sommaggio
- New Therapies of Genes and Transplants Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Spain
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dos Santos DCM, Neves PCC, Azeredo EL, Pelajo-Machado M, Martinho JMSG, Pacheco-Moreira LF, Araújo CCV, Cruz OG, de Oliveira JM, Pinto MA. Activated lymphocytes and high liver expression of IFN-γ are associated with fulminant hepatic failure in patients. Liver Int 2012; 32:147-57. [PMID: 22098464 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS To study immunological mechanisms of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) derived from extensive liver lesions, 14 patients with FHF induced by different aetiologies were investigated by observance of both lymphocyte phenotyping and cytokine levels. METHODS Five patients bearing benign acute hepatitis B (AHB) and seven healthy liver donors (HC) were used as controls. Samples of liver and blood from both FHF patients and HC were obtained during transplantation procedures. Plasma levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1, RANTES and MIP-1α were quantified using a multiplex immunoassay. Cell characterization was carried out by flow cytometry. IFN-γ staining was performed on liver sections using immunofluorescence methods. RESULTS An increase of peripheral frequency of natural killer (NK) cells expressing early activation markers (CD69, HLA-DR and CD38) and adhesion molecule CD44 was observed in FHF patients. Elevated frequency of T lymphocytes CD4(+) and CD8(+) expressing CD38 and adhesion molecules CD29 and CD44 was also observed in FHF. Additionally, an increase of natural killer T cells (NKT) was detected in FHF patients. High plasma cytokine levels were not statistically different between FHF and AHB patients. In comparison to HC, a strong liver expression of IFN-γ was detected in FHF patients. The increased frequency of CD4(+) CD44(+) and IL-8 cytokine was found in patients with poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate the involvement of NK and NKT cells as well as T lymphocytes CD4(+) and CD8(+) in the inflammatory process inducing FHF, confirmed by the high hepatic expression of IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damião C M dos Santos
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Werner JM, Lang C, Scherer MN, Farkas SA, Geissler EK, Schlitt HJ, Hornung M. Distribution of intrahepatic T, NK and CD3(+)CD56(+)NKT cells alters after liver transplantation: Shift from innate to adaptive immunity? Transpl Immunol 2011; 25:27-33. [PMID: 21635950 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver is an immunological organ containing a large number of T, NK and NKT cells, but little is known about intrahepatic immunity after LTx. Here, we investigated whether the distribution of T, NK and CD3(+)CD56(+)NKT cells is altered in transplanted livers under different circumstances. METHODS Core biopsies of transplanted livers were stained with antibodies against CD3 and CD56. Several cell populations including T (CD3(+)CD56(-)), NK (CD3(-)CD56(+)) and NKT cells (CD3(+)CD56(+)) were studied by fluorescence microscopy. Cell numbers were analyzed in relation to the time interval after LTx, immunosuppressive therapy and stage of acute graft rejection (measured with the rejection activity index: RAI) compared to tumor free liver tissue from patients after liver resection due to metastatic disease as control. RESULTS Recruitment of CD3(+)CD56(+)NKT cells revealed a significant decrease during high RAI scores in comparison to low and middle RAI scores (RAI 7-9: 0.03±0.01/HPF vs. RAI 4-6: 0.1±0.005/HPF). CD3(+)CD56(+)NKT cells were also lower during immunosuppressive therapy with tacrolimus (0.03±0.01/HPF) than with cyclosporine (0.1±0.003/HPF), cyclosporine/MMF (0.1±0.003/HPF) or sirolimus (0.1±0.01/HPF) treatment. Intrahepatic T cell numbers increased significantly 50days after LTx compared to control liver tissue (4.5±0.2/HPF vs. 1.9±0.1/HPF). In contrast, NK cells (0.3±0.004/HPF) were significantly fewer in all biopsies after LTx compared to the control (0.7±0.04/HPF). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate significant alterations in the hepatic recruitment of T, NK and CD3(+)CD56(+)NKT cells after LTx. The increase in T cells and the decrease in NK and CD3(+)CD56(+)NKT cells suggest a shift from innate to adaptive hepatic immunity in the liver graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens M Werner
- University Hospital Regensburg, Department of Surgery, Regensburg, Germany
