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Wu N, Li Y, Ma X, Huang Z, Chen Z, Chen W, Zhang R. High incidence of HPV infection in minors with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Diagn Pathol 2024; 19:51. [PMID: 38461286 PMCID: PMC10925008 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-024-01470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma in minors is considered to be a distinct entity from OSCC in older patients, with an uncertain etiology. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection may trigger the initiation and promote the progression of OSCC, but these roles have not been firmly established.We aimed to explore the correlation between HPV infection and the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma in minors and know the characteristics of OSCC in young patients more thoroughly. METHOD From January 2013 to December 2022,6 cases of OSCC aged < 15 years were selected from the Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China. All cases underwent testing for high-risk HPV mRNA infection using the RNA scope technique, and immunohistochemical staining was performed to investigate the expression of p16, pan-cytokeratin (CK), CK5/6, CK7, CK8/18, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), p53, and Ki-67. Furthermore, we reviewed the literature on OSCC in patients aged < 21 years. CONCLUSIONS Minors OSCC is associated with HPV infection, and that p16 can serve as an immunohistochemical marker of HPV positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningxiang Wu
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, China
| | - Yonghui Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokun Ma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Stomatological Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhuoxuan Chen
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, China
| | - Weihua Chen
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Dos Santos ES, Pérez‐de‐Oliveira ME, Normando AGC, Gueiros LAM, Rogatto SR, Vargas PA, Lopes MA, da Silva Guerra EN, Leme AFP, Santos‐Silva AR. Systemic conditions associated with increased risk to develop oral squamous cell carcinoma: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Head Neck 2022; 44:2925-2937. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.27193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luiz Alcino Monteiro Gueiros
- Oral Medicine Unit, Departamento de Clínica e Odontologia Preventiva Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife Brazil
| | - Silvia Regina Rogatto
- Department of Clinical Genetics University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle and Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| | - Pablo Agustin Vargas
- Department of Oral Diagnosis Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas Piracicaba Brazil
| | - Márcio Ajudarte Lopes
- Department of Oral Diagnosis Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas Piracicaba Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Franco Paes Leme
- Brazilian Bioscience National Laboratory Brazil Center of Research in Energy and Materials Campinas Brazil
| | - Alan Roger Santos‐Silva
- Department of Oral Diagnosis Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas Piracicaba Brazil
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Tongue in Young Patients: A Case Series and Literature Review. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 79:1270-1286. [PMID: 33450194 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to describe 3 cases of tongue cancer in patients less than 21 years of age. Secondarily, a literature review was performed to examine disease presentation, risk factors, prognosis, and treatment strategies for young persons with tongue cancer. METHODS The authors presented 3 cases of childhood tongue cancer between 2009 and 2020 at the University of Michigan Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Ann Arbor, MI). An electronic literature review was conducted via PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and MLibrary. RESULTS Including the present case series, 64 studies reporting 108 cases were identified. Age at presentation ranged from newborn to 20 years, with a mean age of 14.5 years. The majority of patients were female (52.2%); 68.1% of patients presented with T1 or T2 disease. Nodal metastases were seen in 56.1% of patients. The most commonly identified predisposing factors included Fanconi anemia (13.9%), bone marrow transplant (9.3%), tobacco use (6.5%), and xeroderma pigmentosum (4.6%). Most patients received surgery alone (37.5%), followed by surgery with adjuvant radiation (33.8%); 60.6% underwent neck dissection. Overall survival was 60.3% at 1 year and 43.6% at 5 years. CONCLUSIONS Oral tongue cancer in the young is a rare disease with poorly understood etiology. There is a need for oncologists and maxillofacial surgeons to collaborate in the study of genetic, social, environmental, and medical risk factors contributing to the disease. All patients should undergo high-throughput genetic sequencing to expand our understanding of the disease process and allow for targeted treatment strategies.
