1
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Di Giovanni AJ, Villa J, Stanback MT, Thompson CF, Sakaluk SK, Hauber ME, Hanley D. Decision rules for egg-color-based rejection by two cavity-nesting hosts of the brown-headed cowbird. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245188. [PMID: 37357579 PMCID: PMC10399979 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Hosts of obligate avian brood parasites often evolve defense mechanisms to avoid rearing unrelated young. One common defense is egg rejection, for which hosts often rely on eggshell color. Most research has assumed that hosts respond to perceived color differences between their own eggs and parasite eggs regardless of the particular color; however, recent experiments have found that many hosts respond more strongly to brown foreign eggs than to equally dissimilar blue eggs. Yet, none of these prior studies tested a brown-egg-laying species and, with only one exception, all were conducted in open nests where light levels are considered sufficient for effective color-based egg discrimination. Here, we explored how two cavity-nesting hosts of the parasitic brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) - the blue-egg-laying eastern bluebird (Sialia sialis) and the brown-egg-laying house wren (Troglodytes aedon) - respond to experimental eggs painted six distinct colors ranging from blue to brown. Rejection responses of both hosts were best predicted by perceived differences in color between the model egg and their own eggs. Specifically, we found that house wrens preferentially rejected eggs bluer than their own eggs. However, although we found that bluebirds relied on perceived differences in color for their egg rejection decisions, further tests are needed to determine whether they preferentially rejected brown eggs or simply responded to absolute perceived differences in color. These findings demonstrate that these cavity-nesting birds treat perceived color differences in distinct ways, which has important implications on the coevolutionary arms races and the interpretation of avian-perceived color differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliana Villa
- Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Mark T. Stanback
- Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035, USA
| | - Charles F. Thompson
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Section, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA
| | - Scott K. Sakaluk
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Section, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA
| | - Mark E. Hauber
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Daniel Hanley
- Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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2
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Ducay RL, Luro AB, Hansen ES, Hauber ME. Multicomponent shell traits are consistent with an individual recognition function of the appearance of common murre ( Uria aalge) eggs: A biological replication study. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:2402-2409. [PMID: 33717464 PMCID: PMC7920776 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In dense breeding colonies, and despite having no nest structure, common murres (or guillemots: Uria aalge) are still able to identify their own eggs. Each female murre's egg is thought to be recognized individually by the shell's avian-perceivable traits. This is because the eggshells' visible traits conform to expectations of the identity-signaling hypothesis in that they show both high intraindividual repeatability and high interindividual variability. Identity signaling also predicts a lack of correlation between each of the putative multicomponent recognition traits, yielding no significant relationships between those eggshell traits that are generated by mutually exclusive physiological factors. Using a multivariate analysis across eggshell size and shape, avian-perceivable background coloration, spot (maculation) shape, and spot density, we detected no unexpected statistical correlations between Icelandic common murre egg traits lacking known physiological or mathematical relationships with one another. These results biologically replicate the conclusions of a recent eggshell trait study of Canadian common murres using similar methodology. We also demonstrate the use of static correlations to infer identity signaling function without direct behavioral observations, which in turn may also be applied to rare or extinct species and provide valuable insight into otherwise unknown communicative and behavioral functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Ducay
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and BehaviorSchool of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
| | - Alec B. Luro
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and BehaviorSchool of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
| | | | - Mark E. Hauber
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and BehaviorSchool of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
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3
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Pérez de Vargas A, Cuadrado M, Camarero PR, Mateo R. An assessment of eggshell pigments as non-invasive biomarkers of organochlorine pollutants in gull-billed tern. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 732:139210. [PMID: 32438180 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Eggshell pigmentation has been assessed as an indicator of exposure to environmental pollutants in birds, but these studies have only used reflectance spectrophotometry to measure such pigmentation. The present study is the first one that measures eggshell pigments and pollutants in the same eggs to explore their use as biomarkers in birds. We have studied the concentration of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the content of 97 deserted eggs of gull-billed terns (Gelochelidon nilotica) after the abandonment of the colony in Mesas de Asta (Cádiz, S Spain) in 2012. Eggshell thickness and stage of embryo development were studied together along with the concentrations of protoporphyrin IX and biliverdin in eggshells. p,p'-DDE concentrations were high when compared with other studies done with terns in the Mediterranean basin in the past. p,p'-DDE and PCB levels associated with reduced reproductive success were found in 5.1% and 2.1% of the eggs respectively. Eggshell index was largely affected by the embryo development stage, which highlights the need of knowing this information to avoid potential biases in the interpretation of results. The concentrations of protoporphyrin IX and biliverdin in the eggs of gull-billed terns were negatively associated with DDTs levels, which seems to confirm previous observations with phylogenetically related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pérez de Vargas
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; Veterinary Diagnostic and Research Unit, Veterinary Section, Al Ain Zoo, PO Box 1204, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mariano Cuadrado
- ZooBotánico Jerez - Ayuntamiento de Jerez, Madreselva s/n, 11408 Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Pablo R Camarero
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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4
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Hauber ME, Bond AL, Kouwenberg AL, Robertson GJ, Hansen ES, Holford M, Dainson M, Luro A, Dale J. The chemical basis of a signal of individual identity: shell pigment concentrations track the unique appearance of Common Murre eggs. J R Soc Interface 2020; 16:20190115. [PMID: 30966949 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In group-living species with parental care, the accurate recognition of one's own young is critical to fitness. Because discriminating offspring within a large colonial group may be challenging, progeny of colonial breeders often display familial or individual identity signals to elicit and receive parental provisions from their own parents. For instance, the common murre (or common guillemot: Uria aalge) is a colonially breeding seabird that does not build a nest and lays and incubates an egg with an individually unique appearance. How the shell's physical and chemical properties generate this individual variability in coloration and maculation has not been studied in detail. Here, we quantified two characteristics of the avian-visible appearance of murre eggshells collected from the wild: background coloration spectra and maculation density. As predicted by the individual identity hypothesis, there was no statistical relationship between avian-perceivable shell background coloration and maculation density within the same eggs. In turn, variation in both sets of traits was statistically related to some of their physico-chemical properties, including shell thickness and concentrations of the eggshell pigments biliverdin and protoporphyrin IX. These results illustrate how individually unique eggshell appearances, suitable for identity signalling, can be generated by a small number of structural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Hauber
