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Sułek M, Kordaczuk J, Mak P, Śmiałek-Bartyzel J, Hułas-Stasiak M, Wojda I. Immune priming modulates Galleria mellonella and Pseudomonas entomophila interaction. Antimicrobial properties of Kazal peptide Pr13a. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1358247. [PMID: 38469316 PMCID: PMC10925678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1358247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Galleria mellonella larvae repeatedly infected with Pseudomonas entomophila bacteria re-induced their immune response. Its parameters, i.e. the defence activities of cell-free hemolymph, the presence and activity of antimicrobial peptides, and the expression of immune-relevant genes were modulated after the re-challenge in comparison to non-primed infected larvae, resulting in better protection. No enhanced resistance was observed when the larvae were initially infected with other microorganisms, and larvae pre-infected with P. entomophila were not more resistant to further infection with other pathogens. Then, the peptide profiles of hemolymph from primed- and non-primed larvae infected with P. entomophila were compared by quantitative RP-HPLC (Reverse Phase - High Performance Liquid Chromatography). The level of carbonic anhydrase, anionic peptide-1, proline peptide-2, and finally, unknown so far, putative Kazal peptide Pr13a was higher in the primed infected animals than in the larvae infected with P. entomophila for the first time. The expression of the Pr13a gene increased two-fold after the infection, but only in the primed animals. To check whether the enhanced level of Pr13a could have physiological significance, the peptide was purified to homogeneity and checked for its defence properties. In fact, it had antibacterial activity: at the concentration of 15 µM and 7.5 µM it reduced the number of P. entomophila and Bacillus thuringiensis CFU, respectively, to about 40%. The antibacterial activity of Pr13a was correlated with changes observed on the surface of the peptide-treated bacteria, e.g. surface roughness and adhesion force. The presented results bring us closer to finding hemolymph constituents responsible for the effect of priming on the immune response in re-infected insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Sułek
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jakub Kordaczuk
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Mak
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Śmiałek-Bartyzel
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Hułas-Stasiak
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Wojda
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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Kloc M, Halasa M, Kubiak JZ, Ghobrial RM. Invertebrate Immunity, Natural Transplantation Immunity, Somatic and Germ Cell Parasitism, and Transposon Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1072. [PMID: 38256145 PMCID: PMC10815962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
While the vertebrate immune system consists of innate and adaptive branches, invertebrates only have innate immunity. This feature makes them an ideal model system for studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms of innate immunity sensu stricto without reciprocal interferences from adaptive immunity. Although invertebrate immunity is evolutionarily older and a precursor of vertebrate immunity, it is far from simple. Despite lacking lymphocytes and functional immunoglobulin, the invertebrate immune system has many sophisticated mechanisms and features, such as long-term immune memory, which, for decades, have been exclusively attributed to adaptive immunity. In this review, we describe the cellular and molecular aspects of invertebrate immunity, including the epigenetic foundation of innate memory, the transgenerational inheritance of immunity, genetic immunity against invading transposons, the mechanisms of self-recognition, natural transplantation, and germ/somatic cell parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kloc
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Transplant Immunology, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.H.); (R.M.G.)
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Genetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marta Halasa
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Transplant Immunology, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.H.); (R.M.G.)
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jacek Z. Kubiak
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine-National Research Institute (WIM-PIB), Szaserow 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland;
- Dynamics and Mechanics of Epithelia Group, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, University of Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6290, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Rafik M. Ghobrial
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Transplant Immunology, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.H.); (R.M.G.)
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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3
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Cime-Castillo J, Vargas V, Hernández-Tablas JM, Quezada-Ruiz E, Díaz G, Lanz-Mendoza H. The costs of transgenerational immune priming for homologous and heterologous infections with different serotypes of dengue virus in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1286831. [PMID: 38170025 PMCID: PMC10760805 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1286831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune system is a network of molecules, signaling pathways, transcription, and effector modulation that controls, mitigates, or eradicates agents that may affect the integrity of the host. In mosquitoes, the innate immune system is highly efficient at combating foreign organisms but has the capacity to tolerate vector-borne diseases. These implications lead to replication, dissemination, and ultimately the transmission of pathogenic organisms when feeding on a host. In recent years, it has been discovered that the innate immune response of mosquitoes can trigger an enhanced immunity response to the stimulus of a previously encountered pathogen. This phenomenon, called immune priming, is characterized by a molecular response that prevents the replication of viruses, parasites, or bacteria in the body. It has been documented that immune priming can be stimulated through homologous organisms or molecules, although it has also been documented that closely related pathogens can generate an enhanced immune response to a second stimulus with a related organism. However, the cost involved in this immune response has not been characterized through the transmission of the immunological experience from parents to offspring by transgenerational immune priming (TGIP) in mosquitoes. Here, we address the impact on the rates of oviposition, hatching, development, and immune response in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the mothers of which were stimulated with dengue virus serotypes 2 and/or 4, having found a cost of TGIP on the development time of the progeny of mothers with heterologous infections, with respect to mothers with homologous infections. Our results showed a significant effect on the sex ratio, with females being more abundant than males. We found a decrease in transcripts of the siRNA pathway in daughters of mothers who had been exposed to an immune challenge with DV. Our research demonstrates that there are costs and benefits associated with TGIP in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes exposed to DV. Specifically, priming results in a lower viral load in the offspring of mothers who have previously been infected with the virus. Although some results from tests of two dengue virus serotypes show similarities, such as the percentage of pupae emergence, there are differences in the percentage of adult emergence, indicating differences in TGIP costs even within the same virus with different serotypes. This finding has crucial implications in the context of dengue virus transmission in endemic areas where multiple serotypes circulate simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cime-Castillo