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Touil D, Bouhouch R, Chebil RB, Oualha L, Douki N. Gingival Bleeding in a Child with Fanconi Anemia: A Case Report and Literature Review. Case Rep Dent 2020; 2020:3161053. [PMID: 32231808 PMCID: PMC7085353 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3161053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by multiple congenital abnormalities, bone marrow failure, and higher susceptibility to malignancies, especially to head and neck carcinomas. Only few reports about the oral manifestations of FA are available. The main reported oral conditions associated with FA are microdontia and advanced periodontitis. The aim of this paper was to report a case of a 10-year-old patient with FA presenting severe spontaneous gingival bleeding, as well as to discuss the role of the dentist in the management and treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsaf Touil
- University of Monastir, Dental Faculty of Monastir, Research Laboratory LR12ES11, Tunisia
| | - Rahma Bouhouch
- University of Monastir, Dental Faculty of Monastir, Research Laboratory LR12ES11, Tunisia
| | - Raoua Belkacem Chebil
- University of Monastir, Dental Faculty of Monastir, Research Laboratory LR12ES11, Tunisia
| | - Lamia Oualha
- University of Monastir, Dental Faculty of Monastir, Research Laboratory LR12ES11, Tunisia
| | - Nabiha Douki
- University of Monastir, Dental Faculty of Monastir, Research Laboratory LR12ES11, Tunisia
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Bhanuprasad V, Mallick S, Bhasker S, Mohanti BK. Pediatric head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Report of 12 cases and illustrated review of literature. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 79:1279-82. [PMID: 26072014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Head and neck carcinoma is a very rare entity in pediatric age group. We here present the demography, treatment and outcome of 12 pediatric patients. METHODOLOGY We retrieved the treatment charts of pediatric patients with a diagnosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (PHNSCC). We also retrieved the published literature of pediatric HNSCC to present the treatment modalities being delivered across institutes. RESULTS We found 12 patients registered with a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. Median age of the entire cohort was 17 years (Range: 8-20). Gender predilection was skewed in favor of male (male:female ratio-11:1). Oral tongue 3(25%) was the commonest sub site followed by soft palate 2(17%) gingiva 2 (17%), supra glottis larynx 2(17%) and one each of hard palate, buccal mucosa, floor of mouth (8.25% each). The most commonly employed modality of treatment was surgery in 6(50%). Radiation was used in seven cases: 7(Adjuvant-4, Radical-3). Two patients received radical chemo-radiation. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy was used in two cases. Median follow up duration was 2 years (Range: 6 months to 8 years). One patient recurred 6 months post completion of radical chemo-radiation. The patient with recurrent disease had soft palate primary and had isolated local recurrence. The patient was salvaged with surgery and was disease free at the last follow up. At the last follow up all patients were surviving without disease. CONCLUSION The treatment and survival are not much different in pediatric patients compared to adult counterpart. However, in the absence of molecular profiling it is difficult to assess the cause of development of SCC in pediatric patients. A detailed study of underlying molecular pathway will further guide the future treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bhanuprasad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Supriya Mallick
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India.
| | - Suman Bhasker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Bidhu Kalyan Mohanti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
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Schneider M, Chandler K, Tischkowitz M, Meyer S. Fanconi anaemia: genetics, molecular biology, and cancer - implications for clinical management in children and adults. Clin Genet 2014; 88:13-24. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Schneider
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester UK
| | - K. Chandler
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester UK
- Department of Genetic Medicine; University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital; Manchester UK
| | - M. Tischkowitz
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital; Cambridge UK
| | - S. Meyer
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester UK
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology; Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Manchester UK
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology; Young Oncology Unit, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust; Manchester UK
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D'AGULHAM ACD, CHAIBEN CL, LIMA AASD, TORRES-PEREIRA CC, MACHADO MÂN. Fanconi Anemia: main oral manifestations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-8637201400030000082275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi Anemia is a recessive and rare genetic disorder, characterized by chromosomal instability that induces congenital alterations in individuals. Aplastic anemia due to the progressive failure of the bone marrow, malignant neoplasias such as acute myeloid leukemia, liver tumors and squamous cell carcinoma are some of the possible evolutions of Fanconi Anemia. Some of these diseases develop mainly after bone marrow transplantation. The aim of this critical review of the literature was to discourse about the main oral manifestations and their involvement in the health of individuals who are ill with Fanconi Anemia. The clinical oral findings described in the literature include periodontal changes, such as gingivitis and aggressive periodontitis, recurrent aphthous ulcers and traumatic lesions. Papillary atrophy, macroglossia, melanic pigmentation and squamous cell carcinoma are the most common oral manifestations on the tongue. An increased risk for the development of malignant neoplasias in individuals with Fanconi Anemia has been reported, and this is progressive after bone marrow transplantation. In radiographs, dental anomalies such as the presence of supernumerary teeth, tooth agenesis, tooth rotation and transposition of teeth are observed. Salivary flow and some salivary components are also altered. Due to the increased susceptibility to the development of cancer in this specific population, it is important for the dentist to know the common oral manifestations and potentially cancerous lesions, in order to make an early diagnosis in individuals with Fanconi Anemia.
