1
|
Huang M, Chen Y, Zhou W, Wei F. Assessing the response of marine fish communities to climate change and fishing. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2024:e14291. [PMID: 38745485 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Globally, marine fish communities are being altered by climate change and human disturbances. We examined data on global marine fish communities to assess changes in community-weighted mean temperature affinity (i.e., mean temperatures within geographic ranges), maximum length, and trophic levels, which, respectively, represent the physiological, morphological, and trophic characteristics of marine fish communities. Then, we explored the influence of climate change and fishing on these characteristics because of their long-term role in shaping fish communities, especially their interactive effects. We employed spatial linear mixed models to investigate their impacts on community-weighted mean trait values and on abundance of different fish lengths and trophic groups. Globally, we observed an initial increasing trend in the temperature affinity of marine fish communities, whereas the weighted mean length and trophic levels of fish communities showed a declining trend. However, these shift trends were not significant, likely due to the large variation in midlatitude communities. Fishing pressure increased fish communities' temperature affinity in regions experiencing climate warming. Furthermore, climate warming was associated with an increase in weighted mean length and trophic levels of fish communities. Low climate baseline temperature appeared to mitigate the effect of climate warming on temperature affinity and trophic levels. The effect of climate warming on the relative abundance of different trophic classes and size classes both exhibited a nonlinear pattern. The small and relatively large fish species may benefit from climate warming, whereas the medium and largest size groups may be disadvantaged. Our results highlight the urgency of establishing stepping-stone marine protected areas to facilitate the migration of fishes to habitats in a warming ocean. Moreover, reducing human disturbance is crucial to mitigate rapid tropicalization, particularly in vulnerable temperate regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingpan Huang
- Center for Evolution and Conservation Biology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiting Chen
- Center for Evolution and Conservation Biology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ocean Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenliang Zhou
- Center for Evolution and Conservation Biology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Fuwen Wei
- Center for Evolution and Conservation Biology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zarco-Perello S, Fairclough D, Dowling C, DiBattista J, Austin R, Wernberg T, Taylor B. Maximization of fitness by phenological and phenotypic plasticity in range expanding rabbitfish (Siganidae). J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:1666-1678. [PMID: 35543704 PMCID: PMC9546425 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Global warming is modifying the phenology, life‐history traits and biogeography of species around the world. Evidence of these effects have increased over recent decades; however, we still have a poor understanding of the possible outcomes of their interplay across global climatic gradients, hindering our ability to accurately predict the consequences of climate change in populations and ecosystems. We examined the effect that changes in biogeography can have on the life‐history traits of two of the most successful range‐extending fish species in the world: the tropical rabbitfishes Siganus fuscescens and Siganus rivulatus. Both species have established abundant populations at higher latitudes in the northern and southern hemispheres and have been identified as important ecological engineers with the potential to alter the community structure of seaweed forests (Laminariales and Fucales) in temperate regions. Life‐history trait information from across their global distribution was compiled from the published literature and meta‐analyses were conducted to assess changes in (i) the onset and duration of reproductive periods, (ii) size at maturity, (iii) fecundity, (iv) growth rates, (v) maximum body sizes and (vi) longevity in populations at the leading edge of range expansion in relation to sea surface temperature and primary productivity (a common proxy for nutritional resource levels). Populations at highest latitudes had shortened their reproductive periods and reduced growth rates, taking longer to reach sexual maturity and maximum sizes, but compensated this with higher fecundity per length class and longer lifespans than populations in warmer environments. Low primary productivity and temperature in the Mediterranean Sea resulted in lower growth rates and body sizes for S. rivulatus, but also lower length at maturity, increasing life‐time reproductive output. The results suggest that plasticity in the phenology and life‐history traits of range‐expanding species would be important to enhance their fitness in high latitude environments, facilitating their persistence and possible further poleward expansions. Quantifying the magnitude and direction of these responses can improve our understanding and ability to forecast species redistributions and its repercussions in the functioning of temperate ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Zarco-Perello
- School of Biological Sciences, UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth.,Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth
| | - David Fairclough
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, North Beach, WA, Australia
| | - Chris Dowling
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, North Beach, WA, Australia
| | - Joey DiBattista
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel Austin
- School of Biological Sciences, UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Thomas Wernberg
- School of Biological Sciences, UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth.,Institute of Marine Research, Nye Flødevigveien 20, 4817, His, Norway
| | - Brett Taylor
