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Mohammed MA. Fighting cytokine storm and immunomodulatory deficiency: By using natural products therapy up to now. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1111329. [PMID: 37124230 PMCID: PMC10134036 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1111329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus strain (COVID-19) caused severe illness and mortality worldwide from 31 December 2019 to 21 March 2023. As of this writing, 761,071,826 million cases have been diagnosed worldwide, with 6,879,677 million deaths accorded by WHO organization and has spread to 228 countries. The number of deaths is closely connected to the growth of innate immune cells in the lungs, mainly macrophages, which generate inflammatory cytokines (especially IL-6 and IL-1β) that induce "cytokine storm syndrome" (CSS), multi-organ failure, and death. We focus on promising natural products and their biologically active chemical constituents as potential phytopharmaceuticals that target virus-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines. Successful therapy for this condition is currently rare, and the introduction of an effective vaccine might take months. Blocking viral entrance and replication and regulating humoral and cellular immunity in the uninfected population are the most often employed treatment approaches for viral infections. Unfortunately, no presently FDA-approved medicine can prevent or reduce SARS-CoV-2 access and reproduction. Until now, the most important element in disease severity has been the host's immune response activation or suppression. Several medicines have been adapted for COVID-19 patients, including arbidol, favipiravir, ribavirin, lopinavir, ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, dexamethasone, and anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical drugs, such as tocilizumab, glucocorticoids, anakinra (IL-1β cytokine inhibition), and siltuximab (IL-6 cytokine inhibition). However, these synthetic medications and therapies have several side effects, including heart failure, permanent retinal damage in the case of hydroxyl-chloroquine, and liver destruction in the case of remdesivir. This review summarizes four strategies for fighting cytokine storms and immunomodulatory deficiency induced by COVID-19 using natural product therapy as a potential therapeutic measure to control cytokine storms.
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Zhang X, Su C, Zhao S, Li J, Yu F. Combination therapy of Ulinastatin with Thrombomodulin alleviates endotoxin (LPS) - induced liver and kidney injury via inhibiting apoptosis, oxidative stress and HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Bioengineered 2022; 13:2951-2970. [PMID: 35148668 PMCID: PMC8973693 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2024686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a type of systemic inflammation response syndrome that leads to organ function disorders. Currently, there is no specific medicine for sepsis in clinical practice. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an important endotoxin that causes sepsis. Here, we report an effective two-drug combination therapy to treat LPS-induced liver and kidney injury in endotoxic rats. Ulinastatin (UTI) and Thrombomodulin (TM) are biological macromolecules extracted from urine. In our study, combination therapy significantly improved LPS-induced liver and kidney pathological structure and functional injury, and significantly improved the survival rate of endotoxic rats. Results of TUNEL staining and Western blot showed that UTI combined with TM inhibited the excessive apoptosis of liver and kidney cells caused by LPS. The drug combination also promoted the proliferation of liver and kidney cells, reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor or necrosis factor (TNF)-α and nitric oxide, and down-regulated the expression of High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1), Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and Nuclear Factor (NF)-κB phosphorylation to inhibit inflammation. In addition, the combination of UTI and TM also promoted the production of a variety of antioxidant enzymes in the tissues and inhibited the production of lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde (MDA) to enhance antioxidant defenses. Our experiments also proved that UTI combined with TM did not reduce the anticoagulant effect of TM. These results suggested that UTI combined with TM can improve endotoxin-induced liver and kidney damage and mortality by inhibiting liver and kidney cell apoptosis, promoting proliferation, and inhibiting inflammation and oxidative injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangning, PR China
| | - Chenlin Su
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangning, PR China
| | - Shuxin Zhao
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangning, PR China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangning, PR China
| | - Feng Yu
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangning, PR China
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Hydromorphone Protects against CO 2 Pneumoperitoneum-Induced Lung Injury via Heme Oxygenase-1-Regulated Mitochondrial Dynamics. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9034376. [PMID: 33927798 PMCID: PMC8053056 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9034376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Various pharmacological agents and protective methods have been shown to reverse pneumoperitoneum-related lung injury, but identifying the best strategy is challenging. Herein, we employed lung tissues and blood samples from C57BL/6 mice with pneumoperitoneum-induced lung injury and blood samples from patients who received laparoscopic gynecological surgery to investigate the therapeutic role of hydromorphone in pneumoperitoneum-induced lung injury along with the underlying mechanism. We found that pretreatment with hydromorphone alleviated lung injury in mice that underwent CO2 insufflation, decreased the levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI), and increased total antioxidant status (TAS). In addition, after pretreatment with hydromorphone, upregulated HO-1 protein expression, reduced mitochondrial DNA content, and improved mitochondrial morphology and dynamics were observed in mice subjected to pneumoperitoneum. Immunohistochemical staining also verified that hydromorphone could increase the expression of HO-1 in lung tissues in mice subjected to CO2 pneumoperitoneum. Notably, in mice treated with HO-1-siRNA, the protective effects of hydromorphone against pneumoperitoneum-induced lung injury were abolished, and hydromorphone did not have additional protective effects on mitochondria. Additionally, in clinical patients who received laparoscopic gynecological surgery, pretreatment with hydromorphone resulted in lower serum levels of club cell secretory protein-16 (CC-16) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a lower prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB), and higher heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) activity than morphine pretreatment. Collectively, our results suggest that hydromorphone protects against CO2 pneumoperitoneum-induced lung injury via HO-1-regulated mitochondrial dynamics and may be a promising strategy to treat CO2 pneumoperitoneum-induced lung injury.
