Hospital-Acquired Venous Thromboembolism and Invasive Mechanical Ventilation: A Report From the Children's Hospital Acquired Thrombosis Consortium

Deep vein thrombosis in severe community-acquired pneumonia patients undergoing thromboprophylaxis: Prevalence, risk factors, and outcome

BACKGROUND

Even with adherence to thromboprophylaxis recommended by guidelines, the incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) remains high among patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP). There is an urgent need to identify the risk factors for DVT in these patients to optimize preventive strategies.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

We retrospectively enrolled 309 adults with SCAP admitted to Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital between 1 January 2015 and 30 June 2023. All patients received guideline-recommended thromboprophylaxis and lower extremity venous compression ultrasound scanning. Clinical characteristics, including demographic information, clinical history, vital signs, laboratory findings, treatments, complications, and outcomes, were analyzed for patients with and without DVT in these two cohorts.

RESULTS

Of the 309 patients, 110 (35.6%) developed 1ower extremity DVT. There was no significant difference in the incidence of DVT among the different prophylactic measures (P = 0.393). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed an association between a history of VTE (OR, 13.388, 95% CI: 2.179 ~ 82.257; P = 0.005), bedridden time > 3 days (OR, 17.672, 95% CI: 5.686 ~ 54.929; P < 0.001), D-dimer levels ≥ 1.0 µg/mL (OR, 2.109, 95% CI: 1.018 ~ 4.372; P = 0.045), LDH levels ≥ 400 U/L (OR, 2.548, 95% CI: 1.308 ~ 4.965; P = 0.006), IMV (OR, 2.479, 95% CI: 1.233 ~ 4.986; P = 0.011) and the occurrence of DVT. A new prediction model, including history of VTE, bedridden time, D-dimer levels, LDH levels and IMV, showed a better performance in predicting DVT (AUC = 0.856; 95% CI: 0.766 ~ 0.921; sensitivity: 80.6%; specificity: 81.4%) than Padua prediction score (AUC = 0.666) and Caprini prediction score (AUC = 0.688) for patients with SCAP. The 30-day mortality and in-hospital mortality in the DVT group were significantly higher than those in the non-DVT group.

CONCLUSIONS

Even received guideline-recommended thromboprophylaxis, the prevalence of DVT among patients with SCAP remains unexpectedly high which is also associated with a poor prognosis. It is necessary to identify people at high risk of DVT early and refine the preventive strategies accordingly to improve patient outcomes.

Mechanical Thromboprophylaxis and Hospital-Acquired Venous Thromboembolism Among Critically Ill Adolescents: A U.S. Pediatric Health Information Systems Registry Study, 2016-2023

OBJECTIVES

To estimate the rate of mechanical thromboprophylaxis (mTP) prescription among critically ill adolescents using a multicenter administrative database and determine whether mTP prescription is inversely associated with hospital-acquired venous thromboembolism.

DESIGN

Multicenter, observational, retrospective study of the Pediatric Health Information Systems (PHIS) Registry cohort, January 2016 to December 2023.

SETTING

Thirty PICUs located within quaternary pediatric referral centers in the United States.

PATIENTS

Critically ill children 12-17 years old, excluding encounters with a principal diagnosis at admission of venous thromboembolism.

INTERVENTIONS

mTP prescription within the first 24 hours of hospitalization.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

A total of 107,804 children met the study criteria, of which 21,124 (19.6%) were prescribed mTP. Hospital center prescribing rates ranged from 1.4% to 65.4% and decreased by 1.6% per year from 28.2% in 2016 to 17.1% in 2023. As compared with those without mTP, those with mTP more frequently had a concurrent central venous catheter (17.2% vs. 9.4%, p < 0.001), underwent invasive mechanical ventilation (37.4% vs. 24.8%, p < 0.001), were admitted for a primary surgical indication (30.9% vs. 12.7%, p < 0.001), and experienced a longer median duration of hospitalization (7 [interquartile range (IQR): 4-15] vs. 4 [IQR: 2-9] d, p < 0.001). Hospital-acquired venous thromboembolism occurred in 2.7% of the study sample and was more common among those with, as compared with without, prescription of mTP (4% vs. 2.4%, p < 0.001). In multivariable logistic regression models for hospital-acquired venous thromboembolism adjusting for salient prothrombotic risk factors, we failed to identify an association between mTP and greater odds of hospital-acquired venous thromboembolism (HA-VTE) among low-, moderate-, and high-risk tiers. However, we cannot exclude the possibility of 17-50% greater odds of HA-VTE in this population.

CONCLUSIONS

In the multicenter PHIS cohort, 2016-2023, the prescribing patterns for mTP among critically ill adolescents showed a low rate of mTP prescription (19.6%) that varied widely across institutions, decreased annually over the study period by 1.6%/year, and was not independently associated with HA-VTE risk reduction.

