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Dicks KL, Ball AD, Banfield L, Barrios V, Boufaroua M, Chetoui A, Chuven J, Craig M, Faqeer MYA, Garba HHM, Guedara H, Harouna A, Ivy J, Najjar C, Petretto M, Pusey R, Rabeil T, Riordan P, Senn HV, Taghouti E, Wacher T, Woodfine T, Gilbert T. Genetic diversity in global populations of the critically endangered addax ( Addax nasomaculatus) and its implications for conservation. Evol Appl 2022; 16:111-125. [PMID: 36699120 PMCID: PMC9850015 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Threatened species are frequently patchily distributed across small wild populations, ex situ populations managed with varying levels of intensity and reintroduced populations. Best practice advocates for integrated management across in situ and ex situ populations. Wild addax (Addax nasomaculatus) now number fewer than 100 individuals, yet 1000 of addax remain in ex situ populations, which can provide addax for reintroductions, as has been the case in Tunisia since the mid-1980s. However, integrated management requires genetic data to ascertain the relationships between wild and ex situ populations that have incomplete knowledge of founder origins, management histories, and pedigrees. We undertook a global assessment of genetic diversity across wild, ex situ and reintroduced populations in Tunisia to assist conservation planning for this Critically Endangered species. We show that the remnant wild populations retain more mitochondrial haplotypes that are more diverse than the entirety of the ex situ populations across Europe, North America and the United Arab Emirates, and the reintroduced Tunisian population. Additionally, 1704 SNPs revealed that whilst population structure within the ex situ population is minimal, each population carries unique diversity. Finally, we show that careful selection of founders and subsequent genetic management is vital to ensure genetic diversity is provided to, and minimize drift and inbreeding within reintroductions. Our results highlight a vital need to conserve the last remaining wild addax population, and we provide a genetic foundation for determining integrated conservation strategies to prevent extinction and optimize future reintroductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L. Dicks
- RZSS WildGenes, Royal Zoological Society of ScotlandEdinburghUK
| | - Alex D. Ball
- RZSS WildGenes, Royal Zoological Society of ScotlandEdinburghUK
| | - Lisa Banfield
- Life Sciences DepartmentAl Ain ZooAl AinUnited Arab Emirates
| | | | | | | | - Justin Chuven
- Terrestrial & Marine Biodiversity Management Sector, Environment Agency – Abu DhabiAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Mark Craig
- Life Sciences DepartmentAl Ain ZooAl AinUnited Arab Emirates
| | | | | | | | - Abdoulaye Harouna
- SaharaConservationSaint Maur des FossésFrance,Noé au NigerRéserve Naturelle Nationale de Termit et Tin‐ToummaNiger
| | - Jamie Ivy
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife AllianceSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Chawki Najjar
- Conservation Biology, Marwell WildlifeWinchesterUK,Association Tunisienne de la Vie SauvageTunisTunisia
| | | | - Ricardo Pusey
- Terrestrial & Marine Biodiversity Management Sector, Environment Agency – Abu DhabiAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | | | - Philip Riordan
- Conservation Biology, Marwell WildlifeWinchesterUK,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Helen V. Senn
- RZSS WildGenes, Royal Zoological Society of ScotlandEdinburghUK
| | | | - Tim Wacher
- Conservation & Policy, Zoological Society of LondonLondonUK
| | - Tim Woodfine
- Conservation Biology, Marwell WildlifeWinchesterUK,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Tania Gilbert
- Conservation Biology, Marwell WildlifeWinchesterUK,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
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Lyngdoh S, Habib B. Understanding conflict and co-existence among Spiti Bhot community and large carnivores in high Himalaya: The case of Himalayan wolves. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.739181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The wolves in the Hindukush–Himalayan region belong to one of the most basal lineages of Canis lupus, yet little is known about their ecology and behavior. In this study, we determine wolf movement and analyze diet patterns in contrast with studies from within its distribution range. We determine conflict perception and identify hotspots using ecological, social, and remotely sensed information. Wolf diet (n = 283 scats) constituted mostly of domestic prey (79%), while wild prey constituted 17.8% of the wolf diet. Interview-based questionnaire surveys revealed that 55% of the respondents claimed to have seen wolves. Over 98% of the respondents claimed wolves as a possible threat to various livestock in the study area. Marginal response curves through the MaxEnt model showed that wolf hotspots were positive in response to their density of location, landuse-landcover, village population, village density, and depredation. Comparisons between scat- and questionnaire-based depredation data showed that the perceived levels of depredation by wolves differed significantly from the actual proportion of livestock prey species consumed by wolves (χ2 = 99.64, p-value < 0.0001). Wolf conflict hotspots showed a very high conflict zone area of 36 km2, high conflict zone of 62 km2, medium conflict zone of 196 km2, and low conflict zone of 3,636 km2. Future conflict mitigation strategies may focus on such areas primarily to reduce livestock losses and enhance conservation outcomes. Negative perceptions toward wolves can be managed through a holistic conservation action plan in concert with the existing snow leopard conservation program alongside local traditions that do not hinder livelihood security.