- 1 Department of Animal Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois , Urbana-Champaign, IL , USA.,2 American Museum of Natural History , New York, NY , USA
| | - Alexander L Bond
- 3 Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum , Tring, Hertfordshire , UK
| | | | - Gregory J Robertson
- 5 Environment and Climate Change Canada , Mount Pearl, Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada
| | - Erpur S Hansen
- 6 South Iceland Nature Research Centre , Vestmannaeyjar , Iceland
| | - Mande Holford
- 2 American Museum of Natural History , New York, NY , USA.,7 Department of Chemistry, Hunter College and Graduate Center, City University of New York , New York, NY , USA
| | - Miri Dainson
- 1 Department of Animal Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois , Urbana-Champaign, IL , USA
| | - Alec Luro
- 1 Department of Animal Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois , Urbana-Champaign, IL , USA
| | - James Dale
- 8 School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University , Auckland , New Zealand
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5
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Abolins-Abols M, Hanley D, Moskát C, Grim T, Hauber ME. Anti-parasitic egg rejection by great reed warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) tracks differences along an eggshell color gradient. Behav Processes 2019; 166:103902. [PMID: 31283976 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.103902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the most effective defenses against avian brood parasitism is the rejection of the foreign egg from the host's nest. Until recently, most studies have tested whether hosts discriminate between own and foreign eggs based on the absolute differences in avian-perceivable eggshell coloration and maculation. However, recent studies suggest that hosts may instead contrast egg appearances across a directional eggshell color gradient. We assessed which discrimination rule best explained egg rejection by great reed warblers Acrocephalus arundinaceus, a frequent host to an egg-mimetic race of common cuckoos Cuculus canorus. We deployed 3D-printed model eggs varying in blue-green to brown coloration and in the presence of maculation. Using visual modeling, we calculated the absolute chromatic and achromatic just-noticeable differences (JNDs), as well as directional JNDs across a blue-green to brown egg color gradient, between host and model eggs. While most model eggs were rejected by great reed warblers, browner eggs were rejected with higher probability than more blue-green eggs, and the rejection probability did not depend on maculation. Directional egg color discrimination shown here and in a suite of recent studies on other host species may shape the cognitive decision rules that hosts use to recognize foreign eggs and affect the course of evolution in parasitic egg mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikus Abolins-Abols
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA.
| | - Daniel Hanley
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Long Island University - Post, USA
| | - Csaba Moskát
- MTA-ELTE-MTM Ecology Research Group: a joint research group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the Eötvös Loránd University, and the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tomáš Grim
- Na Orátě 497, 78361, Hlubočky, Czech Republic
| | - Mark E Hauber
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA
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6
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Holveck MJ, Guerreiro R, Perret P, Doutrelant C, Grégoire A. Eggshell coloration indicates female condition during egg-laying: a field experiment in blue tits. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSeveral selection pressures may explain the evolution of avian eggshell coloration patterns. In cavity-nesting species, there are two main non-exclusive hypotheses. The sexually selected eggshell colour hypothesis proposes that eggshell coloration is a sexually selected signal of female and offspring quality used by males that influences paternal care or future re-mating decisions. The structural function hypothesis proposes that pigments help strengthen the eggshell and are present at higher levels and at the blunt end of the egg when females face calcium shortages. We tested whether eggshell coloration (brown spots on a white ground colour) in blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) could reliably indicate female condition at laying by forcing females to produce two consecutive clutches, thus increasing their reproductive costs. Three measures of eggshell coloration – the area covered by spots as well as white ground UV-chroma and brightness – changed between clutches; the fourth measure, spot distribution, did not. The changes were more dramatic in young and lower-quality females. All the measures varied with female quality (i.e. body condition and/or laying date). Overall, higher-quality females produced more colourful (larger, more concentrated spotted surface area; higher UV-chroma) and less bright (i.e. putatively more pigmented) eggshells, a result that is generally in line with past research. We found a clear empirical link between eggshell coloration and female condition in blue tits, an important step in determining whether eggshell coloration is a sexual signal, but which does not exclude a potential concomitant structural function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Jeanne Holveck
- CEFE UMR 5175, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Romain Guerreiro
- CEFE UMR 5175, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Perret
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Doutrelant
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Arnaud Grégoire
- CEFE UMR 5175, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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7
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Hauber ME, Luro A, McCarty C, Barateli K, Cassey P, Hansen ES, Dale J. Interannual repeatability of eggshell phenotype in individual female Common Murres (Uriaaalge). CAN J ZOOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2018-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of own progeny is critical in group-living organisms that provide parental care for their young. The colonial seabird Common Murre (Uria aalge (Pontoppidan, 1763); also known as the Common Guillemot) does not build a nest, so direct cues must be available for the parents to recognize their own egg. However, only anecdotal evidence exists that, as seen in other avian lineages where examined, eggshells of Common Murres are also consistent in most aspects of their appearance between different breeding attempts by each female. Using digital photography, we quantified several eggshell traits of a handful of captive Common Murres across multiple years. Individual female Common Murre eggs were significantly repeatable in background colour, maculation coverage, spot shape, and shell size. Laying individually consistent and recognizable eggshells across breeding attempts may benefit Common Murres by reducing both the cost of relearning and the risk of misidentifying their own eggs. More generally, these data also add to the growing knowledge of individually consistent eggshell genesis by the avian reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Hauber
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Alec Luro
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Ketti Barateli
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Phillip Cassey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 0632, Australia
| | - Erpur S. Hansen
- South Iceland Nature Research Centre, 900 Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland
| | - James Dale
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
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8
