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Wiggermann V, Endmayr V, Hernández‐Torres E, Höftberger R, Kasprian G, Hametner S, Rauscher A. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging reflects different levels of histologically determined myelin densities in multiple sclerosis, including remyelination in inactive multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain Pathol 2023; 33:e13150. [PMID: 36720269 PMCID: PMC10580011 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of focal or diffuse myelin damage or remyelination may provide important insights into disease progression and potential treatment efficacy in multiple sclerosis (MS). We performed post-mortem MRI and histopathological myelin measurements in seven progressive MS cases to evaluate the ability of three myelin-sensitive MRI scans to distinguish different stages of MS pathology, particularly chronic demyelinated and remyelinated lesions. At 3 Tesla, we acquired two different myelin water imaging (MWI) scans and magnetisation transfer ratio (MTR) data. Histopathology included histochemical stainings for myelin phospholipids (LFB) and iron as well as immunohistochemistry for myelin proteolipid protein (PLP), CD68 (phagocytosing microglia/macrophages) and BCAS1 (remyelinating oligodendrocytes). Mixed-effects modelling determined which histopathological metric best predicted MWF and MTR in normal-appearing and diffusely abnormal white matter, active/inactive, inactive, remyelinated and ischemic lesions. Both MWI measures correlated well with each other and histology across regions, reflecting the different stages of MS pathology. MTR data showed a considerable influence of components other than myelin and a strong dependency on tissue storage duration. Both MRI and histology revealed increased myelin densities in inactive compared with active/inactive lesions. Chronic inactive lesions harboured single scattered myelin fibres indicative of low-level remyelination. Mixed-effects modelling showed that smaller differences between white matter areas were linked to PLP densities and only to a small extent confounded by iron. MWI reflects differences in myelin lipids and proteins across various levels of myelin densities encountered in MS, including low-level remyelination in chronic inactive lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Wiggermann
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic ResonanceCopenhagen University Hospital Amager & HvidovreCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Verena Endmayr
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of NeurologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Centre for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Enedino Hernández‐Torres
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic ResonanceCopenhagen University Hospital Amager & HvidovreCopenhagenDenmark
- Faculty of Medicine (Division Neurology)University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of NeurologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Gregor Kasprian
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image‐Guided TherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Simon Hametner
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of NeurologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Centre for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Alexander Rauscher
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- BC Children's Hospital Research InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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Groppa S, Gonzalez-Escamilla G, Eshaghi A, Meuth SG, Ciccarelli O. Linking immune-mediated damage to neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis: could network-based MRI help? Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab237. [PMID: 34729480 PMCID: PMC8557667 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory demyelination characterizes the initial stages of multiple sclerosis, while progressive axonal and neuronal loss are coexisting and significantly contribute to the long-term physical and cognitive impairment. There is an unmet need for a conceptual shift from a dualistic view of multiple sclerosis pathology, involving either inflammatory demyelination or neurodegeneration, to integrative dynamic models of brain reorganization, where, glia-neuron interactions, synaptic alterations and grey matter pathology are longitudinally envisaged at the whole-brain level. Functional and structural MRI can delineate network hallmarks for relapses, remissions or disease progression, which can be linked to the pathophysiology behind inflammatory attacks, repair and neurodegeneration. Here, we aim to unify recent findings of grey matter circuits dynamics in multiple sclerosis within the framework of molecular and pathophysiological hallmarks combined with disease-related network reorganization, while highlighting advances from animal models (in vivo and ex vivo) and human clinical data (imaging and histological). We propose that MRI-based brain networks characterization is essential for better delineating ongoing pathology and elaboration of particular mechanisms that may serve for accurate modelling and prediction of disease courses throughout disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiu Groppa
- Imaging and Neurostimulation, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez-Escamilla
- Imaging and Neurostimulation, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Arman Eshaghi
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Department of Computer Science, Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Olga Ciccarelli
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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3