- Infection and Immunity Direction/Vector Borne Disease Department, Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas-Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Valeria Vargas
- Infection and Immunity Direction/Vector Borne Disease Department, Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas-Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Biomedical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Juan Manuel Hernández-Tablas
- Infection and Immunity Direction/Vector Borne Disease Department, Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas-Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Edgar Quezada-Ruiz
- Infection and Immunity Direction/Vector Borne Disease Department, Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas-Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Grecia Díaz
- Infection and Immunity Direction/Vector Borne Disease Department, Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas-Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Infection and Immunity Direction/Vector Borne Disease Department, Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas-Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Cuernavaca, Mexico
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4
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Rutkowski NAJ, McNamara KB, Jones TM, Foo YZ. Trans-generational immune priming is not mediated by the sex of the parent primed: a meta-analysis of invertebrate data. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1100-1117. [PMID: 36879482 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, only vertebrates were thought capable of acquired immune responses, such as the ability to transfer immunological experience vertically to their offspring (known as trans-generational immune priming, TGIP). Increasing evidence challenges this belief and it is now clear that invertebrates also have the ability to exhibit functionally equivalent TGIP. This has led to a surge in papers exploring invertebrate TGIP, with most focusing on the costs, benefits or factors that affect the evolution of this trait. Whilst many studies have found support for the phenomenon, not all studies do, and there is considerable variation in the strength of positive results. To address this, we conducted a meta-analysis to answer the question: what is the overall effect of TGIP in invertebrates? Then, to understand the specific factors that affect its presence and intensity, we conducted a moderator analysis. Our results corroborate that TGIP occurs in invertebrates (demonstrated by a large, positive effect size). The strength of the positive effect was related to if and how offspring were immune challenged (i.e. whether they were challenged with the same or different insult as their parents or not challenged at all). Interestingly, there was no effect of the ecology or life history of the species or the sex of the parent or the offspring primed, and responses were comparable across different immune elicitors. Our publication bias testing suggests that the literature may suffer from some level of positive-result bias. However, even after accounting for potential bias, our effect size remains positive. Publication bias testing can be influenced by diversity in the data set, which was considerable in our data, even after moderator analysis. It is therefore conceivable that differences among studies could be caused by other moderators that were unable to be included in our meta-analysis. Nonetheless, our results suggest that TGIP does occur in invertebrates, whilst providing some potential avenues to examine the factors that account for variation in effect sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola-Anne J Rutkowski
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Biosciences 4, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Kathryn B McNamara
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Biosciences 4, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Therésa M Jones
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Biosciences 4, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Yong Zhi Foo
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology & School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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Radhika R, Lazzaro BP. No evidence for trans-generational immune priming in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288342. [PMID: 37440541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Most organisms are under constant and repeated exposure to pathogens, leading to perpetual natural selection for more effective ways to fight-off infections. This could include the evolution of memory-based immunity to increase protection from repeatedly-encountered pathogens both within and across generations. There is mixed evidence for intra- and trans-generational priming in non-vertebrates, which lack the antibody-mediated acquired immunity characteristic of vertebrates. In this work, we tested for trans-generational immune priming in adult offspring of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, after maternal challenge with 10 different bacterial pathogens. We focused on natural opportunistic pathogens of Drosophila spanning a range of virulence from 10% to 100% host mortality. We infected mothers via septic injury and tested for enhanced resistance to infection in their adult offspring, measured as the ability to suppress bacterial proliferation and survive infection. We categorized the mothers into four classes for each bacterium tested: those that survived infection, those that succumbed to infection, sterile-injury controls, and uninjured controls. We found no evidence for trans-generational priming by any class of mother in response to any of the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Radhika
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Brian P Lazzaro
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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6
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Radhika R, Lazzaro BP. No evidence for trans-generational immune priming in Drosophila melanogaster. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.25.538340. [PMID: 37163106 PMCID: PMC10168321 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.25.538340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Most organisms are under constant and repeated exposure to pathogens, leading to perpetual natural selection for more effective ways to fight-off infections. This could include the evolution of memory-based immunity to increase protection from repeatedly-encountered pathogens both within and across generations. There is mixed evidence for intra- and trans-generational priming in non-vertebrates, which lack the antibody-mediated acquired immunity characteristic of vertebrates. In this work, we tested for trans-generational immune priming in adult offspring of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster , after maternal challenge with 10 different bacterial pathogens. We focused on natural opportunistic pathogens of Drosophila spanning a range of virulence from 10% to 100% host mortality. We infected mothers via septic injury and tested for enhanced resistance to infection in their adult offspring, measured as the ability to suppress bacterial proliferation and survive infection. We categorized the mothers into four classes for each bacterium tested: those that survived infection, those that succumbed to infection, sterile-injury controls, and uninjured controls. We found no evidence for trans-generational priming by any class of mother in response to any of the bacteria.
