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Maniou E, Todros S, Urciuolo A, Moulding DA, Magnussen M, Ampartzidis I, Brandolino L, Bellet P, Giomo M, Pavan PG, Galea GL, Elvassore N. Quantifying mechanical forces during vertebrate morphogenesis. NATURE MATERIALS 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-01942-9. [PMID: 38969783 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01942-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Morphogenesis requires embryonic cells to generate forces and perform mechanical work to shape their tissues. Incorrect functioning of these force fields can lead to congenital malformations. Understanding these dynamic processes requires the quantification and profiling of three-dimensional mechanics during evolving vertebrate morphogenesis. Here we describe elastic spring-like force sensors with micrometre-level resolution, fabricated by intravital three-dimensional bioprinting directly in the closing neural tubes of growing chicken embryos. Integration of calibrated sensor read-outs with computational mechanical modelling allows direct quantification of the forces and work performed by the embryonic tissues. As they displace towards the embryonic midline, the two halves of the closing neural tube reach a compression of over a hundred nano-newtons during neural fold apposition. Pharmacological inhibition of Rho-associated kinase to decrease the pro-closure force shows the existence of active anti-closure forces, which progressively widen the neural tube and must be overcome to achieve neural tube closure. Overall, our approach and findings highlight the intricate interplay between mechanical forces and tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Maniou
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Todros
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Urciuolo
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Fondazione Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Dale A Moulding
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Michael Magnussen
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Ioakeim Ampartzidis
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Luca Brandolino
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Pietro Bellet
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Monica Giomo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Piero G Pavan
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Fondazione Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Gabriel L Galea
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
| | - Nicola Elvassore
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy.
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Muscular hydraulics drive larva-polyp morphogenesis. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4707-4718.e8. [PMID: 36115340 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Development is a highly dynamic process in which organisms often experience changes in both form and behavior, which are typically coupled to each other. However, little is known about how organismal-scale behaviors such as body contractility and motility impact morphogenesis. Here, we use the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis as a developmental model to uncover a mechanistic link between organismal size, shape, and behavior. Using quantitative live imaging in a large population of developing animals, combined with molecular and biophysical experiments, we demonstrate that the muscular-hydraulic machinery that controls body movement also drives larva-polyp morphogenesis. We show that organismal size largely depends on cavity inflation through fluid uptake, whereas body shape is constrained by the organization of the muscular system. The generation of ethograms identifies different trajectories of size and shape development in sessile and motile animals, which display distinct patterns of body contractions. With a simple theoretical model, we conceptualize how pressures generated by muscular hydraulics can act as a global mechanical regulator that coordinates tissue remodeling. Altogether, our findings illustrate how organismal contractility and motility behaviors can influence morphogenesis.
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Chevalier NR. Physical organogenesis of the gut. Development 2022; 149:276365. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The gut has been a central subject of organogenesis since Caspar Friedrich Wolff’s seminal 1769 work ‘De Formatione Intestinorum’. Today, we are moving from a purely genetic understanding of cell specification to a model in which genetics codes for layers of physical–mechanical and electrical properties that drive organogenesis such that organ function and morphogenesis are deeply intertwined. This Review provides an up-to-date survey of the extrinsic and intrinsic mechanical forces acting on the embryonic vertebrate gut during development and of their role in all aspects of intestinal morphogenesis: enteric nervous system formation, epithelium structuring, muscle orientation and differentiation, anisotropic growth and the development of myogenic and neurogenic motility. I outline numerous implications of this biomechanical perspective in the etiology and treatment of pathologies, such as short bowel syndrome, dysmotility, interstitial cells of Cajal-related disorders and Hirschsprung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas R. Chevalier
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7057 , 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris , France
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Embryonic Development of Motility: Lessons from the Chicken. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1383:105-111. [PMID: 36587150 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-05843-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
I outline here the development of intestinal motility in the chicken embryo. The first contractile events are circular smooth muscle driven calcium waves (E6), that gain a clock-like regularity when interstitial cells of Cajal become electrically active (E14). Soon after longitudinal smooth muscle contractions become prominent (E14), the enteric nervous system starts controlling motility (E16) by coupling the longitudinal and circular contractions via inhibitory neurotransmission. It gives rise to circular-longitudinal antagonism, to the migrating motor complex, and to the polarized ascending contraction-descending relaxation pressure response known as the "law of the intestine". The kinetics of gut development in the chicken appears to follow faithfully that of humans by simply converting embryonic days of chicken development into embryonic weeks of human development.