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Mausner-Fainberg K, Benhamou M, Golan M, Kimelman NB, Danon U, Marom E, Karni A. Specific Blockade of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2/4 Induces Oligodendrogenesis and Remyelination in Demyelinating Disorders. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1798-1814. [PMID: 34159538 PMCID: PMC8608985 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are present in demyelinated lesions of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. However, their differentiation into functional oligodendrocytes is insufficient, and most lesions evolve into nonfunctional astroglial scars. Blockade of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling induces differentiation of OPCs into myelin-producing oligodendrocytes. We studied the effect of specific blockade of BMP-2/4 signaling, by intravenous (IV) treatment with anti-BMP-2/4 neutralizing mAb in both the inflammatory model of relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (R-EAE) and the cuprizone-toxic model of demyelination in mice. Administration of anti-BMP-2/4 to R-EAE-induced mice, on day 9 post-immunization (p.i.), ameliorated R-EAE signs, diminished the expression of phospho-SMAD1/5/8, primarily within the astrocytic lineage, increased the numbers of de novo immature and mature oligodendrocytes, and reduced the numbers of newly generated astrocytes within the spinal cord as early as day 18 p.i. This effect was accompanied with elevated remyelination, manifested by increased density of remyelinating axons (0.8 < g-ratios < 1), and reduced fully demyelinated and demyelinating axons, in the anti-BMP-2/4-treated R-EAE mice, studied by electron microscopy. No significant immunosuppressive effect was observed in the CNS and in the periphery, during the peak of the first attack, or at the end of the experiment. Moreover, IV treatment with anti-BMP-2/4 mAb in the cuprizone-challenged mice augmented the numbers of mature oligodendrocytes and remyelination in the corpus callosum during the recovery phase of the disease. Based on our findings, the specific blockade of BMP-2/4 has a therapeutic potential in demyelinating disorders such as MS, by inducing early oligodendrogenesis-mediated remyelination in the affected tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Mausner-Fainberg
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Division, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, 6423906, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moshe Benhamou
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Division, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, 6423906, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler's Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Golan
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Division, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, 6423906, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Uri Danon
- Stem Cell Medicine Ltd, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ehud Marom
- Stem Cell Medicine Ltd, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Arnon Karni
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Division, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, 6423906, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Sackler's Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Lazari A, Lipp I. Can MRI measure myelin? Systematic review, qualitative assessment, and meta-analysis of studies validating microstructural imaging with myelin histology. Neuroimage 2021; 230:117744. [PMID: 33524576 PMCID: PMC8063174 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen an increased understanding of the importance of myelination in healthy brain function and neuropsychiatric diseases. Non-invasive microstructural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) holds the potential to expand and translate these insights to basic and clinical human research, but the sensitivity and specificity of different MR markers to myelination is a subject of debate. To consolidate current knowledge on the topic, we perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that validate microstructural imaging by combining it with myelin histology. We find meta-analytic evidence for correlations between various myelin histology metrics and markers from different MRI modalities, including fractional anisotropy, radial diffusivity, macromolecular pool, magnetization transfer ratio, susceptibility and longitudinal relaxation rate, but not mean diffusivity. Meta-analytic correlation effect sizes range widely, between R2 = 0.26 and R2 = 0.82. However, formal comparisons between MRI-based myelin markers are limited by methodological variability, inconsistent reporting and potential for publication bias, thus preventing the establishment of a single most sensitive strategy to measure myelin with MRI. To facilitate further progress, we provide a detailed characterisation of the evaluated studies as an online resource. We also share a set of 12 recommendations for future studies validating putative MR-based myelin markers and deploying them in vivo in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Lazari
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Ilona Lipp
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
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Auvity S, Tonietto M, Caillé F, Bodini B, Bottlaender M, Tournier N, Kuhnast B, Stankoff B. Repurposing radiotracers for myelin imaging: a study comparing 18F-florbetaben, 18F-florbetapir, 18F-flutemetamol,11C-MeDAS, and 11C-PiB. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2019; 47:490-501. [PMID: 31686177 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-019-04516-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Drugs promoting myelin repair represent a promising therapeutic approach in multiple sclerosis and several candidate molecules are currently being evaluated, fostering the need of a quantitative method to specifically measure myelin content in vivo. PET using the benzothiazole derivative 11C-PiB has been successfully used to quantify myelin content changes in humans. Stilbene derivatives, such as 11C-MeDAS, have also been shown to bind to myelin in animals and are considered a promising radiopharmaceutical class for myelin imaging. Fluorinated compounds from both classes are now commercially available and thus should constitute clinically useful myelin radiotracers. The aim of this study is to provide a head-to-head comparison of 18F-florbetaben, 18F-florbetapir, 18F-flutemetamol, 11C-MeDAS, and 11C-PiB with regard to brain kinetics and binding in white matter (WM). METHODS Four baboons underwent a 90-min dynamic PET scan for each radioligand. Arterial blood samples were collected during the exam for each radiotracer, except for 18F-florbetapir, to obtain a radiometabolite-corrected input function. Standardized uptake value ratio between 75 at 90 min (SUVR75-90), binding potential (BP) estimated with Logan method with input function, and distribution volume ratio (DVR) estimated with Logan reference method (using cerebellar gray matter as reference region) were calculated in WM and compared between tracers using mixed effect models. RESULTS In WM, 18F-florbetapir had the highest SUVR75-90 (1.38 ± 0.03), followed by 18F-flutemetamol (1.34 ± 0.02), 18F-florbetaben (1.32 ± 0.07), 11C-MeDAS (1.27 ± 0.04), and 11C-PiB (1.25 ± 0.07). With regard to BP, 18F-florbetaben had the highest value (0.32 ± 0.06) compared with 18F-flutemetamol (0.20 ± 0.03), 11C-MeDAS (0.17 ± 0.03), and 11C-PiB (0.16 ± 0.03). No difference in DVR was detected between 18F-florbetaben (1.26 ± 0.06) and 18F-florbetapir (1.27 ± 0.03), but both were significantly higher in DVR than 18F-flutemetamol (1.17 ± 0.02), 11C-MeDAS (1.16 ± 0.03), and 11C-PiB (1.14 ± 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Given their higher binding and longer half-life, our study indicates that 18F-florbetapir and 18F-florbetaben are promising tracers for myelin imaging which are readily available for clinical application in demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Auvity
- UMR 1023 IMIV, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, CEA, Inserm , Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Matteo Tonietto
- Sorbonne Universités, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Caillé
- UMR 1023 IMIV, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, CEA, Inserm , Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Benedetta Bodini
- Sorbonne Universités, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Michel Bottlaender
- UMR 1023 IMIV, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, CEA, Inserm , Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Nicolas Tournier
- UMR 1023 IMIV, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, CEA, Inserm , Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Bertrand Kuhnast
- UMR 1023 IMIV, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, CEA, Inserm , Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Bruno Stankoff
- Sorbonne Universités, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France.
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6
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Rao VTS, Fuh SC, Karamchandani JR, Woulfe JMJ, Munoz DG, Ellezam B, Blain M, Ho MK, Bedell BJ, Antel JP, Ludwin SK. Astrocytes in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: An In Situ MicroRNA Study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 78:1130-1146. [DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Astrocytes are increasingly recognized as active contributors to the disease process in multiple sclerosis (MS), rather than being merely reactive. We investigated the expression of a selected microRNA (miRNA) panel that could contribute both to the injury and to the recovery phases of the disease. Individual astrocytes were laser microdissected from brain sections. We then compared the miRNAs’ expressions in MS and control brain samples at different lesional stages in white versus grey matter regions. In active MS lesions, we found upregulation of ischemia-related miRNAs in white but not grey matter, often with reversion to the normal state in inactive lesions. In contrast to our previous findings on MS macrophages, expression of 2 classical inflammatory-related miRNAs, miRNA-155 and miRNA-146a, was reduced in astrocytes from active and chronic active MS lesions in white and grey matter, suggesting a lesser direct pathogenetic role for these miRNAs in astrocytes. miRNAs within the categories regulating aquaporin4 (-100, -145, -320) and glutamate transport/apoptosis/neuroprotection (-124a, -181a, and -29a) showed some contrasting responses. The regional and lesion-stage differences of expression of these miRNAs indicate the remarkable ability of astrocytes to show a wide range of selective responses in the face of differing insults and phases of resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayaraghava T S Rao
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University
| | - Shih-Chieh Fuh
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - John M J Woulfe
- Department of Pathology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa
| | - David G Munoz
- Department of Pathology, St. Michaels Hospital, Toronto University, Toronto
| | | | - Manon Blain
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Ming-Kai Ho
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University
| | - Barry J Bedell
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jack P Antel
- Department of Neuropathology, Montreal Neurological Institute
| | - Samuel K Ludwin
- Department of Pathology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa
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Petiet A, Adanyeguh I, Aigrot MS, Poirion E, Nait-Oumesmar B, Santin M, Stankoff B. Ultrahigh field imaging of myelin disease models: Toward specific markers of myelin integrity? J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2179-2189. [PMID: 30520034 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers of myelin are critical for the evaluation and development of regenerative therapies for demyelinating diseases. Several MRI methods have been developed for myelin imaging, based either on acquisition schemes or on mathematical modeling of the signal. They generally showed good sensitivity but validation for specificity toward myelin is still warranted to allow a reliable interpretation in an in vivo complex pathological environment. Experimental models of dys-/demyelination are characterized by various levels of myelin disorders, axonal damage, gliosis and inflammation, and offer the opportunity for powerful correlative studies between imaging metrics and histology. Here, we review how ultrahigh field MRI markers have been correlated with histology in these models and provide insights into the trends for future developments of MRI tools in human myelin diseases. To this end, we present the biophysical basis of the main MRI methods for myelin imaging based on T1 , T2 , water diffusion, and magnetization transfer signal, the characteristics of animal models used and the outcomes of histological validations. To date such studies are limited, and demonstrate partial correlations with immunohistochemical and electron microscopy measures of myelin. These MRI metrics also often correlate with axons, glial, or inflammatory cells in models where axonal degeneration or inflammation occur as potential confounding factors. Therefore, the MRI markers' specificity for myelin is still perfectible and future developments should improve mathematical modeling of the MR signal based on more complex systems or provide multimodal approaches to better disentangle the biological processes underlying the MRI metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Petiet
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, Brain and Spine Institute, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Isaac Adanyeguh
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, Brain and Spine Institute, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Stéphane Aigrot
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, Brain and Spine Institute, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Poirion
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, Brain and Spine Institute, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Brahim Nait-Oumesmar
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, Brain and Spine Institute, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Santin
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, Brain and Spine Institute, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Stankoff
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, Brain and Spine Institute, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Saint-Antoine hospital, Paris, France
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8
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Espitia Pinzón N, Brevé JJP, Bol JGJM, Drukarch B, Baron W, van Dam AM. Tissue transglutaminase in astrocytes is enhanced by inflammatory mediators and is involved in the formation of fibronectin fibril-like structures. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:260. [PMID: 29282083 PMCID: PMC5745633 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion formation, inflammatory mediators are produced by microglial cells and invading leukocytes. Subsequently, hypertrophic astrocytes fill the lesion and produce extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that together form the astroglial scar. This is beneficial because it seals off the site of central nervous system (CNS) damage. However, astroglial scarring also forms an obstacle that inhibits remyelination of brain lesions. This is possibly an important cause for incomplete remyelination of the CNS in early stage MS patients and for failure of remyelination when the disease progresses. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2), a Ca2+-dependent enzyme that can cross-link proteins, appears in astrocytes in inflammatory MS lesions and may contribute to the rearrangement of ECM protein deposition and aggregation. Methods The effect of different inflammatory mediators on TG2 and fibronectin, an ECM protein, protein levels was examined in primary rat microglia and astrocytes by western blotting. Also, TG2 activity was analyzed in primary rat astrocytes by a TG activity assay. To determine the role of TG2 in the deposition and cross-linking of fibronectin, a TG2 inhibitor and TG2 knockdown astrocytes were used. Results Our data show that under inflammatory conditions in vitro, TG2 production is enhanced in astrocytes and microglia. We observed that in particular, astrocytes produce fibronectin that can be cross-linked and aggregated by exogenous TG2. Moreover, inflammatory stimulus-induced endogenously produced TG2 is involved in the appearance of morphological fibril-like fibronectin deposits but does not lead to cross-linked fibronectin aggregates. Conclusions Our in vitro observations suggest that during MS lesion formation, when inflammatory mediators are produced, astrocyte-derived TG2 may contribute to ECM rearrangement, and subsequent astroglial scarring. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-1031-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Espitia Pinzón
- Department Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081, HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John J P Brevé
- Department Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081, HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John G J M Bol
- Department Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081, HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- Department Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081, HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wia Baron
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie van Dam
- Department Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081, HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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9