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Werhahn G, Senn H, Macdonald DW, Sillero-Zubiri C. The Diversity in the Genus Canis Challenges Conservation Biology: A Review of Available Data on Asian Wolves. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.782528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxa belonging to the Genus Canis can challenge taxonomists because species boundaries and distribution ranges are often gradual. Species delineation within Canis is currently not based on consistent criteria, and is hampered by geographical bias and lack of taxonomic research. But a consistent taxonomy is critical, given its importance for assigning legal protection, conservation priorities, and financial resources. We carried out a qualitative review of the major wolf lineages so far identified from Asia from historical to contemporary time and considered relevant morphological, ecological, and genetic evidence. We present full mitochondrial phylogenies and genetic distances between these lineages. This review aims to summarize the available data on contemporary Asian wolf lineages within the context of the larger phylogenetic Canis group and to work toward a taxonomy that is consistent within the Canidae. We found support for the presence and taxon eligibility of Holarctic gray, Himalayan/Tibetan, Indian, and Arabian wolves in Asia and recommend their recognition at the taxonomic levels consistent within the group.
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4
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Reshamwala HS, Bhattacharya A, Khan S, Shrotriya S, Lyngdoh SB, Goyal SP, Kanagaraj R, Habib B. Modeling Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Distribution of Wooly Wolf (Canis lupus chanco). Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.815621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Central Asian wolves form a cohort within the wolf-dog clade known as the wooly wolf (Canis lupus chanco). These wolves are poorly studied and their current extent and distribution remain unknown. Apex predators already existing at higher elevations like wooly wolves can be severely affected by climate change because of the absence of suitable refuge. Concomitantly, in the era of Anthropocene, the change in land use land cover (LULC) is rapidly increasing. Even the most adaptable species occurring in human-dominated landscapes may fail to survive under the combined impact of both climate change and human pressure. We collected 3,776 presence locations of the wooly wolf across its range from published literature and compiled 39 predictor variables for species distribution modeling, which included anthropogenic factors, climatic, vegetation, and topographic features. We predicted the change in their distribution under different anthropogenic factors, climate change, and land-use land-cover change scenarios. Wolf showed affinity toward areas with low to moderately warm temperatures and higher precipitations. It showed negative relationships with forests and farmlands. Our future projections showed an expansion of wolf distribution and habitat suitability under the combined effects of future climate and LULC change. Myanmar and Russia had the introduction of high and medium suitability areas for the wooly wolf in future scenarios. Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan showed the consistent loss in high suitability areas while Mongolia and Bhutan had the largest gain in high suitability areas. The study holds great significance for the protection and management of this species and also provides opportunities to explore the impact on associated species.
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Khan S, Shrotriya S, Sadhukhan S, Lyngdoh S, Goyal SP, Habib B. Comparative Ecological Perspectives of Two Ancient Lineages of Gray Wolves: Woolly Wolf (Canis lupus chanco) and Indian Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes). Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.775612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Geographical isolation can often lead to speciation, and two disconnected populations of the same species living in drastically different bioclimatic regions provide an opportunity to understand the process of speciation. The Woolly wolf is found in the cold-arid, Trans-Himalayan landscape, while the Indian wolf inhabits the semi-arid grasslands of Central India. Both the lineages of wolves from India have generated scientific debate on their taxonomic status in recent years. In this study, we collected data and reviewed published literature to document the ecological and behavioral differences between the Woolly wolf and the Indian wolf. Most studies have used genetic data; hence we discuss variation in spatial ecology, habitat preferences, vocalization, diet diversity and cranial measurements of these two subspecies. The spatial ecology of two lineages was compared from the data on three Woolly and ten Indian wolves tagged with GPS collars. The telemetry data shows that there has been no difference in the day-night movement of Woolly wolves, whereas Indian wolves show significant high displacement during the night. The BBMM method indicated that Woolly wolf home ranges were three times larger than the Indian wolf. The Woolly wolf diet is comprised of 20 different types of food items, whereas the Indian wolf diet consists of 17 types. The Woolly and Indian wolf largely depend upon domestic prey base, i.e., 48.44 and 40.34%, respectively. We found no differences in the howling parameters of these subspecies. Moreover, the Woolly wolf skull was significantly longer and broader than the Indian wolf. Wolves of India are ancient and diverged from the main clade about 200,000–1,000,000 years ago. Their genetic and ecological evolution in different bioclimatic zones has resulted in considerable differences as distinct subspecies. The present study is a step in understanding ecological differences between two important, genetically unique subspecies of wolves.