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Yang Y, Paivinen P, Xie C, Krup AL, Makela TP, Mostov KE, Reiter JF. Ciliary Hedgehog signaling patterns the digestive system to generate mechanical forces driving elongation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7186. [PMID: 34893605 PMCID: PMC8664829 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27319-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
How tubular organs elongate is poorly understood. We found that attenuated ciliary Hedgehog signaling in the gut wall impaired patterning of the circumferential smooth muscle and inhibited proliferation and elongation of developing intestine and esophagus. Similarly, ablation of gut-wall smooth muscle cells reduced lengthening. Disruption of ciliary Hedgehog signaling or removal of smooth muscle reduced residual stress within the gut wall and decreased activity of the mechanotransductive effector YAP. Removing YAP in the mesenchyme also reduced proliferation and elongation, but without affecting smooth muscle formation, suggesting that YAP interprets the smooth muscle-generated force to promote longitudinal growth. Additionally, we developed an intestinal culture system that recapitulates the requirements for cilia and mechanical forces in elongation. Pharmacologically activating YAP in this system restored elongation of cilia-deficient intestines. Thus, our results reveal that ciliary Hedgehog signaling patterns the circumferential smooth muscle to generate radial mechanical forces that activate YAP and elongate the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pekka Paivinen
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine and HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chang Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexis Leigh Krup
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tomi P Makela
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine and HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Keith E Mostov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Chevalier NR, Agbesi RJA, Ammouche Y, Dufour S. How Smooth Muscle Contractions Shape the Developing Enteric Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:678975. [PMID: 34150774 PMCID: PMC8206791 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.678975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons and glia of the enteric nervous system (ENS) are constantly subject to mechanical stress stemming from contractions of the gut wall or pressure of the bolus, both in adulthood and during embryonic development. Because it is known that mechanical forces can have long reaching effects on neural growth, we investigate here how contractions of the circular smooth muscle of the gut impact morphogenesis of the developing fetal ENS, in chicken and mouse embryos. We find that the number of enteric ganglia is fixed early in development and that subsequent ENS morphogenesis consists in the anisotropic expansion of a hexagonal honeycomb (chicken) or a square (mouse) lattice, without de-novo ganglion formation. We image the deformations of the ENS during spontaneous myogenic motility and show that circular smooth muscle contractile waves induce longitudinal strain on the ENS network; we rationalize this behavior by mechanical finite element modeling of the incompressible gut wall. We find that the longitudinal anisotropy of the ENS vanishes when contractile waves are suppressed in organ culture, showing that these contractile forces play a key role in sculpting the developing ENS. We conclude by summarizing different key events in the fetal development of the ENS and the role played by mechanics in the morphogenesis of this unique nerve network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas R. Chevalier
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Diderot/CNRS UMR 7057, Paris, France
| | | | - Yanis Ammouche
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Diderot/CNRS UMR 7057, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Créteil, France
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Donadon M, Santoro MM. The origin and mechanisms of smooth muscle cell development in vertebrates. Development 2021; 148:148/7/dev197384. [PMID: 33789914 DOI: 10.1242/dev.197384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) represent a major structural and functional component of many organs during embryonic development and adulthood. These cells are a crucial component of vertebrate structure and physiology, and an updated overview of the developmental and functional process of smooth muscle during organogenesis is desirable. Here, we describe the developmental origin of SMCs within different tissues by comparing their specification and differentiation with other organs, including the cardiovascular, respiratory and intestinal systems. We then discuss the instructive roles of smooth muscle in the development of such organs through signaling and mechanical feedback mechanisms. By understanding SMC development, we hope to advance therapeutic approaches related to tissue regeneration and other smooth muscle-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Donadon
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo M Santoro
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padua, Italy