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Weir MR, Bartlett ST, Drachenberg CB. Eosinophilia as an early indicator of pancreatic allograft rejection. Clin Transplant 2011; 26:238-41. [PMID: 21477098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring pancreas transplant recipients for rejection is an inexact science. Serial monitoring of urinary amylase has been used for patients with a bladder-drained pancreas. An increase in serum amylase and lipase has been utilized as an in vivo measure of pancreas rejection in patients with enteric pancreatic exocrine drainage. Decreases in urinary amylase or increases in serum amylase or lipase, respectively, in these two different types of surgical drainage would prompt a pancreas biopsy for histologic confirmation of rejection. Herein, we describe the case of an enteric-drained pancreatic transplant recipient who presented with peripheral eosinophilia at least one month before she developed increases in serum amylase and lipase. A pancreas allograft biopsy indicated eosinophilic acute cellular rejection. Peripheral eosinophilia may be a useful early indicator of pancreas graft rejection preceding changes in serum pancreatic enzymes by approximately one month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Weir
- Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus La205 enhances NK cell cytotoxicity through increased granule exocytosis. Immunol Lett 2011; 136:171-6. [PMID: 21256158 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Heat-killed lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are known to be important immunomodulators that stimulate tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO) production as well as increase phagocytic activity in macrophages. NK cells play a critical role in innate immune response and induce spontaneous killing of tumor cells and virus-infected cells. However, the effect of heat-killed LAB on NK cells is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus La205 (La205) on NK cytolytic activity. We found that heat-killed La205 directly stimulated NK cytolytic activity in dose- and time-dependent manners. To determine the mechanism underlying heat-killed La205-enhanced NK cytotoxicity, the expression of NK activating receptors was tested. Heat-killed La205 did not affect the expression of NK activating receptors. To investigate whether NK degranulation is related to heat-killed La205-enhanced NK cytotoxicity, NK degranulation inhibitor concanamycin A (CMA) was used. CMA effectively blocked heat-killed La205-induced NK cytotoxicity, and an assay for detection of a degranulation marker, CD107a, showed that heat-killed La205 increased granule exocytosis approximately 2-fold in comparison to non-treated NK cells. In addition, heat-killed La205 dramatically elevated mRNA expression of granulysin, a component of the cytolytic granule contents, in NK cells. However, other granule contents, including perforin and granzymes, were not changed by heat-killed La205. From these data, we concluded that heat-killed La205 stimulated NK cytolytic activity through enhancement of granule exocytosis, and granulysin may be a critical mediator in heat-killed La205-induced granule exocytosis.
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Abstract
The control of the differentiation pathways followed by responding CD8(+) T cells to produce protective memory cells has been intensely studied. Recent developments have identified heterogeneity at the effector cytotoxic T-lymphocyte level within which a bona fide memory cell precursor has emerged. The challenge now is to identify the cellular and molecular factors that control this developmental pathway. This review considers aspects of the regulation of the induction of effectors, the transition of effectors to memory cells, and the dynamics of the memory population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Lefrançois
- Department of Immunology, Center for Integrated Immunology and Vaccine Research, UCONN Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 1319, USA.
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Abstract
Cellular apoptosis induced by T cells is mainly mediated by two pathways. One, granule exocytosis utilizes perforin/granzymes. The other involves signaling through death receptors of the TNF-alpha R super-family, especially FasL. Perforin plays a central role in apoptosis induced by granzymes. However, the mechanisms of perforin-mediated cytotoxicity are still not elucidated completely. Perforin is not only a pore-forming protein, but also performs multiple biological functions or perforin performs one biological function (cytolysis), but has multiple biological implications in the cellular immune responses, including regulation of proliferation of CD8+ CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- Department of Neurology, 300 Jefferson Hospital for Neurosciences Building, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. [corrected]
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Sreedhar AS. Hsp70 confines tumor progression of rat histiocytoma and impedes the cytotoxicity induced by natural killer cells and peritoneal macrophages. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(10)60074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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