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Spottiswoode CN, Busch R. Vive la difference! Self/non-self recognition and the evolution of signatures of identity in arms races with parasites. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180206. [PMID: 30967089 PMCID: PMC6388040 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In arms races with parasites, hosts can evolve defences exhibiting extensive variability within populations, which signals individual identity ('signatures'). However, few such systems have evolved, suggesting that the conditions for their evolution are uncommon. We review (a) polymorphic egg markings that allow hosts of brood-parasitic birds to recognize and reject parasitic eggs, and (b) polymorphic tissue antigens encoded in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which present self- and pathogen-derived peptides to T cells of the immune system. Despite the profound differences between these systems, they share analogous features: (i) self/non-self discrimination by a highly specific recognition system (bird eyes and T-cell antigen receptor, respectively), which antagonists may escape by evolving evasion or mimicry; (ii) a self substrate upon which diversifying selection can act (eggs, and MHC molecules); (iii) acquired knowledge of self (resulting in acceptance of own eggs, and immune tolerance); and (iv) fitness costs associated with attack on self or lack of parasite detection. We suggest that these features comprise a set of requirements for parasites to drive the evolution of identity signatures in hosts, which diminish the likelihood of recognition errors. This may help to explain the variety of trajectories arising from arms races in different antagonistic contexts. This article is part of the theme issue 'The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire N. Spottiswoode
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Robert Busch
- Department of Life Sciences, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UK
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9
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Samaš P, Rutila J, Honza M, Kysučan M, Grim T. Rearing a virulent common cuckoo is not extra costly for its only cavity-nesting host. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1710. [PMID: 30355712 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulent brood parasites refrain from arduous parental care, often kill host progeny and inflict rearing costs upon their hosts. Quantifying the magnitude of such costs across the whole period of care (from incubation through to parasite fledgling independence) is essential for understanding the selection pressures on hosts to evolve antiparasitic defences. Despite the central importance of such costs for our understanding of coevolutionary dynamics, they have not yet been comprehensively quantified in any host of any avian brood parasite. We quantified parasite-rearing costs in common redstarts Phoenicurus phoenicurus raising either parasitic common cuckoo Cuculus canorus or their own chicks throughout the complete breeding cycle, and used multiple cost parameters for each breeding stage: incubation, brooding and feeding effort; length of parental/host care; parent/host body condition; and heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (stress-level indicator). Contrary to traditional assumptions, rearing the parasite per se was not associated with overall higher physiological or physical costs to hosts above the natural levels imposed by efforts to rear their own progeny. The low parasite-rearing costs imposed on hosts may, in part, explain the low levels of known host counter-defences in this unusually frequently parasitized cuckoo host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Samaš
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Květná 8, 60365 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Marcel Honza
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Květná 8, 60365 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kysučan
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacký University, 17 Listopadu 50, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Grim
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacký University, 17 Listopadu 50, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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10
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Garcia JE, Shrestha M, Dyer AG. Flower signal variability overwhelms receptor-noise and requires plastic color learning in bees. Behav Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ary127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jair E Garcia
- Bio-Inspired Digital Sensing (BIDS) Lab, School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mani Shrestha
- Bio-Inspired Digital Sensing (BIDS) Lab, School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- APIS Lab, Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian G Dyer
- Bio-Inspired Digital Sensing (BIDS) Lab, School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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11
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Canniff L, Dainson M, López AV, Hauber ME, Grim T, Samaš P, Hanley D. Probing the Limits of Egg Recognition Using Egg Rejection Experiments Along Phenotypic Gradients. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30199015 DOI: 10.3791/57512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Brood parasites lay their eggs in other females' nests, leaving the host parents to hatch and rear their young. Studying how brood parasites manipulate hosts into raising their young and how hosts detect parasitism provide important insights in the field of coevolutionary biology. Brood parasites, such as cuckoos and cowbirds, gain an evolutionary advantage because they do not have to pay the costs of rearing their own young. However, these costs select for host defenses against all developmental stages of parasites, including eggs, their young, and adults. Egg rejection experiments are the most common method used to study host defenses. During these experiments, a researcher places an experimental egg in a host nest and monitors how hosts respond. Color is often manipulated, and the expectation is that the likelihood of egg discrimination and the degree of dissimilarity between the host and experimental egg are positively related. This paper serves as a guide for conducting egg rejection experiments from describing methods for creating consistent egg colors to analyzing the findings of such experiments. Special attention is given to a new method involving uniquely colored eggs along color gradients that has the potential to explore color biases in host recognition. Without standardization, it is not possible to compare findings between studies in a meaningful way; a standard protocol within this field will allow for increasingly accurate and comparable results for further experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miri Dainson
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois
| | - Analía V López
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires
| | - Mark E Hauber
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois
| | - Tomáš Grim
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacký University
| | - Peter Samaš
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
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12
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Dainson M, Mark M, Hossain M, Yoo B, Holford M, McNeil SE, Riehl C, Hauber ME. How to Make a Mimic? Brood Parasitic Striped Cuckoo Eggs Match Host Shell Color but Not Pigment Concentrations. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:940-946. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-0986-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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13
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Stoddard MC, Hauber ME. Colour, vision and coevolution in avian brood parasitism. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0339. [PMID: 28533456 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The coevolutionary interactions between avian brood parasites and their hosts provide a powerful system for investigating the diversity of animal coloration. Specifically, reciprocal selection pressure applied by hosts and brood parasites can give rise to novel forms and functions of animal coloration, which largely differ from those that arise when selection is imposed by predators or mates. In the study of animal colours, avian brood parasite-host dynamics therefore invite special consideration. Rapid advances across disciplines have paved the way for an integrative study of colour and vision in brood parasite-host systems. We now know that visually driven host defences and host life history have selected for a suite of phenotypic adaptations in parasites, including mimicry, crypsis and supernormal stimuli. This sometimes leads to vision-based host counter-adaptations and increased parasite trickery. Here, we review vision-based adaptations that arise in parasite-host interactions, emphasizing that these adaptations can be visual/sensory, cognitive or phenotypic in nature. We highlight recent breakthroughs in chemistry, genomics, neuroscience and computer vision, and we conclude by identifying important future directions. Moving forward, it will be essential to identify the genetic and neural bases of adaptation and to compare vision-based adaptations to those arising in other sensory modalities.This article is part of the themed issue 'Animal coloration: production, perception, function and application'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Caswell Stoddard