- University of Guam Marine Laboratory, UOG Station, Mangilao, Guam, 96923, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bosch NE, McLean M, Zarco-Perello S, Bennett S, Stuart-Smith RD, Vergés A, Pessarrodona A, Tuya F, Langlois T, Spencer C, Bell S, Saunders BJ, Harvey ES, Wernberg T. Persistent thermally driven shift in the functional trait structure of herbivorous fishes: Evidence of top-down control on the rebound potential of temperate seaweed forests? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2296-2311. [PMID: 34981602 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extreme climatic events can reshape the functional structure of ecological communities, potentially altering ecological interactions and ecosystem functioning. While these shifts have been widely documented, evidence of their persistence and potential flow-on effects on ecosystem structure following relaxation of extreme events remains limited. Here, we investigate changes in the functional trait structure - encompassing dimensions of resource use, thermal affinity, and body size - of herbivorous fishes in a temperate reef system that experienced an extreme marine heatwave (MHW) and subsequent return to cool conditions. We quantify how changes in the trait structure modified the nature and intensity of herbivory-related functions (macroalgae, turf, and sediment removal), and explored the potential flow-on effects on the recovery dynamics of macroalgal foundation species. The trait structure of the herbivorous fish assemblage shifted as a result of the MHW, from dominance of cool-water browsing species to increased evenness in the distribution of abundance among temperate and tropical guilds supporting novel herbivory roles (i.e. scraping, cropping, and sediment sucking). Despite the abundance of tropical herbivorous fishes and intensity of herbivory-related functions declined following a period of cooling after the MHW, the underlying trait structure displayed limited recovery. Concomitantly, algal assemblages displayed a lack of recovery of the formerly dominant foundational species, the kelp Ecklonia radiata, transitioning to an alternative state dominated by turf and Sargassum spp. Our study demonstrates a legacy effect of an extreme MHW and exemplified the value of monitoring phenotypic (trait mediated) changes in the nature of core ecosystem processes to predict and adapt to the future configurations of changing reef ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nestor E Bosch
- The UWA Oceans Institute, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew McLean
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Salvador Zarco-Perello
- The UWA Oceans Institute, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Scott Bennett
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rick D Stuart-Smith
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Adriana Vergés
- Centre of Marine Science & Innovation, Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Albert Pessarrodona
- The UWA Oceans Institute, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fernando Tuya
- Grupo en Biodiversidad y Conservación, IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de G.C., Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Tim Langlois
- The UWA Oceans Institute, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Claude Spencer
- The UWA Oceans Institute, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sahira Bell
- The UWA Oceans Institute, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Saunders
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Euan S Harvey
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas Wernberg
- The UWA Oceans Institute, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Institute of Marine Research, His, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Barrientos S, Zarco-Perello S, Piñeiro-Corbeira C, Barreiro R, Wernberg T. Feeding preferences of range-shifting and native herbivorous fishes in temperate ecosystems. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 172:105508. [PMID: 34710739 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Temperate reefs are being tropicalized worldwide. In temperate Western Australia, a marine heatwave led to a regime shift from kelp (Ecklonia radiata) dominated to canopy-free reefs, together with an increase in tropical herbivorous fishes that contribute to keeping low kelp abundances and even prevent kelp reestablishment in northern regions. However, whether tropical herbivorous fishes prefer kelps over other seaweeds and/or whether this preference changes with latitude remains untested. Multiple-choice experiments (young kelp vs. other seaweeds) with tropical, subtropical and temperate herbivorous fishes show shifting species-specific preferences and fish-to-fish interference shifting with latitude (assays replicated in two regions four degrees of latitude apart). Against expectations, only the temperate Kyphosus sydneyanus preferred kelp over other seaweeds, but only in the lower latitude region. Siganus fuscescens, the most abundant tropical herbivore in both regions, preferred grazing on turf, suggesting that tropical fish might reduce kelp recruitment by consuming microscopic sporophytes in turf matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Barrientos
- BioCost Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias and Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidad de A Coruña, 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Salvador Zarco-Perello
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute. The University of Western Australia, 39 Fairway, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cristina Piñeiro-Corbeira
- BioCost Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias and Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidad de A Coruña, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Barreiro
- BioCost Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias and Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidad de A Coruña, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Thomas Wernberg
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute. The University of Western Australia, 39 Fairway, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gajdzik L, DeCarlo TM, Koziol A, Mousavi-Derazmahalleh M, Coghlan M, Power MW, Bunce M, Fairclough DV, Travers MJ, Moore GI, DiBattista JD. Climate-assisted persistence of tropical fish vagrants in temperate marine ecosystems. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1231. [PMID: 34711927 PMCID: PMC8553944 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02733-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising temperatures and extreme climate events are propelling tropical species into temperate marine ecosystems, but not all species can persist. Here, we used the heatwave-driven expatriation of tropical Black Rabbitfish (Siganus fuscescens) to the temperate environments of Western Australia to assess the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that may entail their persistence. Population genomic assays for this rabbitfish indicated little genetic differentiation between tropical residents and vagrants to temperate environments due to high migration rates, which were likely enhanced by the marine heatwave. DNA metabarcoding revealed a diverse diet for this species based on phytoplankton and algae, as well as an ability to feed on regional resources, including kelp. Irrespective of future climate scenarios, these macroalgae-consuming vagrants may self-recruit in temperate environments and further expand their geographic range by the year 2100. This expansion may compromise the health of the kelp forests that form Australia's Great Southern Reef. Overall, our study demonstrates that projected favourable climate conditions, continued large-scale genetic connectivity between populations, and diet versatility are key for tropical range-shifting fish to establish in temperate ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gajdzik
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.