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7
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Dickel F, Bos NMP, Hughes H, Martín-Hernández R, Higes M, Kleiser A, Freitak D. The oral vaccination with Paenibacillus larvae bacterin can decrease susceptibility to American Foulbrood infection in honey bees—A safety and efficacy study. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:946237. [PMID: 36325099 PMCID: PMC9618583 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.946237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollination services to increase crop production are becoming more and more important, as we are facing both climate change and a growing world population. Both are predicted to impact food security worldwide. High-density, commercial beekeeping has become a key link in the food supply chain, and diseases have become a central issue in hive losses around the world. American Foulbrood (AFB) disease is a highly contagious bacterial brood disease in honey bees (Apis mellifera), leading to hive losses worldwide. The causative agent is the Gram+ bacterium Paenibacillus larvae, which is able to infect honey bee larvae during the first 3 days of their lives. It can be found in hives around the world with viable spores for decades. Antibiotics are largely ineffective in treating the disease as they are only efficient against the vegetative state. Once a hive shows the clinical manifestation of the disease, the only effective way to eradicate it and prevent the spread of the disease is by burning the hive, the equipment, and the colony. Because of its virulent nature and detrimental effects on honey bee colonies, AFB is classified as a notifiable disease worldwide. Effective, safe, and sustainable methods are needed to ensure the wellbeing of honey bee colonies. Even though insects lack antibodies, which are the main requisites for trans-generational immune priming (TGIP), they can prime their offspring against persisting pathogens. Here, we demonstrate an increased survival of infected honey bee larvae after their queen was vaccinated, compared to offspring of control queens (placebo vaccinated). These results indicate that TGIP in insects can be used to majorly enhance colony health, protect commercial pollinators from deadly diseases, and reduce high financial and material losses to beekeepers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Dickel
- Institute of Biology, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria
- Dalan Animal Health, Inc., Ojai, CA, United States
| | | | - Huw Hughes
- Echo Veterinary Consulting, Saint-Hippolyte, QC, Canada
| | - Raquel Martín-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), Consejería de Agricultura de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Marchamalo, Spain
| | - Mariano Higes
- Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), Consejería de Agricultura de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Marchamalo, Spain
| | | | - Dalial Freitak
- Institute of Biology, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria
- Dalan Animal Health, Inc., Ojai, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Dalial Freitak
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Lazzaro BP, Tate AT. Balancing sensitivity, risk, and immunopathology in immune regulation. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 50:100874. [PMID: 35051619 PMCID: PMC9133098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Activation of an immune response is energetically costly and excessive immune system activity can result in immunopathology, yet a slow or insufficient immune response carries the risk of pathogen establishment with consequent pathology arising from the infection. Mathematical theory and empirical data demonstrate that hosts balance the costs of immunity against the risk of infection by closely regulating immunological dynamics. An optimal immune system is rapidly and robustly deployed against a true infectious threat and rapidly deactivated once the threat has been controlled. Genetic variation in the sensitivity of an immune system, as well as in the activation and shutdown kinetics of host immune responses, can contribute to the evolution of pathogen virulence and host tolerance of infection. Improved understanding of the adaptive forces that operate on immune regulatory dynamics will clarify fundamental principles governing the evolution and maintenance of innate immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Lazzaro
- Departments of Entomology and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Ann T Tate
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Intersection between parental investment, transgenerational immunity, and termite sociality in the face of disease: a theoretical approach. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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10
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Vilcinskas A. Mechanisms of transgenerational immune priming in insects. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 124:104205. [PMID: 34260954 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Parents invest in their offspring by preparing them for defense against pathogens and parasites that only the parents have encountered, a phenomenon known as transgenerational immune priming (TGIP). The priming effect can be passed maternally or paternally to the next generation, thus increasing the survival of offspring exposed to the same pathogen. The scope of the resulting immune response can be narrow (primarily targeting the triggering pathogen) or much more general, depending on the underlying mechanism. Maternal TGIP is often narrowly focused because the major mechanism is the transfer of microbes or fragments thereof, encountered by mothers at the larval stage, to the developing eggs along with the uptake of lipophorins and vitellogenins. This induces the expression of zygotic defense genes, including those encoding antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), comparable to the defenses observed in the larvae and adults. Maternal TGIP does not appear to involve the direct vertical transmission of immunity-related effectors such as AMPs (or the corresponding mRNAs) to the eggs. Parental investment in offspring is also mediated by epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone acetylation and microRNA expression, which can be imprinted on the gametes by either parent without changes in the DNA sequence. Epigenetic inheritance is the only known mechanism of paternal TGIP, and results in a more general fortification of the immune response. This review considers the mechanistic basis of TGIP, its role in evolutionary processes such as the establishment of resistance against pathogens, and the impact of pathogens and parasites on the epigenetic machinery of host insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Vilcinskas
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany; Branch Bioresources of the Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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Leponiemi M, Amdam GV, Freitak D. Exposure to Inactivated Deformed Wing Virus Leads to Trans-Generational Costs but Not Immune Priming in Honeybees (Apis mellifera). Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.626670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens are identified as one of the major drivers behind the honeybee colony losses, as well as one of the reasons for the reported declines in terrestrial insect abundances in recent decades. To fight infections, animals rely on their immune system. The immune system of many invertebrates can be primed by exposure to a pathogen, so that upon further exposure the animal is better protected. The protective priming effect can even extend to the next generation, but the species capable of priming the immune system of their offspring are still being investigated. Here we studied whether honeybees could prime their offspring against a viral pathogen, by challenging honeybee queens orally with an inactivated deformed wing virus (DWV), one of the most devastating honeybee viruses. The offspring were then infected by viral injection. The effects of immune priming were assayed by measuring viral loads and two typical symptoms of the virus, pupal mortality, and abnormal wing phenotype. We saw a low amount of wing deformities and low pupal mortality. While no clear priming effect against the virus was seen, we found that the maternal immune challenge, when combined with the stress caused by an injection during development, manifested in costs in the offspring, leading to an increased number of deformed wings.