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Peter AE, Sandeep BV, Rao BG, Kalpana VL. Calming the Storm: Natural Immunosuppressants as Adjuvants to Target the Cytokine Storm in COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:583777. [PMID: 33708109 PMCID: PMC7941276 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.583777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a global health crisis, with no specific antiviral to treat the infection and the absence of a suitable vaccine to prevent it. While some individuals contracting the SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibit a well coordinated immune response and recover, others display a dysfunctional immune response leading to serious complications including ARDS, sepsis, MOF; associated with morbidity and mortality. Studies revealed that in patients with a dysfunctional immune response, there is a massive cytokine and chemokine release, referred to as the ‘cytokine storm’. As a result, such patients exhibit higher levels of pro-inflammatory/modulatory cytokines and chemokines like TNFα, INFγ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, G-CSF, GM-CSF, MCSF, HGF and chemokines CXCL8, MCP1, IP10, MIP1α and MIP1β. Targeting this cytokine storm is a novel, promising treatment strategy to alleviate this excess influx of cytokines observed at the site of infection and their subsequent disastrous consequences. Natural immunosuppressant compounds, derived from plant sources like curcumin, luteolin, piperine, resveratrol are known to inhibit the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This inhibitory effect is mediated by altering signal pathways like NF-κB, JAK/STAT, MAPK/ERK that are involved in the production and release of cytokines and chemokines. The use of these natural immunosuppressants as adjuvants to ameliorate the cytokine storm; in combination with antiviral agents and other treatment drugs currently in use presents a novel, synergistic approach for the treatment and effective cure of COVID-19. This review briefly describes the immunopathogenesis of the cytokine storm observed in SARS-CoV-2 infection and details some natural immunosuppressants that can be used as adjuvants in treating COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela E Peter
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - B V Sandeep
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - B Ganga Rao
- Andhra University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - V Lakshmi Kalpana
- Department of Human Genetics, College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
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Li X, Yao X, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Wang H, Ma Q, Yan F, Yang Y, Zhang J, Shi H, Ning Z, Dai J, Li Z, Li C, Su F, Xue Y, Meng X, Dong G, Xiong H. The Caspase Inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK Alleviates Endotoxic Shock via Inducing Macrophages Necroptosis and Promoting MDSCs-Mediated Inhibition of Macrophages Activation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1824. [PMID: 31428103 PMCID: PMC6687755 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a critical role in the pathogenesis of endotoxin shock by producing excessive amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines. A pan-caspase inhibitor, zVAD, can be used to induce necroptosis under certain stimuli. The role of zVAD in both regulating the survival and activation of macrophages, and the pathogenesis of endotoxin shock remains not entirely clear. Here, we found that treatment of mice with zVAD could significantly reduce mortality and alleviate disease after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Notably, in LPS-challenged mice, treatment with zVAD could also reduce the percentage of peritoneal macrophages by promoting necroptosis and inhibiting pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages. In vitro studies showed that pretreatment with zVAD promoted LPS-induced nitric oxide-mediated necroptosis of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), leading to reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Interestingly, zVAD treatment promoted the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in a mouse model of endotoxin shock, and this process inhibited LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages. Based on these findings, we conclude that treatment with zVAD alleviates LPS-induced endotoxic shock by inducing macrophage necroptosis and promoting MDSC-mediated inhibition of macrophage activation. Thus, this study provides insights into the effects of zVAD treatment in inflammatory diseases, especially endotoxic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Li
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoying Yao
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhu
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Qun Ma
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Fenglian Yan
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yonghong Yang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Zhaochen Ning
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chunxia Li
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Fei Su
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin Xue
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Guanjun Dong
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Huabao Xiong
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Precision Immunology Institute, New York, NY, United States
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What's New in Shock, May 2016? Shock 2016; 45:471-4. [PMID: 27082160 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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