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Mark E Hauber
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, NY, USA.,Department of Animal Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
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14
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Attard MRG, Medina I, Langmore NE, Sherratt E. Egg shape mimicry in parasitic cuckoos. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:2079-2084. [PMID: 28898493 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic cuckoos lay their eggs in nests of host species. Rejection of cuckoo eggs by hosts has led to the evolution of egg mimicry by cuckoos, whereby their eggs mimic the colour and pattern of their host eggs to avoid egg recognition and rejection. There is also evidence of mimicry in egg size in some cuckoo-host systems, but currently it is unknown whether cuckoos can also mimic the egg shape of their hosts. In this study, we test whether there is evidence of mimicry in egg form (shape and size) in three species of Australian cuckoos: the fan-tailed cuckoo Cacomantis flabelliformis, which exploits dome nesting hosts, the brush cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus, which exploits both dome and cup nesting hosts, and the pallid cuckoo Cuculus pallidus, which exploits cup nesting hosts. We found evidence of size mimicry and, for the first time, evidence of egg shape mimicry in two Australian cuckoo species (pallid cuckoo and brush cuckoo). Moreover, cuckoo-host egg similarity was higher for hosts with open nests than for hosts with closed nests. This finding fits well with theory, as it has been suggested that hosts with closed nests have more difficulty recognizing parasitic eggs than open nests, have lower rejection rates and thus exert lower selection for mimicry in cuckoos. This is the first evidence of mimicry in egg shape in a cuckoo-host system, suggesting that mimicry at different levels (size, shape, colour pattern) is evolving in concert. We also confirm the existence of egg size mimicry in cuckoo-host systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R G Attard
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - I Medina
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - N E Langmore
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - E Sherratt
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Department of Ecology, Evolution and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Dainson M, Hauber ME, López AV, Grim T, Hanley D. Does contrast between eggshell ground and spot coloration affect egg rejection? Naturwissenschaften 2017. [PMID: 28642972 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-017-1476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Obligate avian brood parasitic species impose the costs of incubating foreign eggs and raising young upon their unrelated hosts. The most common host defence is the rejection of parasitic eggs from the nest. Both egg colours and spot patterns influence egg rejection decisions in many host species, yet no studies have explicitly examined the role of variation in spot coloration. We studied the American robin Turdus migratorius, a blue-green unspotted egg-laying host of the brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater, a brood parasite that lays non-mimetic spotted eggs. We examined host responses to model eggs with variable spot coloration against a constant robin-mimetic ground colour to identify patterns of rejection associated with perceived contrast between spot and ground colours. By using avian visual modelling, we found that robins were more likely to reject eggs whose spots had greater chromatic (hue) but not achromatic (brightness) contrast. Therefore, egg rejection decision rules in the American robin may depend on the colour contrast between parasite eggshell spot and host ground coloration. Our study also suggests that egg recognition in relation to spot coloration, like ground colour recognition, is tuned to the natural variation of avian eggshell spot colours but not to unnatural spot colours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Dainson
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Mark E Hauber
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Animal Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Analía V López
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomáš Grim
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacký University, 77146, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Hanley
- Department of Biology, Long Island University - Post, Brookville, New York, NY, 11548, USA
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16
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Geltsch N, Moskát C, Elek Z, Bán M, Stevens M. Egg spotting pattern in common cuckoos and their great reed warbler hosts: a century perspective. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blw035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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17
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Grim T. Host Defences Against Brood Parasite Nestlings: Theoretical Expectations and Empirical Evidence. AVIAN BROOD PARASITISM 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-73138-4_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Samaš P, Rutila J, Grim T. The common redstart as a suitable model to study cuckoo-host coevolution in a unique ecological context. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:255. [PMID: 27887566 PMCID: PMC5124271 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0835-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-evolutionary arms-races result in spatio-temporally dynamic relationships between interacting species, e.g., brood parasites and their avian hosts. However, majority of avian co-evolutionary studies are limited to "snap-shots" of a single breeding season in an open-nesting host. In a long-term study (11 breeding seasons), we explored a unique system between the brood parasitic common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) and its host, the common redstart (Phoenicurus phoenicurus) which is exceptional among all cuckoo hosts due to being a cavity nester. Conditions in cavities are different from open nests, e.g., lower risks of predation, more favourable microclimate, increased risks of unsuccessful eviction of host offspring by the cuckoo nestling. Different conditions in cavities thus can be expected to shape parasite-host coevolution differently from what is typically studied in open nesting hosts. RESULTS In our highly parasitised nest-box population (32.5%, n = 569 nests) only 35.7% of cuckoo eggs were laid into the nest cup and incubated by redstarts. Host nests shifted availability to later into the breeding season from 2006 to 2016 and cuckoos followed this trend by also shifting their timing of parasitism. Although previous studies revealed that redstarts selectively eject experimental non-mimetic eggs (desertion was not a specific response to foreign eggs), the hosts never ejected naturally-laid cuckoo eggs or cuckoo eggs cross-fostered into naturally non-parasitised nests. We solve the long-standing debate about the origin of cuckoo eggs found on the nest rim: we gained the first direct video-recording evidence that eggs found on the nest rim were mislaid by parasites and not ejected by hosts. Naturally-parasitised nests were deserted more often (18.6%) than control non-parasitized nests (5.6%) or nests artificially parasitised by us (1.4%). This suggests that the sight of the laying cuckoo female is the primary cue that triggers egg rejection (by desertion) in this host. Review of data from this and other study sites (10 populations, n = 853 experiments) demonstrates high variability in rejection rates and shows that populations facing higher parasitism rates reject parasitic eggs with higher frequencies. Surprisingly, cuckoo chicks either growing solitarily or with redstart chicks did not differ in their fledging success. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that the redstart is an ideal model system to study the flexibility and limits of brood parasite-host co-evolution in an extreme ecological setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Samaš
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 50, Olomouc, 77146, Czech Republic
| | | | - Tomáš Grim
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 50, Olomouc, 77146, Czech Republic.