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Boyner M, Ivarsson E, Franko MA, Rezaei M, Wall H. Effect of hatching time on time to first feed intake, organ development, enzymatic activity and growth in broiler chicks hatched on-farm. Animal 2020; 15:100083. [PMID: 33712206 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The conventional commercial hatcheries used today do not allow the newly hatched chicks to consume feed or water. Combined with natural variation in hatching time, this can lead to early hatched chicks being feed-deprived for up to 72 h before being unloaded at the rearing site. This study investigated the effects of hatching time on time to first feed intake and development of organs, digestive enzymes and productivity in terms of growth and feed conversion ratio in chicks hatched on-farm. Chicks were divided into three hatching groups (early, mid-term and late), and assessed over a full production cycle of 34 days. The results revealed that chicks remain inactive for a considerable amount of time before engaging in eating-related activities. Eating activity of 5% (i.e. when 5% of birds in each hatching group were eating or standing close to the feeder) was recorded at an average biological age (BA) of 25.4 h and a proportion of 50% birds with full crop was reached at an average BA of 30.6 h. Considering that the hatching window was 35 h in this study, the average chick probably did not benefit from access to feed and water immediately post-hatch in this case. At hatch, mid-term hatchlings had a heavier small intestine (30.1 g/kg bw) than both early (26.4 g/kg bw) and late (26.0 g/kg bw) hatchlings. Relative length of the small intestine was shorter in late hatchlings (735 cm/kg bw) than in mid-term (849 cm/kg bw) and early (831 cm/kg bw) hatchlings. However, the relative weight of the bursa fabricii was greater in mid-term (1.30 g/kg bw) than in early hatchlings (1.01 g/kg bw). At hatch, late hatchlings were heavier than early and mid-term hatchlings (P < 0.05), but by 3 days of age early hatchlings were heavier than mid-term and late hatchlings (P < 0.01). The only effect persisting throughout the study was a difference in the relative weight of the small intestine, where late hatchlings had heavier intestines than early hatchlings (P < 0.05). Thus, while there were differences between hatching groups, this study showed that the hatchlings seemed capable of compensating for these as they grew.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boyner
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7015, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - E Ivarsson
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7015, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Andersson Franko
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7015, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Rezaei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7015, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Wall
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7015, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Chevalier NR, Ammouche Y, Gomis A, Teyssaire C, de Santa Barbara P, Faure S. Shifting into high gear: how interstitial cells of Cajal change the motility pattern of the developing intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G519-G528. [PMID: 32877218 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00112.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The first contractile waves in the developing embryonic gut are purely myogenic; they only involve smooth muscle. Here, we provide evidence for a transition from smooth muscle to interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC)-driven contractile waves in the developing chicken gut. In situ hybridization staining for anoctamin-1 (ANO1), a known ICC marker, shows that ICCs are already present throughout the gut, as from embryonic day (E)7. We devised a protocol to reveal ICC oscillatory and propagative calcium activity in embryonic gut whole mount and found that the first steady calcium oscillations in ICCs occur on (E14). We show that the activation of ICCs leads to an increase in contractile wave frequency, regularity, directionality, and velocity between E12 and E14. We finally demonstrate that application of the c-KIT antagonist imatinib mesylate in organ culture specifically depletes the ICC network and inhibits the transition to a regular rhythmic wave pattern. We compare our findings to existing results in the mouse and predict that a similar transition should take place in the human fetus between 12 and 14 wk of development. Together, our results point to an abrupt physiological transition from smooth muscle mesenchyme self-initiating waves to ICC-driven motility in the fetus and clarify the contribution of ICCs to the contractile wave pattern.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We reveal a sharp transition from smooth muscle to interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC)-driven motility in the chicken embryo, leading to higher-frequency, more rhythmic contractile waves. We predict the transition to happen between 12 and 14 embryonic wk in humans. We image for the first time the onset of ICC activity in an embryonic gut by calcium imaging. We show the first KIT and anoctamin-1 (ANO1) in situ hybridization micrographs in the embryonic chicken gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas R Chevalier
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université de Paris/CNRS UMR 7057, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Yanis Ammouche
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université de Paris/CNRS UMR 7057, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Anthony Gomis
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université de Paris/CNRS UMR 7057, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Clémence Teyssaire
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université de Paris/CNRS UMR 7057, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Sandrine Faure
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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Nakajima T, Sasaki K, Yamamori A, Sakurai K, Miyata K, Watanabe T, Matsunaga YT. A simple three-dimensional gut model constructed in a restricted ductal microspace induces intestinal epithelial cell integrity and facilitates absorption assays. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:5615-5627. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00763c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A new 3D gut-on-a-chip on a ductal scaffold induced a differentiated epithelial layer and allowed permeability and absorption assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadaaki Nakajima
- Institute of Industrial Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 153-8505
- Japan
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