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6
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Wang MS, Thakur M, Jhala Y, Wang S, Srinivas Y, Dai SS, Liu ZX, Chen HM, Green RE, Koepfli KP, Shapiro B. OUP accepted manuscript. Genome Biol Evol 2022; 14:6524629. [PMID: 35137061 PMCID: PMC8841465 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shan Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, USA
- Corresponding authors: E-mails: ; ; ;
| | - Mukesh Thakur
- Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Corresponding authors: E-mails: ; ; ;
| | | | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yellapu Srinivas
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shan-Shan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Zheng-Xi Liu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong-Man Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Richard E Green
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, USA
| | - Klaus-Peter Koepfli
- Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, George Mason University, USA
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Computer Technologies Laboratory, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Corresponding authors: E-mails: ; ; ;
| | - Beth Shapiro
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, USA
- Corresponding authors: E-mails: ; ; ;
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7
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Krofel M, Hatlauf J, Bogdanowicz W, Campbell LAD, Godinho R, Jhala YV, Kitchener AC, Koepfli K, Moehlman P, Senn H, Sillero‐Zubiri C, Viranta S, Werhahn G, Alvares F. Towards resolving taxonomic uncertainties in wolf, dog and jackal lineages of Africa, Eurasia and Australasia. J Zool (1987) 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Krofel
- Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - J. Hatlauf
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management Vienna Austria
| | - W. Bogdanowicz
- Museum and Institute of Zoology Polish Academy of Sciences Warszawa Poland
| | - L. A. D. Campbell
- Department of Zoology Recanati‐Kaplan Centre; Tubney University of Oxford Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Oxfordshire UK
| | - R. Godinho
- InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão CIBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO Vairão Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Faculdade de Ciências Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| | - Y. V. Jhala
- Animal Ecology & Conservation Biology Wildlife Institute of India Dehradun India
| | - A. C. Kitchener
- Department of Natural Sciences National Museums Scotland Edinburgh UK
| | - K.‐P. Koepfli
- Smithsonian‐Mason School of Conservation George Mason University Front Royal VA USA
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Center for Species Survival National Zoological Park Front Royal VA USA
- Computer Technologies Laboratory ITMO University St. Petersburg Russia
| | - P. Moehlman
- IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI) EcoHealth Alliance and The Earth Institute Columbia University Arusha Tanzania
| | - H. Senn
- WildGenes Laboratory Conservation and Science Programmes Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, RZSS Edinburgh UK
| | - C. Sillero‐Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology University of Oxford Tubney UK
- IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group Oxford UK
- Born Free Foundation Horsham UK
| | - S. Viranta
- Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - G. Werhahn
- IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group Oxford UK
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology University of Oxford Tubney UK
| | - F. Alvares
- CIBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos InBIO Laboratório Associado Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning CIBIO Vairão Portugal
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8
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Pandey BP, Thami SM, Shrestha R, Chalise MK. On the occurrence of the Himalayan Wolf Canis lupus, L. 1758 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) in the Gaurishankar Conservation Area, Nepal; its existence confirmed through sign and visual evidence in Rolwaling Valley. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2021. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.6216.13.8.18967-18974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Himalayan Wolf Canis lupus L., a top predator of the Third Pole, is proposed to be of a distinct wolf lineage (C. himalayensis) relative to the Holarctic Grey Wolf as described by mtDNA analyses. A biodiversity survey organized by the Gaurishankar Conservation Area Project (GCAP) has captured images of wolves in three different regions, and the study team has observed wolf scats in five additional regions above the tree line in Rolwaling Valley. Further, interviews with local herders provided evidence of wolf depredation of livestock in the area. The Rolwaling Valley in the Gaurishankar Conservation Area was the study area which was divided into 12, 4 x 4 km (16 km2) grid cells, each supplied with one camera trap operated continuously from June to November 2019 (only 6 out of 12 cameras functioned for the duration of our study). Wolf detections were recorded by camera traps from Yalung Pass (4,956 m), Tsho-Rolpa glacial Lake (4,536 m) and the Dudhkunda ridgeline (5,091 m). The photo capture rate index (PCRI) for wolves was 0.71. Our study reports the first photographic evidence of the Himalayan Wolf in the Rolwaling Valley.