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12
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López Sánchez A, Pascual-Pardo D, Furci L, Roberts MR, Ton J. Costs and Benefits of Transgenerational Induced Resistance in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:644999. [PMID: 33719325 PMCID: PMC7952753 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.644999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that stressed plants employ epigenetic mechanisms to transmit acquired resistance traits to their progeny. However, the evolutionary and ecological significance of transgenerational induced resistance (t-IR) is poorly understood because a clear understanding of how parents interpret environmental cues in relation to the effectiveness, stability, and anticipated ecological costs of t-IR is lacking. Here, we have used a full factorial design to study the specificity, costs, and transgenerational stability of t-IR following exposure of Arabidopsis thaliana to increasing stress intensities by a biotrophic pathogen, a necrotrophic pathogen, and salinity. We show that t-IR in response to infection by biotrophic or necrotrophic pathogens is effective against pathogens of the same lifestyle. This pathogen-mediated t-IR is associated with ecological costs, since progeny from biotroph-infected parents were more susceptible to both necrotrophic pathogens and salt stress, whereas progeny from necrotroph-infected parents were more susceptible to biotrophic pathogens. Hence, pathogen-mediated t-IR provides benefits when parents and progeny are in matched environments but is associated with costs that become apparent in mismatched environments. By contrast, soil salinity failed to mediate t-IR against salt stress in matched environments but caused non-specific t-IR against both biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens in mismatched environments. However, the ecological relevance of this non-specific t-IR response remains questionable as its induction was offset by major reproductive costs arising from dramatically reduced seed production and viability. Finally, we show that the costs and transgenerational stability of pathogen-mediated t-IR are proportional to disease pressure experienced by the parents, suggesting that plants use disease severity as an environmental proxy to adjust investment in t-IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana López Sánchez
- Plant Production and Protection (P3) Centre, Institute for Sustainable Food, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ana López Sánchez,
| | - David Pascual-Pardo
- Plant Production and Protection (P3) Centre, Institute for Sustainable Food, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardo Furci
- Plant Production and Protection (P3) Centre, Institute for Sustainable Food, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Roberts
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- Plant Production and Protection (P3) Centre, Institute for Sustainable Food, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Jurriaan Ton,
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Lockley EC, Fouda L, Correia SM, Taxonera A, Nash LN, Fairweather K, Reischig T, Durão J, Dinis H, Roque SM, Lomba JP, Dos Passos L, Cameron SJK, Stiebens VA, Eizaguirre C. Long-term survey of sea turtles (Caretta caretta) reveals correlations between parasite infection, feeding ecology, reproductive success and population dynamics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18569. [PMID: 33122760 PMCID: PMC7596700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term monitoring of host-parasite interactions is important for understanding the consequences of infection on host fitness and population dynamics. In an eight-year survey of the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) population nesting in Cabo Verde, we determined the spatiotemporal variation of Ozobranchus margoi, a sanguivorous leech best known as a vector for sea turtle fibropapilloma virus. We quantified O. margoi association with turtles’ δ15N and δ13C stable isotopes to identify where infection occurs. We then measured the influence of infection on reproduction and offspring fitness. We found that parasite prevalence has increased from 10% of the population in 2010, to 33% in 2017. Stable isotope analysis of host skin samples suggests transmission occurs within the host’s feeding grounds. Interestingly, we found a significant interaction between individual size and infection on the reproductive success of turtles. Specifically, small, infected females produced fewer offspring of poorer condition, while in contrast, large, infected turtles produced greater clutch sizes and larger offspring. We interpret this interaction as evidence, upon infection, for a size-dependent shift in reproductive strategy from bet hedging to terminal investment, altering population dynamics. This link between infection and reproduction underscores the importance of using long-term monitoring to quantify the impact of disease dynamics over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Lockley
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E14NS, UK.
| | - Leila Fouda
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E14NS, UK
| | - Sandra M Correia
- Instituto Do Mar I.P. (IMar), Cova de Inglesa, C.P 132, Mindelo, Ilha do São Vicente, Cabo Verde
| | - Albert Taxonera
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E14NS, UK.,Associação Projeto Biodiversidade, Mercado Municipal 22, Santa Maria 4111, Ilha do Sal, Cabo Verde
| | - Liam N Nash
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E14NS, UK
| | - Kirsten Fairweather
- Associação Projeto Biodiversidade, Mercado Municipal 22, Santa Maria 4111, Ilha do Sal, Cabo Verde
| | | | - Jandira Durão
- Biosfera I, Rua de Moçambique 28, Mindelo, Ilha do São Vicente, Cabo Verde
| | - Herculano Dinis
- Associação Projecto Vitó, Xaguate, São Felipe, Ilha do Fogo, Cabo Verde
| | | | - João Pina Lomba
- Associação Ambiental Caretta Caretta, Achada Igreja, Pedra Badejo, Santa Cruz, Ilha do Santiago, Cabo Verde
| | - Leno Dos Passos
- Fundação Maio Biodiversidade, Cidade de Porto Inglês, Ilha do Maio, Cabo Verde
| | - Sahmorie J K Cameron
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E14NS, UK
| | - Victor A Stiebens
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E14NS, UK
| | - Christophe Eizaguirre
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E14NS, UK
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14
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Roesel CL, Rosengaus RB, Smith W, Vollmer SV. Transcriptomics reveals specific molecular mechanisms underlying transgenerational immunity in Manduca sexta. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:11251-11261. [PMID: 33144962 PMCID: PMC7593158 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional view of innate immunity in insects is that every exposure to a pathogen triggers an identical and appropriate immune response and that prior exposures to pathogens do not confer any protective (i.e., adaptive) effect against subsequent exposure to the same pathogen. This view has been challenged by experiments demonstrating that encounters with sublethal doses of a pathogen can prime the insect's immune system and, thus, have protective effects against future lethal doses. Immune priming has been reported across several insect species, including the red flour beetle, the honeycomb moth, the bumblebee, and the European honeybee, among others. Immune priming can also be transgenerational where the parent's pathogenic history influences the immune response of its offspring. Phenotypic evidence of transgenerational immune priming (TGIP) exists in the tobacco moth Manduca sexta where first-instar progeny of mothers injected with the bacterium Serratia marcescens exhibited a significant increase of in vivo bacterial clearance. To identify the gene expression changes underlying TGIP in M. sexta, we performed transcriptome-wide, transgenerational differential gene expression analysis on mothers and their offspring after mothers were exposed to S. marcescens. We are the first to perform transcriptome-wide analysis of the gene expression changes associated with TGIP in this ecologically relevant model organism. We show that maternal exposure to both heat-killed and live S. marcescens has strong and significant transgenerational impacts on gene expression patterns in their offspring, including upregulation of peptidoglycan recognition protein, toll-like receptor 9, and the antimicrobial peptide cecropin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wendy Smith
- Marine Science CenterNortheastern UniversityNahantMAUSA
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15