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Igic B, Hauber ME, Moskát C, Grim T, Shawkey MD, Procházka P, Honza M. Brood parasite and host eggshells undergo similar levels of decalcification during embryonic development. J Zool (1987) 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Igic
- Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program; University of Akron; Akron OH USA
- Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - M. E. Hauber
- Department of Psychology; Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York; New York NY USA
| | - C. Moskát
- MTA-ELTE-MTM Ecology Research Group; a joint research group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; the Biological Institute of the Eötvös Loránd University and the Hungarian Natural History Museum; Budapest Hungary
| | - T. Grim
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology; Palacký University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - M. D. Shawkey
- Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program; University of Akron; Akron OH USA
- Department of Biology; Terrestrial Ecology Unit; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - P. Procházka
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology AS CR; Brno Czech Republic
| | - M. Honza
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology AS CR; Brno Czech Republic
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20
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Hanley D, Šulc M, Brennan PLR, Hauber ME, Grim T, Honza M. Dynamic egg color mimicry. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:4192-202. [PMID: 27516874 PMCID: PMC4972242 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary hypotheses regarding the function of eggshell phenotypes, from solar protection through mimicry, have implicitly assumed that eggshell appearance remains static throughout the laying and incubation periods. However, recent research demonstrates that egg coloration changes over relatively short, biologically relevant timescales. Here, we provide the first evidence that such changes impact brood parasite–host eggshell color mimicry during the incubation stage. First, we use long‐term data to establish how rapidly the Acrocephalus arundinaceus Linnaeus (great reed warbler) responded to natural parasitic eggs laid by the Cuculus canorus Linnaeus (common cuckoo). Most hosts rejected parasitic eggs just prior to clutch completion, but the host response period extended well into incubation (~10 days after clutch completion). Using reflectance spectrometry and visual modeling, we demonstrate that eggshell coloration in the great reed warbler and its brood parasite, the common cuckoo, changes rapidly, and the extent of eggshell color mimicry shifts dynamically over the host response period. Specifically, 4 days after being laid, the host should notice achromatic color changes to both cuckoo and warbler eggs, while chromatic color changes would be noticeable after 8 days. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the perceived match between host and cuckoo eggshell color worsened over the incubation period. These findings have important implications for parasite–host coevolution dynamics, because host egg discrimination may be aided by disparate temporal color changes in host and parasite eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hanley
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology Palacký University 17. listopadu 50 Olomouc 771 46 Czech Republic
| | - Michal Šulc
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republicv. v. i., Květná 8603 65 Brno Czech Republic; Department of Ecology Faculty of Science Charles University in Prague Viničná 7128 44 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Patricia L R Brennan
- Department of Biological Sciences Mount Holyoke College South Hadley Massachusetts 01074 USA; Organismic & Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program University of Massachusetts, Amherst Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
| | - Mark E Hauber
- Department of Psychology Hunter College and the Graduate Center The City University of New York 695 Park Avenue New York City New York 10065 USA
| | - Tomáš Grim
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology Palacký University 17. listopadu 50 Olomouc 771 46 Czech Republic
| | - Marcel Honza
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v. v. i., Květná 8 603 65 Brno Czech Republic
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21
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Liang W, Møller AP, Stokke BG, Yang C, Kovařík P, Wang H, Yao CT, Ding P, Lu X, Moksnes A, Røskaft E, Grim T. Geographic variation in egg ejection rate by great tits across 2 continents. Behav Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arw061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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22
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Yang C, Huang Q, Wang L, Jiang A, Stokke BG, Fossøy F, Tunheim OH, Røskaft E, Liang W, Møller AP. Plaintive cuckoos do not select tailorbird hosts that match the phenotypes of their own eggs. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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23
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Šulc M, Procházka P, Capek M, Honza M. Birds use eggshell UV reflectance when recognizing non-mimetic parasitic eggs. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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24
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Hauber ME, Aidala Z, Igic B, Shawkey MD, Moskát C. Experimental shifts in egg-nest contrasts do not alter egg rejection responses in an avian host-brood parasite system. Anim Cogn 2015; 18:1133-41. [PMID: 26118673 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-015-0886-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Obligate brood parasitic birds exploit their hosts to provide care for unrelated young in the nest. Potential hosts can reduce the cost of parasitism by rejecting foreign eggs from the nest. Observational, comparative, and experimental studies have concluded that most hosts use the coloration and patterning of eggshells to discriminate between own and foreign eggs in the nest. However, an alternative hypothesis is that birds use the colour contrasts between eggshells and the nest lining to identify parasitic eggs (egg-nest contrast hypothesis). In support of this hypothesis, we found that the avian perceivable chromatic contrasts between dyed eggs and unmanipulated nest linings significantly and negatively covaried with the rejection rates of different dyed eggs of the great reed warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus, a frequently parasitized host of the common cuckoo Cuculus canorus. To experimentally test whether egg-nest contrasts influence rejection, we reciprocally dyed both eggs and the nest lining of this host species with one of two colours: orange and green. Contrary to the egg-nest contrast hypothesis, host rejection patterns in response to dyed eggs were not altered by dyeing nests, relative to unmanipulated control eggs and nests. In turn, experimental egg colour was the only significant predictor of egg rejection rate. Our results demonstrate that egg-nest contrast is a collateral, not a causal factor in egg rejection, and confirm the conclusions of previous studies that hosts can rely on the parasitic egg's appearance itself to recognize the foreign egg in the nest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Hauber
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA,
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25