Invasive Mechanical Ventilation and Risk of Hospital-Acquired Venous Thromboembolism

BACKGROUND

This study sought to estimate the overall cumulative incidence and odds of Hospital-acquired venous thromboembolism (VTE) among critically ill children with and without exposure to invasive ventilation. In doing so, we also aimed to describe the temporal relationship between invasive ventilation and hospital-acquired VTE development.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective cohort study using Virtual Pediatric Systems (VPS) data from 142 North American pediatric ICUs among children < 18 y of age from January 1, 2016-December 31, 2022. After exclusion criteria were applied, cohorts were identified by presence of invasive ventilation exposure. The primary outcome was cumulative incidence of hospital-acquired VTE, defined as limb/neck deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine whether invasive ventilation was an independent risk factor for hospital-acquired VTE development.

RESULTS

Of 691,118 children studied, 86,922 (12.4%) underwent invasive ventilation. The cumulative incidence of hospital-acquired VTE for those who received invasive ventilation was 1.9% and 0.12% for those who did not (P < .001). The median time to hospital-acquired VTE after endotracheal intubation was 6 (interquartile range 3-14) d. In multivariate models, invasive ventilation exposure and duration were each independently associated with development of hospital-acquired VTE (adjusted odds ratio 1.64 [95% CI 1.42-1.86], P < .001; and adjusted odds ratio 1.03 [95% CI 1.02-1.03], P < .001, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

In this multi-center retrospective review from the VPS registry, invasive ventilation exposure and duration were independent risk factors for hospital-acquired VTE among critically ill children. Children undergoing invasive ventilation represent an important target population for risk-stratified thromboprophylaxis trials.

Proportion and risk factors for hospital-acquired venous thromboembolism in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from 20 million individuals in 22 countries

Background

Hospital-acquired venous thromboembolism (HA-VTE) in children has been widely regarded.

Objectives

We aimed to analyze the proportion and risk factors for HA-VTE in hospitalized children.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive systematic search across 4 databases from 1990 to 2023. Cochran Q test was used to evaluate the heterogeneity of the effect sizes of study, and I2 statistic was used to quantify the heterogeneity. Pooled estimates were calculated by the inverse-variance weighted method in a fixed-effect model or a random-effect model when heterogeneity was low (I2 < 25%) or high (I2 > 25%), respectively.

Results

In total, 105 original papers and 20,718,294 patients were included in the study, and the proportion of HA-VTE in children was 4.1% (95% CI, 2.9%-5.2%). Although the proportion of venous thromboembolism increased over the various research periods, the differences were not statistically significant. In the subgroup analysis based on country, the proportion of pediatric HA-VTE was lowest in the United Kingdom and highest in Spain, whereas when based on region, the proportion was lowest in Asia and highest in North America. Multiple HA-VTE risk factors were identified, including central venous catheter use, age of >10 years, surgery, injury, infection, obesity, mechanical ventilation, blood transfusion, malignancy, coagulation and hemorrhagic disorders, and length of hospital stay.

Conclusion

In this study, we systematically analyzed the proportion and risk factors of HA-VTE in hospitalized children. Our findings provide valuable insights for the prevention and treatment of HA-VTE in pediatric patients.

Risk factors for venous thromboembolism in a single pediatric intensive care unit in China

BACKGROUND

Analyses of extensive, nationally representative databases indicate a rising prevalence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) among critically ill children. However, the majority of studies on childhood VTE have primarily concentrated on Caucasian populations in the United States and European countries. There is a lack of epidemiological studies on VTE in Chinese children.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of data from the Pediatric Intensive Care (PIC) database. Data were obtained and extracted by using Structured Query Language (SQL) and the administrative platform pgAdmin4 for PostgreSQL. Bivariate analyses were conducted in which categorical variables were analyzed by a chi-square test and continuous variables were analyzed by a Student's t-test. Separate multivariable logistic regressions were employed to investigate the associations between VTE and sociodemographic factors as well as clinical factors.

RESULTS

Our study included 12,881 pediatric patients from the PIC database, spanning the years 2010 to 2018. The incidence rate of pediatric VTE was 0.19% (24/12,881). The venous thrombotic locations were deep venous thrombosis extremities (n = 18), superior vena cava (n = 1), cerebral sinovenous (n = 1), and other deep venous thrombosis (n = 4). Univariate analysis showed that age, weight, shock, sepsis, cancer and vasopressor receipt were statistically significant risk factors for pediatric VTE (all p ≤ 0.05). After multivariable logistic regression analysis, only shock (aOR: 6.77, 95%CI: 1.33-34.73, p = 0.019) and admission for sepsis (aOR: 6.09, 95%CI: 1.76-21.09, p = 0.004) were statistically significant associated with pediatric VTE.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, data obtained from the Pediatric Intensive Care (PIC) database revealed a prevalence of VTE in pediatric patients of 0.19%. The most common location for venous thrombi was deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the extremities. We identified that shock and sepsis were statistically significant factors associated with pediatric VTE.