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Amiri E, Herman JJ, Strand MK, Tarpy DR, Rueppell O. Egg transcriptome profile responds to maternal virus infection in honey bees, Apis mellifera. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104558. [PMID: 32947033 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Trans-generational disease effects include vertical pathogen transmission but also immune priming to enhance offspring immunity. Accordingly, the survival consequences of maternal virus infection can vary and its molecular consequences during early development are poorly understood. The honey bee queen is long-lived and represents the central hub for vertical virus transmission as the sole reproductive individual in her colony. Even though virus symptoms in queens are mild, viral infection may have severe consequences for the offspring. Thus, transcriptome patterns during early developmental are predicted to respond to maternal virus infection. To test this hypothesis, gene expression patterns were compared among pooled honey bee eggs laid by queens that were either infected with Deformed wing virus (DWV1), Sacbrood virus (SBV2), both viruses (DWV and SBV), or no virus. Whole transcriptome analyses revealed significant expression differences of a few genes, some of which have hitherto no known function. Despite the paucity of single gene effects, functional enrichment analyses revealed numerous biological processes in the embryos to be affected by virus infection. Effects on several regulatory pathways were consistent with maternal responses to virus infection and correlated with responses to DWV and SBV in honey bee larvae and pupae. Overall, effects on egg transcriptome patterns were specific to each virus and the results of dual-infection samples suggested synergistic effects of DWV and SBV. We interpret our results as consequences of maternal infections. Thus, this first study to document and characterize virus-associated changes in the transcriptome of honey bee eggs represents an important contribution to understanding trans-generational virus effects, although more in-depth studies are needed to understand the detailed mechanisms of how viruses affect honey bee embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Amiri
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA; Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Jacob J Herman
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Micheline K Strand
- Life Sciences Division, U.S. Army Research Office, CCDC-ARL, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - David R Tarpy
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Olav Rueppell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
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16
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Cole EL, Empringham JS, Biro C, Thompson GJ, Rosengaus RB. Relish as a Candidate Marker for Transgenerational Immune Priming in a Dampwood Termite (Blattodae: Archeotermopsidae). INSECTS 2020; 11:E149. [PMID: 32120840 PMCID: PMC7143124 DOI: 10.3390/insects11030149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural selection should favor the transfer of immune competence from one generation to the next in a context-dependent manner. Transgenerational immune priming (TGIP) is expected to evolve when species exploit pathogen-rich environments and exhibit extended overlap of parent-offspring generations. Dampwood termites are hemimetabolous, eusocial insects (Blattodea: Archeotermopsidae) that possess both of these traits. We predict that offspring of pathogen-exposed queens of Zootermopsis angusticollis will show evidence of a primed immune system relative to the offspring of unexposed controls. We found that Relish transcripts, one of two immune marker loci tested, were enhanced in two-day-old embryos when laid by Serratia-injected queens. These data implicate the immune deficiency (IMD) signaling pathway in TGIP. Although an independent antibacterial assay revealed that embryos do express antibacterial properties, these do not vary as a function of parental treatment. Taken together, Z. angusticollis shows transcriptional but not translational evidence for TGIP. This apparent incongruence between the transcriptional and antimicrobial response from termites suggests that effectors are either absent in two-day-old embryos or their activity is too subtle to detect with our antibacterial assay. In total, we provide the first suggestive evidence of transgenerational immune priming in a termite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L. Cole
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, 134 Mugar Life Sciences Building, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (E.L.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Jessica S. Empringham
- Department of Biology, Western University, 1151 Richmond St. London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; (J.S.E.); (G.J.T.)
| | - Colette Biro
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, 134 Mugar Life Sciences Building, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (E.L.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Graham J. Thompson
- Department of Biology, Western University, 1151 Richmond St. London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; (J.S.E.); (G.J.T.)
| | - Rebeca B. Rosengaus
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, 134 Mugar Life Sciences Building, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (E.L.C.); (C.B.)
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17
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Ben-Ami F, Orlic C, Regoes RR. Disentangling non-specific and specific transgenerational immune priming components in host-parasite interactions. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192386. [PMID: 32075526 PMCID: PMC7031663 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to a pathogen primes many organisms to respond faster or more efficiently to subsequent exposures. Such priming can be non-specific or specific, and has been found to extend across generations. Disentangling and quantifying specific and non-specific effects is essential for understanding the genetic epidemiology of a system. By combining a large infection experiment and mathematical modelling, we disentangle different transgenerational effects in the crustacean model Daphnia magna exposed to different strains of the bacterial parasite Pasteuria ramosa. In the experiment, we exposed hosts to a high dose of one of three parasite strains, and subsequently challenged their offspring with multiple doses of the same (homologous) or a different (heterologous) strain. We find that exposure of Daphnia to Pasteuria decreases the susceptibility of their offspring by approximately 50%. This transgenerational protection is not larger for homologous than for heterologous parasite challenges. Methodologically, our work represents an important contribution not only to the analysis of immune priming in ecological systems but also to the experimental assessment of vaccines. We present, for the first time, an inference framework to investigate specific and non-specific effects of immune priming on the susceptibility distribution of hosts—effects that are central to understanding immunity and the effect of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Ben-Ami
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Christian Orlic
- Zoologisches Institut, Evolutionsbiologie, Universität Basel, Vesalgasse 1, Basel 4051, Switzerland
| | - Roland R Regoes
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
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18
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Bernier C, Boidin-Wichlacz C, Tasiemski A, Hautekèete N, Massol F, Cuvillier-Hot V. Transgenerational Immune Priming in the Field: Maternal Environmental Experience Leads to Differential Immune Transfer to Oocytes in the Marine Annelid Hediste diversicolor. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10120989. [PMID: 31805627 PMCID: PMC6947409 DOI: 10.3390/genes10120989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenerational immune priming (TGIP) is an intriguing form of parental care which leads to the plastic adjustment of the progeny’s immunity according to parental immune experience. Such parental effect has been described in several vertebrate and invertebrate taxa. However, very few empirical studies have been conducted from the field, with natural host-parasite systems and real ecological settings, especially in invertebrates. We investigated TGIP in wild populations of the marine annelid Hediste diversicolor. Females laid eggs in a mud tube and thus shared the local microbial threats with the first developmental stages, thus meeting expectations for the evolution of TGIP. We evidenced that a maternal bacterial challenge led to the higher antibacterial defense of the produced oocytes, with higher efficiency in the case of Gram-positive bacterial challenge, pointing out a prevalent role of these bacteria in the evolutionary history of TGIP in this species. Underlying mechanisms might involve the antimicrobial peptide hedistin that was detected in the cytoplasm of oocytes and whose mRNAs were selectively stored in higher quantity in mature oocytes, after a maternal immune challenge. Finally, maternal immune transfer was significantly inhibited in females living in polluted areas, suggesting associated costs and the possible trade-off with female’s protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Bernier
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198-Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.B.); (C.B.W.); (A.T.); (N.H.); (F.M.)