- Reef Ecology Laboratory, Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Thomas M DeCarlo
- College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Hawai'i Pacific University, Honolulu, HI, 96744, USA
| | - Adam Koziol
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
- The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1017, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mahsa Mousavi-Derazmahalleh
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Megan Coghlan
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Matthew W Power
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Michael Bunce
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Kenepuru, Porirua, 5022, New Zealand
| | - David V Fairclough
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, North Beach, WA, 6920, Australia
| | - Michael J Travers
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, North Beach, WA, 6920, Australia
| | - Glenn I Moore
- Collections and Research, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, WA, 6106, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6907, Australia
| | - Joseph D DiBattista
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zarco‐Perello S, Carroll G, Vanderklift M, Holmes T, Langlois TJ, Wernberg T. Range‐extending tropical herbivores increase diversity, intensity and extent of herbivory functions in temperate marine ecosystems. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Zarco‐Perello
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute The University of Western Australia Crawley (Perth) WA Australia
| | - Gemma Carroll
- Institute of Marine Sciences University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz CA USA
- Environmental Research Division Southwest Fisheries Science Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Monterey CA USA
| | - Mat Vanderklift
- Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre Crawley WA Australia
| | - Thomas Holmes
- Marine Science Program, Biodiversity and Conservation Science Division Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsKensington WA Australia
| | - Tim J. Langlois
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute The University of Western Australia Crawley (Perth) WA Australia
| | - Thomas Wernberg
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute The University of Western Australia Crawley (Perth) WA Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cattano C, Agostini S, Harvey BP, Wada S, Quattrocchi F, Turco G, Inaba K, Hall-Spencer JM, Milazzo M. Changes in fish communities due to benthic habitat shifts under ocean acidification conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 725:138501. [PMID: 32298893 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification will likely change the structure and function of coastal marine ecosystems over coming decades. Volcanic carbon dioxide seeps generate dissolved CO2 and pH gradients that provide realistic insights into the direction and magnitude of these changes. Here, we used fish and benthic community surveys to assess the spatio-temporal dynamics of fish community properties off CO2 seeps in Japan. Adding to previous evidence from ocean acidification ecosystem studies conducted elsewhere, our findings documented shifts from calcified to non-calcified habitats with reduced benthic complexity. In addition, we found that such habitat transition led to decreased diversity of associated fish and to selection of those fish species better adapted to simplified ecosystems dominated by algae. Our data suggest that near-future projected ocean acidification levels will oppose the ongoing range expansion of coral reef-associated fish due to global warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cattano
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 20-22, 90123 Palermo, Italy; CoNISMa (Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Sciences), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy.
| | - Sylvain Agostini
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, 415-0025 Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ben P Harvey
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, 415-0025 Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shigeki Wada
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, 415-0025 Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Federico Quattrocchi
- IRBIM - Istituto per le Risorse Biologiche e le Biotecnologie Marine, CNR - National Research Council, Via Luigi Vaccara 61, 91026 Mazara del Vallo, TP, Italy
| | - Gabriele Turco
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 20-22, 90123 Palermo, Italy; CoNISMa (Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Sciences), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Kazuo Inaba
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, 415-0025 Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jason M Hall-Spencer
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, 415-0025 Shizuoka, Japan; Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Marco Milazzo
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 20-22, 90123 Palermo, Italy; CoNISMa (Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Sciences), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zarco-Perello S, Langlois TJ, Holmes T, Vanderklift MA, Wernberg T. Overwintering tropical herbivores accelerate detritus production on temperate reefs. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20192046. [PMID: 31744442 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tropicalization of temperate marine ecosystems can lead to increased herbivory rates, reducing the standing stock of seaweeds and potentially causing increases in detritus production. However, long-term studies analysing these processes associated with the persistence of tropical herbivores in temperate reefs are lacking. We assessed the seasonal variation in abundances, macrophyte consumption, feeding modes and defecation rates of the range-extending tropical rabbitfish Siganus fuscescens and the temperate silver drummer Kyphosus sydneyanus and herring cale Olisthops cyanomelas on tropicalized reefs of Western Australia. Rabbitfish overwintered in temperate reefs, consumed more kelp and other macrophytes in all feeding modes, and defecated more during both summer and winter than the temperate herbivores. Herbivory and defecation increased with rabbitfish abundance, but this was dependent on temperature, with higher rates attained by big schools during summer and lower rates in winter. Still, rabbitfish surpassed temperate herbivores, leading to a fivefold acceleration in the transformation of macrophyte standing stock to detritus, a function usually attributed to sea urchins in kelp forests. Our results suggest that further warming and tropicalization will not only increase primary consumption and affect the habitat structure of temperate reefs but also increase detritus production, with the potential to modify energy pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Zarco-Perello
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley (Perth), Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Tim J Langlois
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley (Perth), Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Thomas Holmes
- Marine Science Program, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mathew A Vanderklift
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Thomas Wernberg
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley (Perth), Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|