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Wang MS, Wang S, Li Y, Jhala Y, Thakur M, Otecko NO, Si JF, Chen HM, Shapiro B, Nielsen R, Zhang YP, Wu DD. Ancient Hybridization with an Unknown Population Facilitated High-Altitude Adaptation of Canids. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 37:2616-2629. [PMID: 32384152 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic introgression not only provides material for adaptive evolution but also confounds our understanding of evolutionary history. This is particularly true for canids, a species complex in which genome sequencing and analysis has revealed a complex history of admixture and introgression. Here, we sequence 19 new whole genomes from high-altitude Tibetan and Himalayan wolves and dogs and combine these into a larger data set of 166 whole canid genomes. Using these data, we explore the evolutionary history and adaptation of these and other canid lineages. We find that Tibetan and Himalayan wolves are closely related to each other, and that ∼39% of their nuclear genome is derived from an as-yet-unrecognized wolf-like lineage that is deeply diverged from living Holarctic wolves and dogs. The EPAS1 haplotype, which is present at high frequencies in Tibetan dog breeds and wolves and confers an adaptive advantage to animals living at high altitudes, was probably derived from this ancient lineage. Our study underscores the complexity of canid evolution and demonstrates how admixture and introgression can shape the evolutionary trajectories of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resource, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | | | - Mukesh Thakur
- Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Newton O Otecko
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jing-Fang Si
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture of China, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Man Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Beth Shapiro
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Rasmus Nielsen
- Departments of Integrative Biology and Statistics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.,Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resource, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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10
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Ross S, Costanzi JM, Al Jahdhami M, Al Rawahi H, Ghazali M, Senn H. First evaluation of the population structure, genetic diversity and landscape connectivity of the Endangered Arabian tahr. Mamm Biol 2020; 100:659-673. [PMID: 33192220 PMCID: PMC7661410 DOI: 10.1007/s42991-020-00072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The Arabian tahr (Arabitragus jayakari) occurs only in the mountains of northern Oman and the United Arab Emirates. The species is classified as Endangered due to its small declining population. In this study, we combined genetic and landscape ecology techniques in order to inform landscape scale conservation and genetic management of Arabian tahr. Using 540 base pairs of mitochondrial control region in a dataset of 53 samples, we found eight haplotypes, which fell into two haplogroups. Population genetic analysis using a panel of 14 microsatellite loci also showed a weak, but significant division. Analyses of landscape connectivity supported the genetic results showing poor connectivity between populations in the far south of the study area and those in the north. The most likely location of corridors connecting Arabian tahr populations were identified. Many corridors between tahr populations are impeded by multi-lane highways and restoration of these connections is required to maintain population viability of Arabian tahr. Owing to limited genetic samples outside of Wadi Sareen, further sampling is needed to elucidate both mtDNA and the nuclear structure of Arabian tahr more fully. Our study provides a toolkit that may be used for future genetic and connectivity monitoring of the Arabian tahr population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Ross
- Office for Conservation of the Environment, Diwan of Royal Court, P.O. Box 246, 100 Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Jean-Marc Costanzi
- WildGenes Laboratory, Conservation Department, Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh, EH12 6TS UK
| | - Mansoor Al Jahdhami
- Office for Conservation of the Environment, Diwan of Royal Court, P.O. Box 246, 100 Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Haitham Al Rawahi
- Office for Conservation of the Environment, Diwan of Royal Court, P.O. Box 246, 100 Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Muhammad Ghazali
- WildGenes Laboratory, Conservation Department, Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh, EH12 6TS UK
| | - Helen Senn
- WildGenes Laboratory, Conservation Department, Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh, EH12 6TS UK
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11
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12
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Machado FA. Selection and Constraints in the Ecomorphological Adaptive Evolution of the Skull of Living Canidae (Carnivora, Mammalia). Am Nat 2020; 196:197-215. [PMID: 32673094 DOI: 10.1086/709610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The association between phenotype and ecology is essential for understanding the environmental drivers of morphological evolution. This is a particularly challenging task when dealing with complex traits, such as the skull, where multiple selective pressures are at play and evolution might be constrained by ontogenetic and genetic factors. I integrate morphometric tools, comparative methods, and quantitative genetics to investigate how ontogenetic constraints and selection might have interacted during the evolution of the skull in extant Canidae. The results confirm that the evolution of cranial morphology was largely adaptive and molded by changes in diet composition. While the investigation of the adaptive landscape reveals two main selective lines of least resistance (one associated with size and one associated with functional shape features), rates of evolution along size were higher than those found for shape dimensions, suggesting the influence of constraints on morphological evolution. Structural modeling analyses revealed that size, which is the line of most genetic/phenotypic variation, might have acted as a constraint, negatively impacting dietary evolution. Constraints might have been overcome in the case of selection for the consumption of large prey by associating strong selection along both size and shape directions. The results obtained here show that microevolutionary constraints may have played a role in shaping macroevolutionary patterns of morphological evolution.