| | - Céline Boidin-Wichlacz
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198-Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.B.); (C.B.W.); (A.T.); (N.H.); (F.M.)
| | - Aurélie Tasiemski
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198-Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.B.); (C.B.W.); (A.T.); (N.H.); (F.M.)
- University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019–UMR 8204-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nina Hautekèete
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198-Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.B.); (C.B.W.); (A.T.); (N.H.); (F.M.)
| | - François Massol
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198-Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.B.); (C.B.W.); (A.T.); (N.H.); (F.M.)
- University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019–UMR 8204-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Virginie Cuvillier-Hot
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198-Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.B.); (C.B.W.); (A.T.); (N.H.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Tetreau G, Dhinaut J, Gourbal B, Moret Y. Trans-generational Immune Priming in Invertebrates: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1938. [PMID: 31475001 PMCID: PMC6703094 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Trans-generational immune priming (TGIP) refers to the transfer of the parental immunological experience to its progeny. This may result in offspring protection from repeated encounters with pathogens that persist across generations. Although extensively studied in vertebrates for over a century, this phenomenon has only been identified 20 years ago in invertebrates. Since then, invertebrate TGIP has been the focus of an increasing interest, with half of studies published during the last few years. TGIP has now been tested in several invertebrate systems using various experimental approaches and measures to study it at both functional and evolutionary levels. However, drawing an overall picture of TGIP from available studies still appears to be a difficult task. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of TGIP in invertebrates with the objective of confronting all the data generated to date to highlight the main features and mechanisms identified in the context of its ecology and evolution. To this purpose, we describe all the articles reporting experimental investigation of TGIP in invertebrates and propose a critical analysis of the experimental procedures performed to study this phenomenon. We then investigate the outcome of TGIP in the offspring and its ecological and evolutionary relevance before reviewing the potential molecular mechanisms identified to date. In the light of this review, we build hypothetical scenarios of the mechanisms through which TGIP might be achieved and propose guidelines for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tetreau
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, Perpignan, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Dhinaut
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Benjamin Gourbal
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Yannick Moret
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
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20
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Kurtz J, Armitage SAO. Dissecting the dynamics of trans-generational immune priming. Mol Ecol 2019; 26:3857-3859. [PMID: 28749614 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of immunity from mother to offspring is a central way to endow the offspring with increased protection against pathogens. This phenomenon is not only found within the vertebrate domain: in some circumstances, invertebrate mothers can also give their offspring an immune kick-start, which is termed trans-generational immune priming (TGIP). TGIP has been uncovered for a number of invertebrate species, but it is not ubiquitously evident. The reasons for which are not known. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Tate, Andolfatto, Demuth, and Graham () probe the molecular underpinnings of TGIP in concert with the temporal dynamics of the response in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, infected with the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Figure ). They provide previously lacking evidence for the repeatability of TGIP, meaning that when averaged across several experiments, the offspring of mothers infected with heat-killed bacteria had better survival when they themselves were infected with live bacteria than offspring from mothers that had not encountered the bacterium. In a detailed temporal examination of the offspring's acute infection phase (zero to 24 hr after infection), Tate et al. () follow T. castaneum's gene regulation responses to infection while simultaneously documenting bacterial load. Such an approach gives considerable insight into the physiological processes that occur in primed offspring, and a first glance at a potential role for tolerance and effects on host metabolism that might even resemble trained immunity, which is a form of innate immune memory in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Kurtz
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sophie A O Armitage
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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21
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Shaw DK, Tate AT, Schneider DS, Levashina EA, Kagan JC, Pal U, Fikrig E, Pedra JHF. Vector Immunity and Evolutionary Ecology: The Harmonious Dissonance. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:862-873. [PMID: 30301592 PMCID: PMC6218297 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent scientific breakthroughs have significantly expanded our understanding of arthropod vector immunity. Insights in the laboratory have demonstrated how the immune system provides resistance to infection, and in what manner innate defenses protect against a microbial assault. Less understood, however, is the effect of biotic and abiotic factors on microbial-vector interactions and the impact of the immune system on arthropod populations in nature. Furthermore, the influence of genetic plasticity on the immune response against vector-borne pathogens remains mostly elusive. Herein, we discuss evolutionary forces that shape arthropod vector immunity. We focus on resistance, pathogenicity and tolerance to infection. We posit that novel scientific paradigms should emerge when molecular immunologists and evolutionary ecologists work together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana K Shaw
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Ann T Tate
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - David S Schneider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elena A Levashina
- Vector Biology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Utpal Pal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Joao H F Pedra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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22
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Interaction between Insects, Toxins, and Bacteria: Have We Been Wrong So Far? Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070281. [PMID: 29986377 PMCID: PMC6070883 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxins are a major virulence factor produced by many pathogenic bacteria. In vertebrates, the response of hosts to the bacteria is inseparable from the response to the toxins, allowing a comprehensive understanding of this tripartite host-pathogen-toxin interaction. However, in invertebrates, this interaction has been investigated by two complementary but historically distinct fields of research: toxinology and immunology. In this article, I highlight how such dichotomy between these two fields led to a biased, or even erroneous view of the ecology and evolution of the interaction between insects, toxins, and bacteria. I focus on the reason behind such a dichotomy, on how to bridge the fields together, and on confounding effects that could bias the outcome of the experiments. Finally, I raise four questions at the border of the two fields on the cross-effects between toxins, bacteria, and spores that have been largely underexplored to promote a more comprehensive view of this interaction.
