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Baroncelli S, Tamburrini E, Ravizza M, Pinnetti C, Dalzero S, Scatà M, Crepaldi A, Liuzzi G, Molinari A, Vimercati A, Maccabruni A, Francisci D, Rubino E, Floridia, for The Italian Group on M. Pregnancy outcomes in women with advanced HIV infection in Italy. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2011; 25:639-45. [PMID: 21942814 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2011.0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy has been associated with a low risk of HIV disease progression. Most pregnancies with HIV currently involve women who have not experienced AIDS-defining events, and are clinically classified as Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) groups A or B. We evaluated the main maternal outcomes among pregnant women with more advanced HIV disease, defined by CDC-C disease stage. Data from the Italian National Program on Surveillance on Antiretroviral Treatment in Pregnancy were used. A total of 566 HIV-infected mothers, 515 in stage A or B (CDC-AB group) and 51 in stage C (CDC-C group) were evaluated. The two groups had similar baseline characteristics. No differences were found in the main maternal and neonatal outcomes. Most of the women achieved viral suppression at end of pregnancy (>1000 copies per milliliter: CDC-C: 17.2%; CDC-AB: 13.7%). One year after delivery, HIV replication (HIV-RNA >1000 copies per milliliter) was present in 11.5% of CDC-AB women and 30.0% CDC-C women. Despite lower initial CD4 counts (300 versus 481 cells per microliter), CDC-C women maintained stable CD4 levels during pregnancy, and 1 year after delivery, a significant increase in CD4 count from preconception values was observed in both groups (CDC-C: +72 cells per microliter, p=0.031; CDC-AB: +43 cells per microliter, p<0.001). Only one AIDS event occurred in a woman with a previous diagnosis of AIDS. In CDC-C women, pregnancy is not associated with an increased rate of adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes, and a good immunovirologic response can be expected. During postpartum care, women with more advanced HIV infection should receive particular care to prevent loss of virologic suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Baroncelli
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marina Ravizza
- S. Paolo Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Ginaecology, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmela Pinnetti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Dalzero
- S. Paolo Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Ginaecology, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Scatà
- University of Turin, Department of Obstetrics and Ginaecology, and A.O. OIRM S. Anna, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Crepaldi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Milan and Ospedale Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Atim Molinari
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliera di Parma, Italy
| | - Antonella Vimercati
- University of Bari, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Policlinic Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Maccabruni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS “S. Matteo”, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Francisci
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Elena Rubino
- University of Palermo, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Clinic, Palermo, Italy
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Melo VH, Pinto JA, Freimanis-Hance L, Gutierrez C, Peixoto M, Santos B, Machado DM, Joao EC, Robergeau K, Read JS. Postpartum changes in plasma viral load and CD4 percentage among HIV-infected women from Latin American and Caribbean countries: the NISDI Perinatal Study. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 106:97-104. [PMID: 21340363 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate changes in plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA concentration [viral load (VL)] and CD4+ percentage (CD4%) during 6-12 weeks postpartum (PP) among HIV-infected women and to assess differences according to the reason for receipt of antiretrovirals (ARVs) during pregnancy [prophylaxis (PR) vs. treatment (TR)]. Data from a prospective cohort of HIV-infected pregnant women (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development International Site Development Initiative Perinatal Study) were analyzed. Women experiencing their first pregnancy who received ARVs for PR (started during pregnancy, stopped PP) or for TR (initiated prior to pregnancy and/or continued PP) were included and were followed PP. Increases in plasma VL (> 0.5 log10) and decreases in CD4% (> 20% relative decrease in CD4%) between hospital discharge (HD) and PP were assessed. Of the 1,229 women enrolled, 1,119 met the inclusion criteria (PR: 601; TR: 518). At enrollment, 87% were asymptomatic. The median CD4% values were: HD [34% (PR); 25% (TR)] and PP [29% (PR); 24% (TR)]. The VL increases were 60% (PR) and 19% (TR) (p < 0.0001). The CD4% decreases were 36% (PR) and 18% (TR) (p < 0.0001). Women receiving PR were more likely to exhibit an increase in VL [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 7.7 (95% CI: 5.5-10.9) and a CD4% decrease (AOR 2.3; 95% CI: 1.6-3.2). Women receiving PR are more likely to have VL increases and CD4% decreases compared to those receiving TR. The clinical implications of these VL and CD4% changes remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor H Melo
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil, 30130-100.
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Watts DH, Lu M, Thompson B, Tuomala RE, Meyer WA, Mendez H, Rich K, Hanson C, LaRussa P, Diaz C, Mofenson LM. Treatment interruption after pregnancy: effects on disease progression and laboratory findings. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2009; 2009:456717. [PMID: 19893751 PMCID: PMC2772023 DOI: 10.1155/2009/456717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess clinical progression and inflammatory markers among women stopping or continuing antiretroviral therapy (ART) after pregnancy. METHODS ART-naïve women with CD4+ lymphocyte counts >350 cells/uL initiating ART during pregnancy had clinical events and laboratory markers compared over one year postpartum between those stopping (n = 59) or continuing (n = 147) ART. RESULTS Slopes in CD4 count and HIV RNA did not differ between groups overall and in subsets of ZDV or combination therapy. The hazard ratio (HR) of a new class B event was 2.09 (95% CI 0.79-5.58) among women stopping ART, 1.24 (0.31-4.95) in those stopping ZDV, and 2.93 (0.64-13.36) among those stopping combination therapy. Women stopping ART had increased immune activation. No significant differences were seen in C-reactive protein, lipids, leptin, or interleukin-6. CONCLUSIONS While changes in CD4 and HIV RNA levels over one year were similar between women stopping or continuing ART postpartum, higher immune activation among women stopping therapy requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Watts
- Pediatric, Adolescent and Maternal AIDS Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Önen NF, Nurutdinova D, Sungkanuparph S, Gase D, Mondy K, Overton ET. Effect of Postpartum HIV Treatment Discontinuation on Long-Term Maternal Outcome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 7:245-51. [DOI: 10.1177/1545109708325466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Long-term maternal outcomes after postpartum antiretroviral therapy (ART) discontinuation are unknown. Methods. Retrospective review of pregnancies in HIV-infected women on treatment between 1997 and 2005. Women were grouped by postpartum ART use and followed until new opportunistic infection (OI), death or last clinic visit. Results. Of 172 pregnancies, postpartum ART discontinuation occurred in 123 (71.5%) women and was associated with greater parity, no partner during pregnancy, and no indication for OI prophylaxis or preconception ART in multivariate analysis (P < .05). Median follow-up was 32.5 months after delivery. There were 12 OIs and 2 deaths; 10 OIs and both deaths occurred in women who had discontinued ART. Conclusion. Postpartum ART discontinuation is common, especially among those with less advanced HIV disease, but may leave women at increased risk of long term adverse outcomes. This study highlights the need for larger longitudinal studies to determine appropriate recommendations for postpartum ART administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur F. Önen
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri,
| | | | | | - Debra Gase
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kristin Mondy
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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