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13
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Joshi B, Lyngdoh S, Singh SK, Sharma R, Kumar V, Tiwari VP, Dar SA, Maheswari A, Pal R, Bashir T, Reshamwala HS, Shrotriya S, Sathyakumar S, Habib B, Kvist L, Goyal SP. Revisiting the Woolly wolf (Canis lupus chanco) phylogeny in Himalaya: Addressing taxonomy, spatial extent and distribution of an ancient lineage in Asia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231621. [PMID: 32298359 PMCID: PMC7162449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the sub-species of Holarctic wolf, the Woolly wolf (Canis lupus chanco) is uniquely adapted to atmospheric hypoxia and widely distributed across the Himalaya, Qinghai Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and Mongolia. Taxonomic ambiguity still exists for this sub-species because of complex evolutionary history anduse of limited wild samples across its range in Himalaya. We document for the first time population genetic structure and taxonomic affinity of the wolves across western and eastern Himalayan regions from samples collected from the wild (n = 19) using mitochondrial control region (225bp). We found two haplotypes in our data, one widely distributed in the Himalaya that was shared with QTP and the other confined to Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand in the western Himalaya, India. After combining our data withpublished sequences (n = 83), we observed 15 haplotypes. Some of these were shared among different locations from India to QTP and a few were private to geographic locations. A phylogenetic tree indicated that Woolly wolves from India, Nepal, QTP and Mongolia are basal to other wolves with shallow divergence (K2P; 0.000-0.044) and high bootstrap values. Demographic analyses based on mismatch distribution and Bayesian skyline plots (BSP) suggested a stable population over a long time (~million years) with signs of recent declines. Regional dominance of private haplotypes across its distribution range may indicate allopatric divergence. This may be due to differences in habitat characteristics, availability of different wild prey species and differential deglaciation within the range of the Woolly wolf during historic time. Presence of basal and shallow divergence within-clade along with unique ecological requirements and adaptation to hypoxia, the Woolly wolf of Himalaya, QTP, and Mongolian regions may be considered as a distinct an Evolutionary Significant Unit (ESU). Identifying management units (MUs) is needed within its distribution range using harmonized multiple genetic data for effective conservation planning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Reeta Sharma
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, India
| | | | - S. A. Dar
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, India
| | | | - Ranjana Pal
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, India
| | - Tawqir Bashir
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, India
| | | | | | - S. Sathyakumar
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, India
| | - Bilal Habib
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, India
| | - Laura Kvist
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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14
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Kusi N, Sillero‐Zubiri C, Macdonald DW, Johnson PJ, Werhahn G. Perspectives of traditional Himalayan communities on fostering coexistence with Himalayan wolf and snow leopard. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kusi
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of ZoologyUniversity of Oxford, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre Tubney UK
- Resources Himalaya Foundation Lalitpur Nepal
| | - Claudio Sillero‐Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of ZoologyUniversity of Oxford, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre Tubney UK
- IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group Oxford UK
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of ZoologyUniversity of Oxford, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre Tubney UK
| | - Paul J. Johnson
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of ZoologyUniversity of Oxford, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre Tubney UK
| | - Geraldine Werhahn
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of ZoologyUniversity of Oxford, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre Tubney UK
- IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group Oxford UK
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15
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Pilot M, Moura AE, Okhlopkov IM, Mamaev NV, Alagaili AN, Mohammed OB, Yavruyan EG, Manaseryan NH, Hayrapetyan V, Kopaliani N, Tsingarska E, Krofel M, Skoglund P, Bogdanowicz W. Global Phylogeographic and Admixture Patterns in Grey Wolves and Genetic Legacy of An Ancient Siberian Lineage. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17328. [PMID: 31757998 PMCID: PMC6874602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary relationships between extinct and extant lineages provide important insight into species' response to environmental change. The grey wolf is among the few Holarctic large carnivores that survived the Late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions, responding to that period's profound environmental changes with loss of distinct lineages and phylogeographic shifts, and undergoing domestication. We reconstructed global genome-wide phylogeographic patterns in modern wolves, including previously underrepresented Siberian wolves, and assessed their evolutionary relationships with a previously genotyped wolf from Taimyr, Siberia, dated at 35 Kya. The inferred phylogeographic structure was affected by admixture with dogs, coyotes and golden jackals, stressing the importance of accounting for this process in phylogeographic studies. The Taimyr lineage was distinct from modern Siberian wolves and constituted a sister lineage of modern Eurasian wolves and domestic dogs, with an ambiguous position relative to North American wolves. We detected gene flow from the Taimyr lineage to Arctic dog breeds, but population clustering methods indicated closer similarity of the Taimyr wolf to modern wolves than dogs, implying complex post-divergence relationships among these lineages. Our study shows that introgression from ecologically diverse con-specific and con-generic populations was common in wolves' evolutionary history, and could have facilitated their adaptation to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pilot