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Zirbel K, Eastmond B, Alto BW. Parental and offspring larval diets interact to influence life-history traits and infection with dengue virus in Aedes aegypti. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180539. [PMID: 30109101 PMCID: PMC6083674 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The environmental conditions experienced by parents can influence offspring phenotype along with the conditions experienced by offspring. These parental effects are clear in organisms that display parental care and are less clear in other organisms. Here, we consider effects of parental and offspring larval nutrition on offspring development time, survivorship and infection with dengue virus in Aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector of dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever and Zika. Parents were raised on either high or low larval detritus inputs with subsequent offspring being divided into two groups, one receiving high nutrients and the other low. Low nutrient females from low nutrient parents (LL) developed significantly slower than those from high nutrient parents (HL). Females from all parent by offspring nutrient treatment groups were equally likely to become infected with dengue virus at 24 h, 3 days and 14 days. After 14 days, high nutrient females from low nutrient parents (LH) had 11 times higher viral titres and more disseminated infections than high nutrient females from high nutrient parents (HH). These results suggest that carry-over environmental stress from the parental generation can influence life histories and arbovirus infection in Ae. aegypti females. We found males to be robust to the life-history parameters measured, suggesting sex-specific differences which may relate to their lower nutrient requirements for metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Zirbel
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
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Recent advances in vertebrate and invertebrate transgenerational immunity in the light of ecology and evolution. Heredity (Edinb) 2018; 121:225-238. [PMID: 29915335 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-018-0101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parental experience with parasites and pathogens can lead to increased offspring resistance to infection, through a process known as transgenerational immune priming (TGIP). Broadly defined, TGIP occurs across a wide range of taxa, and can be viewed as a type of phenotypic plasticity, with hosts responding to the pressures of relevant local infection risk by altering their offspring's immune defenses. There are ever increasing examples of both invertebrate and vertebrate TGIP, which go beyond classical examples of maternal antibody transfer. Here we critically summarize the current evidence for TGIP in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Mechanisms underlying TGIP remain elusive in many systems, but while it is unlikely that they are conserved across the range of organisms with TGIP, recent insight into epigenetic modulation may challenge this view. We place TGIP into a framework of evolutionary ecology, discussing costs and relevant environmental variation. We highlight how the ecology of species or populations should affect if, where, when, and how TGIP is realized. We propose that the field can progress by incorporating evolutionary ecology focused designs to the study of the so far well chronicled, but mostly descriptive TGIP, and how rapidly developing -omic methods can be employed to further understand TGIP across taxa.
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Bacterial microbiota of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae is altered by intoxication with Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:121. [PMID: 29499735 PMCID: PMC5834902 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insect microbiota is a dynamic microbial community that can actively participate in defense against pathogens. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a natural entomopathogen widely used as a bioinsecticide for pest control. Although Bt’s mode of action has been extensively studied, whether the presence of microbiota is mandatory for Bt to effectively kill the insect is still under debate. An association between a higher tolerance and a modified microbiota was already evidenced but a critical point remained to be solved: is the modified microbiota a cause or a consequence of a higher tolerance to Bt? Methods In this study we focused on the mosquito species Aedes aegypti, as no work has been performed on Diptera on this topic to date, and on B. thuringiensis israelensis (Bti), which is used worldwide for mosquito control. To avoid using antibiotics to cure bacterial microbiota, mosquito larvae were exposed to an hourly increasing dose of Bti during 25 hours to separate the most susceptible larvae dying quickly from more tolerant individuals, with longer survival. Results Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting revealed that mosquito larval bacterial microbiota was strongly affected by Bti infection after only a few hours of exposure. Bacterial microbiota from the most tolerant larvae showed the lowest diversity but the highest inter-individual differences. The proportion of Bti in the host tissue was reduced in the most tolerant larvae as compared to the most susceptible ones, suggesting an active control of Bti infection by the host. Conclusions Here we show that a modified microbiota is associated with a higher tolerance of mosquitoes to Bti, but that it is rather a consequence of Bti infection than the cause of the higher tolerance. This study paves the way to future investigations aiming at unraveling the role of host immunity, inter-species bacterial competition and kinetics of host colonization by Bti that could be at the basis of the phenotype observed in this study. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2741-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Kuijper B, Johnstone RA. Maternal effects and parent-offspring conflict. Evolution 2017; 72:220-233. [PMID: 29210448 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Maternal effects can provide offspring with reliable information about the environment they are likely to experience, but also offer scope for maternal manipulation of young when interests diverge between parents and offspring. To predict the impact of parent-offspring conflict, we model the evolution of maternal effects on local adaptation of young. We find that parent-offspring conflict strongly influences the stability of maternal effects; moreover, the nature of the disagreement between parents and young predicts how conflict is resolved: when mothers favor less extreme mixtures of phenotypes relative to offspring (i.e., when mothers stand to gain by hedging their bets), mothers win the conflict by providing offspring with limited amounts of information. When offspring favor overproduction of one and the same phenotype across all environments compared to mothers (e.g., when offspring favor a larger body size), neither side wins the conflict and signaling breaks down. Only when offspring favor less extreme mixtures relative to their mothers (something no current model predicts), offspring win the conflict and obtain full information about the environment. We conclude that a partial or complete breakdown of informative maternal effects will be the norm rather than the exception in the presence of parent-offspring conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Kuijper
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Rufus A Johnstone
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
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27
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Grueber CE, Gray LJ, Morris KM, Simpson SJ, Senior AM. Intergenerational effects of nutrition on immunity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:1108-1124. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E. Grueber
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences; NSW 2006 Australia
- San Diego Zoo Global; PO Box 120551, San Diego CA 92112 U.S.A