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Igic B, Nunez V, Voss HU, Croston R, Aidala Z, López AV, Van Tatenhove A, Holford ME, Shawkey MD, Hauber ME. Using 3D printed eggs to examine the egg-rejection behaviour of wild birds. PeerJ 2015; 3:e965. [PMID: 26038720 PMCID: PMC4451021 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The coevolutionary relationships between brood parasites and their hosts are often studied by examining the egg rejection behaviour of host species using artificial eggs. However, the traditional methods for producing artificial eggs out of plasticine, plastic, wood, or plaster-of-Paris are laborious, imprecise, and prone to human error. As an alternative, 3D printing may reduce human error, enable more precise manipulation of egg size and shape, and provide a more accurate and replicable protocol for generating artificial stimuli than traditional methods. However, the usefulness of 3D printing technology for egg rejection research remains to be tested. Here, we applied 3D printing technology to the extensively studied egg rejection behaviour of American robins, Turdus migratorius. Eggs of the robin’s brood parasites, brown-headed cowbirds, Molothrus ater, vary greatly in size and shape, but it is unknown whether host egg rejection decisions differ across this gradient of natural variation. We printed artificial eggs that encompass the natural range of shapes and sizes of cowbird eggs, painted them to resemble either robin or cowbird egg colour, and used them to artificially parasitize nests of breeding wild robins. In line with previous studies, we show that robins accept mimetically coloured and reject non-mimetically coloured artificial eggs. Although we found no evidence that subtle differences in parasitic egg size or shape affect robins’ rejection decisions, 3D printing will provide an opportunity for more extensive experimentation on the potential biological or evolutionary significance of size and shape variation of foreign eggs in rejection decisions. We provide a detailed protocol for generating 3D printed eggs using either personal 3D printers or commercial printing services, and highlight additional potential future applications for this technology in the study of egg rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Igic
- Department of Biology, University of Akron , Akron, OH , USA
| | - Valerie Nunez
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, and The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , NY , USA
| | - Henning U Voss
- Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY , USA
| | - Rebecca Croston
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada-Reno , Reno, NV , USA ; Department of Biology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , NY , USA
| | - Zachary Aidala
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, and The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , NY , USA ; Social and Behavioral Sciences Division, Bloomfield College , Bloomfield, NJ , USA
| | - Analía V López
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Aimee Van Tatenhove
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY , USA
| | - Mandë E Holford
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, and The American Museum of Natural History , NY , USA
| | | | - Mark E Hauber
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, and The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , NY , USA
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Trnka A, Trnka M, Grim T. Do rufous common cuckoo females indeed mimic a predator? An experimental test. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfréd Trnka
- Department of Biology; University of Trnava; Priemyselná 4 SK-918 43 Trnava Slovakia
| | - Michal Trnka
- Department of Biology; University of Trnava; Priemyselná 4 SK-918 43 Trnava Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Grim
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology; Palacký University; 17. listopadu 50 77146 Olomouc Czech Republic
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Fecheyr-Lippens DC, Igic B, D'Alba L, Hanley D, Verdes A, Holford M, Waterhouse GIN, Grim T, Hauber ME, Shawkey MD. The cuticle modulates ultraviolet reflectance of avian eggshells. Biol Open 2015; 4:753-9. [PMID: 25964661 PMCID: PMC4571098 DOI: 10.1242/bio.012211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian eggshells are variedly coloured, yet only two pigments, biliverdin and protoporphyrin IX, are known to contribute to the dramatic diversity of their colours. By contrast, the contributions of structural or other chemical components of the eggshell are poorly understood. For example, unpigmented eggshells, which appear white to the human eye, vary in their ultraviolet (UV) reflectance, which may be detectable by birds. We investigated the proximate mechanisms for the variation in UV-reflectance of unpigmented bird eggshells using spectrophotometry, electron microscopy, chemical analyses, and experimental manipulations. We specifically tested how UV-reflectance is affected by the eggshell cuticle, the outermost layer of most avian eggshells. The chemical dissolution of the outer eggshell layers, including the cuticle, increased UV-reflectance for only eggshells that contained a cuticle. Our findings demonstrate that the outer eggshell layers, including the cuticle, absorb UV-light, probably because they contain higher levels of organic components and other chemicals, such as calcium phosphates, compared to the predominantly calcite-based eggshell matrix. These data highlight the need to examine factors other than the known pigments in studies of avian eggshell colour.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Branislav Igic
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Liliana D'Alba
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Daniel Hanley
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacký University, Olomouc 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Aida Verdes
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Mande Holford
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | - Tomas Grim
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacký University, Olomouc 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Mark E Hauber
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Croston R, Hauber ME. Experimental shifts in intraclutch egg color variation do not affect egg rejection in a host of a non-egg-mimetic avian brood parasite. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121213. [PMID: 25831051 PMCID: PMC4382172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian brood parasites lay their eggs in the nests of other birds, and impose the costs associated with rearing parasitic young onto these hosts. Many hosts of brood parasites defend against parasitism by removing foreign eggs from the nest. In systems where parasitic eggs mimic host eggs in coloration and patterning, extensive intraclutch variation in egg appearances may impair the host's ability to recognize and reject parasitic eggs, but experimental investigation of this effect has produced conflicting results. The cognitive mechanism by which hosts recognize parasitic eggs may vary across brood parasite hosts, and this may explain variation in experimental outcome across studies investigating egg rejection in hosts of egg-mimicking brood parasites. In contrast, for hosts of non-egg-mimetic parasites, intraclutch egg color variation is not predicted to co-vary with foreign egg rejection, irrespective of cognitive mechanism. Here we tested for effects of intraclutch egg color variation in a host of nonmimetic brood parasite by manipulating egg color in American robins (Turdus migratorius), hosts of brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater). We recorded robins' behavioral responses to simulated cowbird parasitism in nests where color variation was artificially enhanced or reduced. We also quantified egg color variation within and between unmanipulated robin clutches as perceived by robins themselves using spectrophotometric measures and avian visual modeling. In unmanipulated nests, egg color varied more between than within robin clutches. As predicted, however, manipulation of color variation did not affect rejection rates. Overall, our results best support the scenario wherein egg rejection is the outcome of selective pressure by a nonmimetic brood parasite, because robins are efficient rejecters of foreign eggs, irrespective of the color variation within their own clutch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Croston
- Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Subprogram in Biology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Hauber
- Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Subprogram in Biology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College and The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
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Hanley D, Samaš P, Heryán J, Hauber ME, Grim T. Now you see it, now you don't: flushing hosts prior to experimentation can predict their responses to brood parasitism. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9060. [PMID: 25762433 PMCID: PMC4356969 DOI: 10.1038/srep09060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Brood parasitic birds lay their eggs in other birds' nests, leaving hosts to raise their offspring. To understand parasite-host coevolutionary arms races, many studies have examined host responses to experimentally introduced eggs. However, attending parents often need to be flushed from their nests to add experimental eggs. If these birds witness parasitism events, they may recognize and reject foreign eggs more readily than parents who did not. We found that, after being flushed, female blackbirds, Turdus merula, remained close to their nests. Flushed females were more likely to eject foreign eggs and did so more quickly than females that were not flushed during experimentation. In contrast, flushing did not predict responses and latency to responses to parasitism by song thrush, Turdus philomelos, which flew farther from their nests and likely did not witness experimental parasitism. When statistically considering flushing, previously published conclusions regarding both species' response to experimental parasitism did not change. Nevertheless, we recommend that researchers record and statistically control for whether hosts were flushed prior to experimental parasitism. Our results have broad implications because more vigilant and/or bolder parents can gain more information about parasitism events and therefore have better chances of successfully defending against brood parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hanley
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 50, Olomouc 77146, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Samaš
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 50, Olomouc 77146, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Heryán
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 50, Olomouc 77146, Czech Republic
| | - Mark E. Hauber
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College and the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Tomáš Grim
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 50, Olomouc 77146, Czech Republic
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Hauber ME, Tong L, Bán M, Croston R, Grim T, Waterhouse GIN, Shawkey MD, Barron AB, Moskát C. The Value of Artificial Stimuli in Behavioral Research: Making the Case for Egg Rejection Studies in Avian Brood Parasitism. Ethology 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Márk E. Hauber
- Department of Psychology; Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York; New York NY USA
| | - Lainga Tong
- Department of Psychology; Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York; New York NY USA
| | - Miklós Bán
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology; MTA-DE ‘Lendület’ Behavioural Ecology Research Group; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Rebecca Croston
- Department of Psychology; Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York; New York NY USA
| | - Tomáš Grim
- Laboratory of Ornithology and Department of Zoology; Palacky University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | | | - Matthew D. Shawkey
- Department of Biology and Integrated BioScience Program; University of Akron; Akron OH USA
| | - Andrew B. Barron
- Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Csaba Moskát
- MTA-ELTE-MTM Ecology Research Group; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; c/o Biological Institute; Eötvös Lóránd University and Hungarian Natural History Museum; Budapest Hungary
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Thomas DB, Hauber ME, Hanley D, Waterhouse GIN, Fraser S, Gordon KC. Analysing avian eggshell pigments with Raman spectroscopy. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:2670-4. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.124917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Avian eggshells are variable in appearance, including colouration. Here we demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy can provide accurate diagnostic information about major eggshell constituents, including the pigments biliverdin and protoprophyrin IX. Eggshells pigmented with biliverdin showed a series of pigment-diagnostic Raman peaks under 785 nm excitation. Eggshells pigmented with protoporphyrin IX showed strong emission under 1064 nm and 785 nm excitation, whereas resonance Raman spectra (351 nm excitation) showed a set of protoporphyrin IX informative peaks characterisitic of protoporphyrin IX. As representative examples, we identified biliverdin in the olive green eggshells of elegant crested tinamous (Eudromia elegans) and in the blue eggshells of extinct upland moa (Megalapteryx didinus). This study encourages the wider use of Raman spectroscopy in pigment and colouration research and highlights the value of this technique for non-destructive analyses of museum eggshell specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Thomas
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | - Mark E. Hauber
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College and the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel Hanley
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacký University, Olomouc 77146, Czech Republic
| | | | - Sara Fraser
- Department of Chemistry, Dodd-Walls Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Keith C. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, Dodd-Walls Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Aidala Z, Croston R, Schwartz J, Tong L, Hauber ME. The role of egg-nest contrast in the rejection of brood parasitic eggs. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:1126-36. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.108449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hosts of avian brood parasites can avoid the reproductive costs of raising genetically unrelated offspring by rejecting parasitic eggs. The perceptual cues and controls mediating parasitic egg discrimination and ejection are well studied: hosts are thought to use differences in egg color, brightness, maculation, size, and shape to discriminate between own and foreign eggs. Most models of brood parasitism implicitly assume that the primary criteria to which hosts attend when discriminating eggs are differences between the eggs themselves. However, this assumption is confounded by the degree to which chromatic and achromatic characteristics of the nest lining co-vary with egg coloration, in that egg-nest contrast per se might be the recognition cue driving parasitic egg detection. Here we systematically tested whether and how egg-nest contrast itself contributes to foreign egg discrimination. In an artificial parasitism experiment, we independently manipulated egg color and nest lining color of the egg-ejector American robin (Turdus migratorius), a host of the obligate brood parasitic brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater). We hypothesized that the degree of contrast between foreign eggs and the nest background would affect host egg rejection behavior. We predicted that experimentally decreasing egg-nest chromatic and achromatic contrast (i.e. rendering parasitic eggs more cryptic against the nest lining) would decrease rejection rates, while increasing egg-nest contrast would increase rejection rates. In contrast to our predictions, egg-nest contrast was not a significant predictor of egg ejection patterns. Instead, egg color significantly predicted responses to parasitism. We conclude that egg-egg differences are the primary drivers of egg rejection in this system. Future studies should test for the effects of egg-nest contrast per se in predicting parasitic egg recognition in other host-parasite systems, including those hosts building enclosed nests and parasites laying cryptic eggs, as an alternative to hypothesized effects of egg-egg contrasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Aidala