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andre E Moura
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Innokentiy M Okhlopkov
- Institute of Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay V Mamaev
- Institute of Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Abdulaziz N Alagaili
- KSU Mammals Research Chair, Department of Zoology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama B Mohammed
- KSU Mammals Research Chair, Department of Zoology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eduard G Yavruyan
- Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Ninna H Manaseryan
- Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | - Natia Kopaliani
- Institute of Ecology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Miha Krofel
- Department of Forestry, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Wiesław Bogdanowicz
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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16
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Sadhukhan S, Hennelly L, Habib B. Characterising the harmonic vocal repertoire of the Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216186. [PMID: 31671161 PMCID: PMC6822943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vocal communication in social animals plays a crucial role in mate choice, maintaining social structure, and foraging strategy. The Indian grey wolf, among the least studied subspecies, is a social carnivore that lives in groups called packs and has many types of vocal communication. In this study, we characterise harmonic vocalisation types of the Indian wolf using howl survey responses and opportunistic recordings from captive and nine packs (each pack contains 2–9 individuals) of free-ranging Indian wolves. Using principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering, and discriminant function analysis, we found four distinct vocalisations using 270 recorded vocalisations (Average Silhouette width Si = 0.598) which include howls and howl-barks (N = 238), whimper (N = 2), social squeak (N = 28), and whine (N = 2). Although having a smaller body size compared to other wolf subspecies, Indian wolf howls have an average mean fundamental frequency of 422 Hz (±126), which is similar to other wolf subspecies. The whimper showed the highest frequency modulation (37.296±4.601) and the highest mean fundamental frequency (1708±524 Hz) compared to other call types. Less information is available on the third vocalisation type, i.e. ‘Social squeak’ or ‘talking’ (Mean fundamental frequency = 461±83 Hz), which is highly variable (coefficient of frequency variation = 18.778±3.587). Lastly, we identified the whine, which had a mean fundamental frequency of 906Hz (±242) and is similar to the Italian wolf (979±109 Hz). Our study’s characterisation of the Indian wolf’s harmonic vocal repertoire provides a first step in understanding the function and contextual use of vocalisations in this social mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sougata Sadhukhan
- Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India;
| | - Lauren Hennelly
- Mammalian Ecology and Conservation Unit, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Bilal Habib
- Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India;
- * E-mail:
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17
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Macdonald DW, Campbell LAD, Kamler JF, Marino J, Werhahn G, Sillero-Zubiri C. Monogamy: Cause, Consequence, or Corollary of Success in Wild Canids? Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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18
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Balajeid Lyngdoh S, Habib B, Shrotriya S. Dietary spectrum in Himalayan wolves: comparative analysis of prey choice in conspecifics across high‐elevation rangelands of Asia. J Zool (1987) 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Balajeid Lyngdoh
- Department of Animal Ecology & Conservation Biology Wildlife Institute of India Dehradun Uttarakhand India
| | - B. Habib
- Department of Animal Ecology & Conservation Biology Wildlife Institute of India Dehradun Uttarakhand India
| | - S. Shrotriya
- Department of Animal Ecology & Conservation Biology Wildlife Institute of India Dehradun Uttarakhand India
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19
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mtDNA analysis confirms the endangered Kashmir musk deer extends its range to Nepal. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4895. [PMID: 30894581 PMCID: PMC6426878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Musk deer Moschus spp. are endemic to the high mountain forests of central Asia. The taxonomic status of musk deer in the central and western Himalayas is poorly understood. We investigated the phylogenetic relationship of musk deer from the central and western Himalayas based on mitochondrial genomic data of Cytochrome b (380 bps) and D-loop (1000 bps). Our results distinguished two divergent lineages using higher bootstrap support (bs) values from the Maximum likelihood and Bayesian posterior probabilities (bpp). Both the Manang and Kaski lineages from central Nepal are confirmed as Himalayan musk deer Moschus leucogaster and represent a species complex widespread throughout the central and eastern Himalayan region. The musk deer Mustang lineage was confirmed as Kashmir musk deer Moschus cupreus and has wide distribution in the western Himalayas (from central Nepal to Afghanistan). Our analysis validates that Kashmir musk deer is a genetically distinct species and it clarifies that Himalayan musk deer and Kashmir musk deer are confirmed instead of Alpine musk deer Moschus chrysogaster which has been previously described from the southern parts of Himalayas of Nepal, India and Pakistan.