| | - Lindsey J. Gray
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences; NSW 2006 Australia
- The University of Sydney; Charles Perkins Centre; NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Katrina M. Morris
- The Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG U.K
| | - Stephen J. Simpson
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences; NSW 2006 Australia
- The University of Sydney; Charles Perkins Centre; NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Alistair M. Senior
- The University of Sydney; Charles Perkins Centre; NSW 2006 Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science; School of Mathematics and Statistics; NSW 2006 Australia
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28
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Kennedy P, Baron G, Qiu B, Freitak D, Helanterä H, Hunt ER, Manfredini F, O'Shea-Wheller T, Patalano S, Pull CD, Sasaki T, Taylor D, Wyatt CDR, Sumner S. Deconstructing Superorganisms and Societies to Address Big Questions in Biology. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:861-872. [PMID: 28899581 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Social insect societies are long-standing models for understanding social behaviour and evolution. Unlike other advanced biological societies (such as the multicellular body), the component parts of social insect societies can be easily deconstructed and manipulated. Recent methodological and theoretical innovations have exploited this trait to address an expanded range of biological questions. We illustrate the broadening range of biological insight coming from social insect biology with four examples. These new frontiers promote open-minded, interdisciplinary exploration of one of the richest and most complex of biological phenomena: sociality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kennedy
- Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Baron
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - Bitao Qiu
- Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dalial Freitak
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Helanterä
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Edmund R Hunt
- Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Manfredini
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas O'Shea-Wheller
- Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christopher D Pull
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, United Kingdom; IST Austria (Institute of Science and Technology Austria), Am Campus 1, A-3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Takao Sasaki
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Tinbergen Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - Daisy Taylor
- Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher D R Wyatt
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Seirian Sumner
- Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom; Current address: Centre for Biodiversity & Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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29
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Rosengaus RB, Hays N, Biro C, Kemos J, Zaman M, Murray J, Gezahegn B, Smith W. Pathogen-induced maternal effects result in enhanced immune responsiveness across generations. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:2925-2935. [PMID: 28479992 PMCID: PMC5415515 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Parental investment theory postulates that adults can accurately perceive cues from their surroundings, anticipate the needs of future offspring based on those cues, and selectively allocate nongenetic resources to their progeny. Such context‐dependent parental contributions can result in phenotypically variable offspring. Consistent with these predictions, we show that bacterially exposed Manduca sexta mothers oviposited significantly more variable embryos (as measured by mass, volume, hatching time, and hatching success) relative to naïve and control mothers. By using an in vivo “clearance of infection” assay, we also show that challenged larvae born to heat‐killed‐ or live‐Serratia‐injected mothers, supported lower microbial loads and cleared the infection faster than progeny of control mothers. Our data support the notion that mothers can anticipate the future pathogenic risks and immunological needs of their unborn offspring, providing progeny with enhanced immune protection likely through transgenerational immune priming. Although the inclusion of live Serratia into oocytes does not appear to be the mechanism by which mothers confer protection to their young, other mechanisms, including epigenetic modifications in the progeny due to maternal pathogenic stress, may be at play. The adaptive nature of maternal effects in the face of pathogenic stress provides insights into parental investment, resource allocation, and life‐history theories and highlights the significant role that pathogen‐induced maternal effects play as generators and modulators of evolutionary change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca B Rosengaus
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences Northeastern University Boston MA USA
| | - Nicole Hays
- Department of Biology Northeastern University Boston MA USA
| | - Colette Biro
- Department of Biology Northeastern University Boston MA USA
| | - James Kemos
- Department of Biology Northeastern University Boston MA USA
| | - Muizz Zaman
- Department of Biology Northeastern University Boston MA USA
| | - Joseph Murray
- Department of Biology Northeastern University Boston MA USA
| | - Bruck Gezahegn
- Department of Biology Northeastern University Boston MA USA
| | - Wendy Smith
- Department of Biology Northeastern University Boston MA USA
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30
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Beemelmanns A, Roth O. Grandparental immune priming in the pipefish Syngnathus typhle. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:44. [PMID: 28173760 PMCID: PMC5297188 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phenotypic changes in response to environmental influences can persist from one generation into the next. In many systems parental parasite experience influences offspring immune responses, known as transgenerational immune priming (TGIP). TGIP in vertebrates is mainly maternal and short-term, supporting the adaptive immune system of the offspring during its maturation. However, if fathers and offspring have a close physical connection, evolution of additional paternal immune priming can be adaptive. Biparental TGIP may result in maximized immunological protection. Here, we investigate multigenerational biparental TGIP in the sex-role reversed pipefish Syngnathus typhle by exposing grandparents to an immune challenge with heat-killed bacteria and assessing gene expression (44 target genes) of the F2-generation. Results Grandparental immune challenge induced gene expression of immune genes in one-week-old grandoffspring. Similarly, genes mediating epigenetic regulation including DNA-methylation and histone modifications were involved in grandparental immune priming. While grand-maternal impact was strong on genes of the complement component system, grand-paternal exposure changed expression patterns of genes mediating innate immune defense. Conclusion In a system with male pregnancy, grandparents influenced the immune system of their grandoffspring in a sex-specific manner, demonstrating multigenerational biparental TGIP. The involvement of epigenetic effects suggests that TGIP via the paternal line may not be limited to the pipefish system that displays male pregnancy. While the benefits and costs of grandparental TGIP depend on the temporal heterogeneity of environmental conditions, multigenerational TGIP may affect host-parasite coevolution by dampening the amplitude of Red Queen Dynamics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0885-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Beemelmanns
- Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Olivia Roth
- Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
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