- City University of New York; Bloomfield College, United States
| | - Rebecca Croston
- City University of New York; University of Nevada - Reno, United States
| | | | | | - Mark E. Hauber
- City University of New York; Bloomfield College, United States
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Trnka A, Grim T. Testing for correlations between behaviours in a cuckoo host: why do host defences not covary? Anim Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Moskát C, Zölei A, Bán M, Elek Z, Tong L, Geltsch N, Hauber ME. How to Spot a Stranger's Egg? A Mimicry-Specific Discordancy Effect in the Recognition of Parasitic Eggs. Ethology 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Moskát
- MTA-ELTE-MTM Ecology Research Group; Biological Institute; Eötvös Lóránd University; Budapest Hungary
- Hungarian Natural History Museum; Budapest Hungary
| | - Anikó Zölei
- Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology; Eötvös Loránd University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Miklós Bán
- MTA-DE ‘Lendület’ Behavioural Ecology Research Group; Department of Evolutionary Zoology; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Zoltán Elek
- MTA-ELTE-MTM Ecology Research Group; Biological Institute; Eötvös Lóránd University; Budapest Hungary
- Hungarian Natural History Museum; Budapest Hungary
| | - Lainga Tong
- Department of Psychology; Hunter College and the Graduate Center; The City University of New York; New York NY USA
| | | | - Márk E. Hauber
- Department of Psychology; Hunter College and the Graduate Center; The City University of New York; New York NY USA
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Moskát C, Hauber ME, Elek Z, Gommers M, Bán M, Groenewoud F, Versluijs TSL, Hoetz CWA, Komdeur J. Foreign egg retention by avian hosts in repeated brood parasitism: why do rejecters accept? Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-013-1654-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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37
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Croston R, Hauber ME. Spectral tuning and perceptual differences do not explain the rejection of brood parasitic eggs by American robins (Turdus migratorius). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-013-1649-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hauber M, Samaš P, Anderson M, Rutila J, Low J, Cassey P, Grim T. Life-history theory predicts host behavioural responses to experimental brood parasitism. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2013.851121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kleindorfer S, Evans C, Colombelli-Négrel D, Robertson J, Griggio M, Hoi H. Host response to cuckoo song is predicted by the future risk of brood parasitism. Front Zool 2013; 10:30. [PMID: 23692969 PMCID: PMC3666891 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-10-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Risk assessment occurs over different temporal and spatial scales and is selected for when individuals show an adaptive response to a threat. Here, we test if birds respond to the threat of brood parasitism using the acoustical cues of brood parasites in the absence of visual stimuli. We broadcast the playback of song of three brood parasites (Chalcites cuckoo species) and a sympatric non-parasite (striated thornbill, Acanthiza lineata) in the territories of superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus) during the peak breeding period and opportunistic breeding period. The three cuckoo species differ in brood parasite prevalence and the probability of detection by the host, which we used to rank the risk of parasitism (high risk, moderate risk, low risk). Results Host birds showed the strongest response to the threat of cuckoo parasitism in accordance with the risk of parasitism. Resident wrens had many alarm calls and close and rapid approach to the playback speaker that was broadcasting song of the high risk brood parasite (Horsfield’s bronze-cuckoo, C. basalis) across the year (peak and opportunistic breeding period), some response to the moderate risk brood parasite (shining bronze-cuckoo, C. lucidus) during the peak breeding period, and the weakest response to the low risk brood parasite (little bronze-cuckoo, C. minutillus). Playback of the familiar control stimulus in wren territories evoked the least response. Conclusion Host response to the threat of cuckoo parasitism was assessed using vocal cues of the cuckoo and was predicted by the risk of future parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Kleindorfer
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, 5042, South Australia.
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Igic B, Magrath RD. Fidelity of vocal mimicry: identification and accuracy of mimicry of heterospecific alarm calls by the brown thornbill. Anim Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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Bán M, Moskát C, Barta Z, Hauber ME. Simultaneous viewing of own and parasitic eggs is not required for egg rejection by a cuckoo host. Behav Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/art004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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De Mársico MC, Gantchoff MG, Reboreda JC. Host-parasite coevolution beyond the nestling stage? Mimicry of host fledglings by the specialist screaming cowbird. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:3401-8. [PMID: 22648157 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.0612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Egg mimicry by obligate avian brood parasites and host rejection of non-mimetic eggs are well-known textbook examples of host-parasite coevolution. By contrast, reciprocal adaptations and counteradaptations beyond the egg stage in brood parasites and their hosts have received less attention. The screaming cowbird (Molothrus rufoaxillaris) is a specialist obligate brood parasite whose fledglings look identical to those of its primary host, the baywing (Agelaioides badius). Such a resemblance has been proposed as an adaptation in response to host discrimination against odd-looking young, but evidence supporting this idea is scarce. Here, we examined this hypothesis by comparing the survival rates of young screaming cowbirds and non-mimetic shiny cowbirds (Molothrus bonariensis) cross-fostered to baywing nests and quantifying the similarity in plumage colour and begging calls between host and cowbird fledglings. Shiny cowbirds suffered higher post-fledging mortality rates (83%) than screaming cowbirds (0%) owing to host rejection. Visual modelling revealed that screaming cowbirds, but not shiny cowbirds, were indistinguishable from host young in plumage colour. Similarly, screaming cowbirds matched baywings' begging calls more closely than shiny cowbirds. Our results strongly support the occurrence of host fledgling mimicry in screaming cowbirds and suggest a role of visual and vocal cues in fledgling discrimination by baywings.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C De Mársico
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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SOLER JUANJ, AVILÉS JESÚSM, MØLLER ANDERSP, MORENO JUAN. Attractive blue-green egg coloration and cuckoo−host coevolution. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01857.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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44
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Hauber ME, Geltsch N, Moskát C, Zölei A. Asymmetrical signal content of egg shape as predictor of egg rejection by great reed warblers, hosts of the common cuckoo. BEHAVIOUR 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/156853912x638445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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