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20
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Hamid A, Mahmood T, Fatima H, Hennelly LM, Akrim F, Hussain A, Waseem M. Origin, ecology and human conflict of gray wolf (Canis lupus) in Suleman Range, South Waziristan, Pakistan. MAMMALIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2018-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The gray wolf (Canis lupus; Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the most widespread terrestrial species and occurs in a variety of habitats. While well studied in North America and Europe, wolf populations in Asia are among the most evolutionarily distinct, endangered and data deficient. The Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) is a subspecies of gray wolf that ranges from Southwest Asia to the Indian Subcontinent. Despite being categorized as “Endangered” in Pakistan, data on the gray wolf’s status, ecology and distribution are poorly understood. The current study investigates its genetic distinctiveness, distribution, feeding ecology and wolf livestock conflict in the Suleman Range, South Waziristan, Pakistan. We confirmed that the gray wolf is present in South Waziristan and is genetically similar to the wolves of Iran and Saudi Arabia based on their mtDNA D-loop haplotypes. The gray wolf was recorded at eight different sampling sites in the study area with elevational range between 1642 m to 2688 m. We estimated a population of 15 wolves, with a density of 0.62 individuals/km2 area surveyed. An analysis on scats revealed 52% contribution from livestock (with goats and sheep being the preferred prey) and 48% from wild prey. Biomass consumption showed gray wolf relied heavily on domestic prey (88%) during the summer season, resulting in human conflict with 28 wolves killed in response to livestock depredation during 2016–2017, requiring immediate conservation measures to save its remaining population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Hamid
- Department of Wildlife Management , PMAS Arid Agriculture University , Rawalpindi , Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Wildlife Management , PMAS Arid Agriculture University , Rawalpindi, 46300 , Pakistan
| | - Hira Fatima
- Department of Wildlife Management , PMAS Arid Agriculture University , Rawalpindi , Pakistan
| | - Lauren Mae Hennelly
- Mammalian Ecology and Conservation Unit, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1-Shields Avenue , University of California , Davis, CA 95616 , USA
| | - Faraz Akrim
- Department of Wildlife Management , PMAS Arid Agriculture University , Rawalpindi , Pakistan
| | - Abid Hussain
- Department of Wildlife Management , PMAS Arid Agriculture University , Rawalpindi , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waseem
- Department of Wildlife Management , PMAS Arid Agriculture University , Rawalpindi , Pakistan
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21
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Gopalakrishnan S, Sinding MHS, Ramos-Madrigal J, Niemann J, Samaniego Castruita JA, Vieira FG, Carøe C, Montero MDM, Kuderna L, Serres A, González-Basallote VM, Liu YH, Wang GD, Marques-Bonet T, Mirarab S, Fernandes C, Gaubert P, Koepfli KP, Budd J, Rueness EK, Sillero C, Heide-Jørgensen MP, Petersen B, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Bachmann L, Wiig Ø, Hansen AJ, Gilbert MTP. Interspecific Gene Flow Shaped the Evolution of the Genus Canis. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3441-3449.e5. [PMID: 30344120 PMCID: PMC6224481 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary history of the wolf-like canids of the genus Canis has been heavily debated, especially regarding the number of distinct species and their relationships at the population and species level [1-6]. We assembled a dataset of 48 resequenced genomes spanning all members of the genus Canis except the black-backed and side-striped jackals, encompassing the global diversity of seven extant canid lineages. This includes eight new genomes, including the first resequenced Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), one dhole (Cuon alpinus), two East African hunting dogs (Lycaon pictus), two Eurasian golden jackals (Canis aureus), and two Middle Eastern gray wolves (Canis lupus). The relationships between the Ethiopian wolf, African golden wolf, and golden jackal were resolved. We highlight the role of interspecific hybridization in the evolution of this charismatic group. Specifically, we find gene flow between the ancestors of the dhole and African hunting dog and admixture between the gray wolf, coyote (Canis latrans), golden jackal, and African golden wolf. Additionally, we report gene flow from gray and Ethiopian wolves to the African golden wolf, suggesting that the African golden wolf originated through hybridization between these species. Finally, we hypothesize that coyotes and gray wolves carry genetic material derived from a "ghost" basal canid lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Gopalakrishnan
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mikkel-Holger S Sinding
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; The Qimmeq Project, University of Greenland, Nuussuaq, Greenland; University of Greenland, Manuutoq 1, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Jazmín Ramos-Madrigal
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Niemann
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jose A Samaniego Castruita
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filipe G Vieira
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Carøe
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lukas Kuderna
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aitor Serres
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Yan-Hu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Guo-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution and Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Tomas Marques-Bonet
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain; CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Siavash Mirarab
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Fernandes
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Philippe Gaubert
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), UM-CNRS-IRD-EPHE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Klaus-Peter Koepfli