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Oral squamous cell carcinoma in patients twenty years of age or younger – Review and analysis of 186 reported cases. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:84-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Scheckenbach K, Wagenmann M, Freund M, Schipper J, Hanenberg H. Squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck in Fanconi anemia: risk, prevention, therapy, and the need for guidelines. KLINISCHE PADIATRIE 2012; 224:132-8. [PMID: 22504776 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1308989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare recessive DNA repair disorder that is clinically characterized by congenital malformations, progressive bone marrow failure, and increased incidence of malignancies, especially acute myeloid leukemia and squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCCs) and the anogenital regions. On a cellular level, typical features of the disorder are a high degree of genomic instability and an increased sensitivity to bi-functionally alkylating agents. So far, germ-line defects in 15 different FA genes have been identified. Some of these FA genes are also established as tumor susceptibility genes for familiar cancers.In recent years, the prevention and therapy of HNSCCs in FA patients has become more important as the percentage of patients surviving into adulthood is rising. HNSCCs appear in very young FA patients without common risk factors. Since cisplatin-based chemotherapy in combination with radiotherapy, essential parts of the standard treatment approach for sporadic HNSCCs, cannot be used in FA patients due to therapy-associated toxicities and mortalities even with reduced dosing, surgery is the most important treatment option for HNSCCs, in FA patients and requires an early and efficient detection of malignant lesions. So far, no uniform treatment protocol for the management of HNSCCs in FA patients exists. Therefore, we propose that the information on affected FA patients should be collected worldwide, practical therapeutic guidelines developed and national treatment centers established.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Scheckenbach
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Mani N, Homer J. Re: Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in patients younger than 30 years. Clin Otolaryngol 2011; 36:90. [PMID: 21414166 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4486.2010.02238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Oral cancer in patients after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: long-term follow-up suggests an increased risk for recurrence. Transplantation 2011; 90:1243-4. [PMID: 21119507 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181f9caaa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Morris LGT, Patel SG, Shah JP, Ganly I. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in the pediatric age group: a matched-pair analysis of survival. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 136:697-701. [PMID: 20644066 DOI: 10.1001/archoto.2010.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare outcomes of a pediatric cohort of patients compared with a matched cohort of adult patients, all diagnosed as having squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral tongue. Outcomes of oral cancer in pediatric patients have not been studied, to our knowledge. DESIGN Retrospective matched-pair cohort study. SETTING Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. PATIENTS A total of 10 pediatric and 40 adult patients diagnosed as having SCC of the oral tongue. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS). RESULTS The 5-year OS was equivalent in the 2 groups: 70% in the pediatric group and 64% in the adult group (P = .97). The 5-year DSS was also equivalent: 80% in the pediatric group and 76% in the adult group (P = .90). The 5-year RFS was 70% in the pediatric group and 78% in the adult group (P = .54). CONCLUSIONS When pediatric and adult patients were matched for sex, tobacco use history, TNM status, surgical procedure, and adjuvant radiotherapy, outcomes for OS, DSS, and RFS were equivalent. Pediatric patients with SCC of the oral tongue should be treated similarly to adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc G T Morris
- Head and Neck Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Abstract
Geneticists estimate that 5% to 10% of all cancers diagnosed in the pediatric age range occur in children born with a genetic mutation that directly increases their lifetime risk for neoplasia. However, despite the fact that only a fraction of cancers in children occur as a result of an identified inherited predisposition, characterizing genetic mutations responsible for increased cancer risk in such syndromes has resulted in a profound understanding of relevant molecular pathways involved in carcinogenesis and/or resistance to neoplasia. Importantly, because most cancer predisposition syndromes result in an increased risk of a small number of defined malignancies, personalized prophylactic surveillance and preventive measures can be implemented in affected patients. Lastly, many of the same genetic targets identified from cancer-prone families are mechanistically involved in the majority of sporadic cancers in adults and children, thereby underscoring the clinical relevance of knowledge gained from these defined syndromes and introducing novel therapeutic opportunities to the broader oncologic community. This review highlights the clinical and genetic features of many of the known constitutional genetic syndromes that predispose to malignancy in children and young adults.