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Eleuteri C, Olla S, Veroni C, Umeton R, Mechelli R, Romano S, Buscarinu MC, Ferrari F, Calò G, Ristori G, Salvetti M, Agresti C. A staged screening of registered drugs highlights remyelinating drug candidates for clinical trials. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45780. [PMID: 28387380 PMCID: PMC5384285 DOI: 10.1038/srep45780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no treatment for the myelin loss in multiple sclerosis, ultimately resulting in the axonal degeneration that leads to the progressive phase of the disease. We established a multi-tiered platform for the sequential screening of drugs that could be repurposed as remyelinating agents. We screened a library of 2,000 compounds (mainly Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compounds and natural products) for cellular metabolic activity on mouse oligodendrocyte precursors (OPC), identifying 42 molecules with significant stimulating effects. We then characterized the effects of these compounds on OPC proliferation and differentiation in mouse glial cultures, and on myelination and remyelination in organotypic cultures. Three molecules, edaravone, 5-methyl-7-methoxyisoflavone and lovastatin, gave positive results in all screening tiers. We validated the results by retesting independent stocks of the compounds, analyzing their purity, and performing dose-response curves. To identify the chemical features that may be modified to enhance the compounds' activity, we tested chemical analogs and identified, for edaravone, the functional groups that may be essential for its activity. Among the selected remyelinating candidates, edaravone appears to be of strong interest, also considering that this drug has been approved as a neuroprotective agent for acute ischemic stroke and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Eleuteri
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - S. Olla
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato 09042, Italy
| | - C. Veroni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - R. Umeton
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - R. Mechelli
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - S. Romano
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - MC. Buscarinu
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - F. Ferrari
- Department of Medical Science, Section of Pharmacology and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - G. Calò
- Department of Medical Science, Section of Pharmacology and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - G. Ristori
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - M. Salvetti
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - C. Agresti
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Leonetti C, Macrez R, Pruvost M, Hommet Y, Bronsard J, Fournier A, Perrigault M, Machin I, Vivien D, Clemente D, De Castro F, Maubert E, Docagne F. Tissue-type plasminogen activator exerts EGF-like chemokinetic effects on oligodendrocytes in white matter (re)myelination. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:20. [PMID: 28231842 PMCID: PMC5322587 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to give raise to myelin forming cells during developmental myelination, normal adult physiology and post-lesion remyelination in white matter depends on factors which govern their proliferation, migration and differentiation. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), where it regulates cell fate. In particular, tPA has been reported to protect oligodendrocytes from apoptosis and to facilitate the migration of neurons. Here, we investigated whether tPA can also participate in the migration of OPCs during CNS development and during remyelination after focal white matter lesion. Methods OPC migration was estimated by immunohistological analysis in spinal cord and corpus callosum during development in mice embryos (E13 to P0) and after white matter lesion induced by the stereotactic injection of lysolecithin in adult mice (1 to 21 days post injection). Migration was compared in these conditions between wild type and tPA knock-out animals. The action of tPA was further investigated in an in vitro chemokinesis assay. Results OPC migration along vessels is delayed in tPA knock-out mice during development and during remyelination. tPA enhances OPC migration via an effect dependent on the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor. Conclusion Endogenous tPA facilitates the migration of OPCs during development and during remyelination after white matter lesion by the virtue of its epidermal growth factor-like domain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-017-0160-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Leonetti
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Richard Macrez
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Mathilde Pruvost
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Yannick Hommet
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Jérémie Bronsard
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Antoine Fournier
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Maxime Perrigault
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Isabel Machin
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos-SESCAM, Toledo, Spain.,Grupo de Neuroinmuno-reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Diego Clemente
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos-SESCAM, Toledo, Spain.,Grupo de Neuroinmuno-reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
| | - Fernando De Castro
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos-SESCAM, Toledo, Spain.,Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo (GNDe), Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eric Maubert
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Fabian Docagne
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France. .,Inserm, Centre Cyceron, Bvd Becquerel, BP5229, Caen Cedex, 14074, France.
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