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008, USA; Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, 41A Sredniy Prospekt, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Jane Budd
- Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eli Knispel Rueness
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Claudio Sillero
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Tubney OX13 5QL, UK; IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group, Oxford, UK
| | - Mads Peter Heide-Jørgensen
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Qimmeq Project, University of Greenland, Nuussuaq, Greenland
| | - Bent Petersen
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery (COMBio), Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Thomas Sicheritz-Ponten
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery (COMBio), Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Lutz Bachmann
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Wiig
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders J Hansen
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Qimmeq Project, University of Greenland, Nuussuaq, Greenland; University of Greenland, Manuutoq 1, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Norwegian University of Science and Technology, University Museum, Trondheim, Norway
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22
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Zrzavý J, Duda P, Robovský J, Okřinová I, Pavelková Řičánková V. Phylogeny of the Caninae (Carnivora): Combining morphology, behaviour, genes and fossils. ZOOL SCR 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zrzavý
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Duda
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Center for Theoretical Study; Charles University and Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jan Robovský
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Isabela Okřinová
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Věra Pavelková Řičánková
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; České Budějovice Czech Republic
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23
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Conservation implications for the Himalayan wolf Canis (lupus) himalayensis based on observations of packs and home sites in Nepal. ORYX 2017. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605317001077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractWe provide insights into pack composition and den site parameters of the Himalayan wolf Canis (lupus) himalayensis based on observations of free-ranging wolves in three study areas in Nepal. We combine this with a social survey of the local Buddhist communities regarding human–carnivore conflict, to draw inferences for conservation practice in the Nepalese Himalayas. We recorded eight wolf packs (with an average composition of two adults and three pups), and found five home sites in high-altitude shrubland patches within alpine grasslands at 4,270–4,940 m altitude. There was a spatial–temporal overlap of wolf home sites and livestock herding during spring and summer, which facilitated human–wolf conflict. The litters of three out of five wolf packs found in Dolpa during 2016 were killed by local people in the same year. In Nepal compensation is offered for depredation by snow leopards Panthera uncia, with associated lowering of negative attitudes, but not for depredation by wolves. We recommend the implementation of financial and educational conservation schemes for all conflict-causing carnivores across the Himalayan regions of Nepal.
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24
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Rafaqat I, Mahmood T, Hennelly LM, Akrim F, Uz-Zaman I, Fatima H, Andleeb S, Muhammad G, Abbas Y, Farooq M, Munawar N, Khan MR, Hamid A, Orakzai MA. Phylogenetic status and diet of red fox (Vulpes vulpes griffithii) inhabiting Ayubia National Park, Pakistan. BRAZ J BIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.252991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a medium-sized carnivore that occurs in different regions of Pakistan, however, still lacks scientific data on its ecology and distribution. The current study investigated the phylogenetic status and diet of the red fox (V.v. griffithii) occurring in Ayubia National Park, Pakistan. Through camera trapping and molecular analysis, we confirmed the occurrence of red fox in the study area. Based on mitochondrial cytochrome B (304 bp) and limited sampling, nearly all red foxes of Ayubia National Park and surrounding Himalayan ranges fall within Holarctic maternal lineage, whereas red foxes found in plains of Pakistan are part of the basal Palearctic maternal lineage. Using 32 scats, we found that red fox diet comprises of 80% animal-based prey species (both wild and domestic) and 19% plant matter. The wild animal prey species included Cape hare (Lepus capensis) and flying squirrel (Pteromyini sp.), which constituted 17% and 15% of diet, respectively. Red foxes infrequently consumed House mouse (Mus musculus), Himalayan Palm civet (Paguma larvata) and sheep (Ovis aries), each comprising around 6% to 9% of red fox diet. The fox species also scavenged on domestic donkey opportunistically. Based on our sampling, our study suggests that the red fox (V.v. griffithii) that occurs in Ayubia National Park and across the lesser Himalayan ranges belongs to Holarctic maternal lineage. The study also highlights consumption of plant seeds by red foxes, indicating it may play an important ecological role in seed dispersal in Ayubia National Park.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Rafaqat
- PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Pakistan
| | - T. Mahmood
- PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Pakistan
| | | | - F. Akrim
- University of Kotli Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan
| | | | - H. Fatima
- PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Pakistan
| | - S. Andleeb
- PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Pakistan
| | - G. Muhammad
- Baltistan Wildlife Conservation and Development Organization, Pakistan
| | - Y. Abbas
- Central Karakoram National Park, Pakistan
| | - M. Farooq
- PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Pakistan
| | - N. Munawar
- PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Pakistan
| | - M. R. Khan
- PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Pakistan
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