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Morris LGT, Ganly I. Outcomes of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma in pediatric patients. Oral Oncol 2010; 46:292-6. [PMID: 20188621 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) is uncommon in young patients and rare in the pediatric population. OCSCC is believed to behave aggressively in this age group, but the existing literature is limited to case reports. The objective of this study was to compare survival outcomes in pediatric and adult patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. We performed a population-based study of 54 pediatric (age < or = 20) and 22,162 adult cases of OCSCC, recorded in the SEER cancer registry. Overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox multivariable regression was used to control for covariates including gender, stage, histologic grade and treatment modality. Pediatric patients with OCSCC experienced significantly better 5 year DSS than adult patients (75.3% vs. 63.5%, p=0.02). Pediatric patients were also more likely to be female (37.0% vs. 31.7%, p=0.04) and to receive surgery (87.0% vs. 68.6%, p<0.001). When these factors, as well as non-significant differences in rates of metastases and histologic grade were controlled for on multivariable analysis, the pediatric and adult groups experienced equivalent DSS (p=0.64). Pediatric patients with OCSCC experience better survival than adult patients. When differences in patient, tumor and treatment-related characteristics are adjusted for, the two groups experience equivalent survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc G T Morris
- Head and Neck Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Sidell D, Nabili V, Lai C, Cheung G, Kirsch C, Abemayor E. Pediatric squamous cell carcinoma: Case report and literature review. Laryngoscope 2009; 119:1538-41. [PMID: 19522006 DOI: 10.1002/lary.20531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Describe a rare pediatric malignancy. Discuss the clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic differences between squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the adult and pediatric population. STUDY DESIGN Case report including a detailed radiological and histopathologic analysis and review of the literature. METHODS A case report is described from a tertiary care university hospital. Histopathologic assessment and radiological details are reviewed. A literature review of the background, incidence, disease course, and treatment options are presented. RESULTS This case report presents a 6-year-old male with a 2-month history of an enlarging oral lesion. The patient denied dysphagia, pain, weight loss, bleeding, or loosening of the teeth. Biopsy demonstrated invasive, well-differentiated, exophytic squamous cell carcinoma with perineural and angiolymphatic invasion. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a 2.7 x 3.0 cm poorly marginated infiltrative mass involving the gingival aspect of the superior alveolar ridge and the adjacent bony marrow, primarily to the right of midline. Multiple small subcentimeter lymph nodes were also identified in the bilateral level II to V posterior cervical triangles bilaterally. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric SCC of the oral cavity is indeed a rare entity; however, its presence in the pediatric population should not be ignored. This case report describes the occurrence of SCC in the oral cavity of a 6-year-old male patient, the youngest case ever reported, and is a reminder that a multidisciplinary approach tailored to pediatric individuals is essential to obtain clear diagnoses and appropriate treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Sidell
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, USA.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Hematology and oncology. Curr Opin Pediatr 2008; 20:107-13. [PMID: 18197049 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e3282f572b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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